Toleration

 

Toleration
social behavior (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	intentional human activity (en)
Hannun riga da	bigotry (en) , intolerance (en) da dogmatismus (en)

Hoton Fur Toleranz ("don haƙuri") na Volkmar Kühn, Gera, Jamus

Toleration shine lokacin da mutum ya ba da izini ko ya ba da damar wani aiki, ra'ayi, abu, ko mutumin da ba ya son ko bai yarda da shi ba. Masanin kimiyyar siyasa Andrew R. Murphy ya bayyana cewa "Za mu iya inganta fahimtarmu ta hanyar bayyana 'haɗin kai' a matsayin saiti na ayyukan zamantakewa ko siyasa da 'haɗin baki' a matsayin ɗayansu na halaye. " Random House Dictionary ya bayyana haƙuri a matsayin "haɗin kai, manufa, da kuma halayyarsu ga waɗanda ra'ayoyinsu, imani, ayyuka, launin fata ko asalin kabilanci, da dai sauransu, sun bambanta da nasa. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary ya haɗa haƙuri tare da "tsayar da" wani abu mara kyau, da kuma saka idanu ko gazawar hanawa ko sauƙaƙe shi.

Haɗin kai na addini na iya nuna "ba komai ba sai haƙuri da izinin da mabiyan addini ya ba su don wasu addinai su wanzu, duk da cewa ana kallon waɗannan da rashin amincewa kamar yadda ba su da kyau, kuskure, ko cutarwa". A tarihi, yawancin abubuwan da suka faru da rubuce-rubuce da suka shafi haƙuri na addini sun haɗa da matsayin 'yan tsiraru da ra'ayoyi masu banbanci dangane da addinin jihar da ya fi rinjaye; duk da haka, addini ma zamantakewar al'umma ne, kuma aikin haƙuri koyaushe yana da bangare na siyasa.  : na uku

Toleration yana ɗaukar rikici game da wani abu mai mahimmanci wanda ba za a iya warware shi ba ta hanyar tattaunawa ta yau da kullun ba tare da yin yaƙi ko tashin hankali ba. Kamar yadda malamin siyasa Catriona McKinnon ya bayyana, idan ya zo ga tambayoyin kamar abin da shine "hanyar rayuwa mafi kyau, abubuwan da suka dace don tunani, kyakkyawar al'ummar siyasa, ko hanyar gaskiya zuwa ceto, babu wani adadin tattaunawa da sasantawa da zai kawo su ga yarjejeniya ba tare da aƙalla wata jam'iyya ta bar alkawuran da suka haifar da rikici a farkon wuri ba. Irin waɗannan rikice-rikice-rikici suna samar da yanayin haƙuri... [kuma] suna da mahimmanci a cikin al'umma.[and]

Binciken tarihin haƙuri ya haɗa da aikinta a cikin al'adu daban-daban. Toleration ya samo asali ne a cikin ka'idar jagora, yana samun muhimmancin zamani a cikin siyasa, al'umma, addini, da kabilanci. Har ila yau, ya shafi kungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru, gami da mutanen LGBT. Yana da alaƙa da ra'ayoyi kamar haƙƙin ɗan adam.

Magana

Asalinsa daga Latin tolerans (yanzu na haƙuri; "don ɗaukar, jimrewa, haƙuri"), an fara amfani da kalmar haƙuri a Faransanci na Tsakiya a karni na 14 da kuma Turanci na zamani na farko a farkon karni na 15. An fara amfani da haƙuri a cikin Turanci a cikin shekarun 1510 don nufin "haske da aka ba da iko, lasisi" daga haƙuri na Faransanci (asalin daga Latin da ya gabata na haƙuri, haƙuri), yana motsawa zuwa ma'anar "tsinkaye, wahala" a cikin shekarun 1580. Tunanin haƙuri na addini ya samo asali ne daga Sebastian Castellio, da kuma Dokar tolerationem 1688 .

Faransa

Sanarwar 'Yancin Mutum da na' Yan kasa

First, if any opinion is compelled to silence, that opinion may, for aught we can certainly know, be true. To deny this is to assume our infallibility. Secondly, though the silenced opinion is an error, it may, and very commonly does, contain a portion of truth; and since the general or prevailing opinion on any subject is rarely or never the whole truth, it is only by the collision of adverse opinions that the remainder of the truth has any chance of being supplied. Thirdly, even if the received opinion is not only true but the whole truth; unless it is suffered to be, and is, vigorously and earnestly contested, it will, by most of those who receive it, be held in the manner of a prejudice, with little comprehension or feeling of its rational grounds. Not only this, but, fourthly, the meaning of the doctrine itself will be in danger of being lost, or enfeebled, and deprived of its vital effect on the character and conduct: the dogma becoming a mere formal profession, inefficacious for good, but cumbering the ground, and preventing the growth of any real and heartfelt conviction, from reason or personal experience.

Sanarwar 'Yancin Mutum da na Dan kasa (1789), wanda Majalisar Dokokin Kasa ta karɓa a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Faransa, ta bayyana a cikin Mataki na 10: "Babu wanda za a tsoma baki saboda ra'ayinsa, har ma da na addini, idan dai ayyukansu ba su dame tsarin jama'a kamar yadda doka ta kafa ba. " ("Nul ne doit être inquiété pour ses opinions, même religieuses, pourvu que leur manifestation ne trouble pas l'ordre public établi par la loi.

A cikin karni na 19

John Stuart Mill

A cikin "On Liberty" (1859) John Stuart Mill ya bayyana cewa bai kamata a hana ra'ayoyi ba, yana mai cewa, "Wani nuna bambanci, ko saka idanu, lokacin da [watau imani na ƙarya] ya faru, gaba ɗaya mugunta ce; amma ɗayan ne wanda ba za mu iya fatan a cire mu koyaushe, kuma dole ne a ɗauke shi a matsayin farashin da aka biya don kyakkyawan abu. " : 93 Ya yi iƙirarin cewa akwai nau'ikan imani guda uku da za a iya samun - gaba ɗaya ƙarya, wani ɓangare na gaskiya, kuma gaba ɗaya ga Mill, wanda duk abin da gaske, wanda ya dace, wanda duk,

Ernest Renan

Ernest Renan, 1876-1884

A cikin rubutunsa na 1882 "Mene ne al'umma?", masanin tarihin Faransa kuma masanin falsafa Ernest Renan ya ba da shawarar ma'anar zama ƙasa bisa ga "ka'idar ruhaniya" wanda ya haɗa da tunanin da aka raba maimakon al'adun addini, launin fata, ko harshe. Ta haka ne membobin kowane addini zasu iya shiga cikin rayuwar al'umma. "Za ku iya zama Faransanci, Ingilishi, Jamusanci, duk da haka Katolika, Furotesta, Yahudawa, ko yin addini ba".

Dubi kuma

• Wani zargi game da haƙuri mai tsarki
• Anekantavada
• Ranar Ƙarfin Ƙasa
• Nuna bambanci na addini
• Rashin haƙuri da addini
• 'Yanci na addini
• Tsanantawa ta addini
• Addinai da yawa
• Gidan Mutuwa na Tolerance
• Zero tolerance
• Rashin jituwa na Tolerance