Trogidae
Trogidae, wani lokacin ana kiranta da ɓoyen beetles, dangin beetles ne masu kamanni da warty ko bumpy. An samo shi a duk duniya, dangin ya ƙunshi nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan 300 waɗanda ke ƙunshe cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan huɗu ko biyar..
Tsawon trogids ya bambanta daga ne 2 zuwa 20 mm. Siffar su tana da tsayi zuwa oval, tare da gabaɗaya lebur ciki. Launinsu ya bambanta daga launin ruwan kasa zuwa launin toka ko baki, kuma sukan lullube jikinsu da ƙasa. Suna kama da ƙwaro scarab masu nauyin gaɓoɓi da spurs.
Su ne masu cin nama kuma suna daga cikin nau'ikan karshe da za su ziyarci kuma su ci gawa. Sau da yawa ana samun su a kan busassun ragowar dabbobi da suka mutu. Dukansu manya da tsutsotsi suna cin gashin tsuntsaye da fata. Ana samun wasu nau'o'in a cikin gidajen tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa. Bayani game da tarihin rayuwa na nau'o'i da yawa ba a san su sosai ba, tunda da yawa sun ƙware ga wasu nau'ikan gidaje. Sau da yawa masu cin nama da masu tarawa suna watsi da su saboda halayensu na rufe jikinsu da ƙasa kuma su zama marasa motsi lokacin da aka dame su.
Hakanan ana iya la'akari da wannan rukuni a matsayin Troginae, wani yanki na Scarabaeidae. Ana amfani da sunan gama gari "kwari" a wasu lokuta dangane da waɗannan kwari, amma sau da yawa yana nufin nau'in Dermestidae.
Asalin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana samun ƙwaro a duk duniya. Ana samun ƙarin nau'in Trogidae a cikin busassun muhallai maimakon yanayi mai ɗanɗano, galibi wurare masu zafi. Kowane jinsi ya fi bambanta a yankuna daban-daban a duniya. Ana samun Trox a cikin yankin Holarctic / Habasha, Omorgus a cikin nahiyoyin kudanci, kuma ana samun Polynoncus a Kudancin Amurka..
Akwai rikice-rikice game da ko Trogidae iyali ne na kansa ko kuma subfamily na Scarabaeidae. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilan jayayya tsakanin rarrabuwa shine yiwuwar juyin halitta na ommatidium a cikin idanu.[1] Matsi daban-daban na muhalli da masu cin nama na iya haifar da daidaita tsarin ommatidium a cikin wannan iyali. Misali, mafi ci gaba da yawa da yawa da ommatidium, mafi yawan kasancewa da ikon kwari ya tsere da tserewa daga masu cin nama. Trogidae na iya samo asali ne a Ostiraliya.
Tsohon burbushin da aka sani sun fito ne daga farkon Cretaceous (Aptian) Zaza Formation na Rasha da Shar-Tolgoy da Dzun-Bain Formations na Mongolia, wanda aka sanya shi ga jinsin Trox da kuma jinsin Cretomorgus da Paratrox. Sauran burbushin da aka sani sun haɗa da Kresnikus Robinoni wanda aka samo a tsakiyar Cretaceous tsohuwar amber na Burmese.[2]
Trogidae suna da halaye na bambancin ƙasa, warty, ko bayyanar bumpy. Yawanci launin ruwan kasa ne, launin toka, ko baƙar fata a launi kuma an rufe su da gajeren, mai yawa. Siffar jikinsu tana da tsayi zuwa oval tare da ciki mai laushi kuma tsawon su ya bambanta daga 2 zuwa 20 mm. Antenna na ɓoyayyun ɓoyayyu yawanci gajere ne kuma yana da ƙuƙwalwa. elytra mai ƙarfi na Trogidae, wanda galibi ana rufe shi da ƙananan ƙuƙwalwa da ke ba kwari bayyanar su, suna haɗuwa tare da tsakiyar jiki kuma suna rufe dukkan ciki da fuka-fuki masu tasowa. An sunkuyar da kawunansu kuma pronotum ya rufe su. Har ila yau, suna da gaɓoɓin da ke da nauyi da kuma spurs masu kama da na scarab beetles. Trogidae larvae suna da launin rawaya / fari a launi, sai dai a ƙarshen su wanda ke duhu yayin da yake tara turare. Tushensu suna da duhu kuma suna da tsananin sclerotized. Sassan ciki na ɓoye-ɓoye suna da aƙalla ɗaya ko fiye da layuka na setae.
Abinci da mazaunin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masu cin nama ba sa kai hari ga nau'in Trogidae. Suna guje wa ganowa da farauta saboda rufe ƙasa da halayyar da ba ta motsawa. Tsuntsaye suna cin nama a kan kwari da suka mamaye gidajen tsuntsaye.
Nau'o'in Trogidae sau da yawa suna cin abinci a kan gawawwakin da suka lalace. Tare da gawawwakin, ana samun ɓoyayyun ɓoye a cikin kwayar halitta na nau'ikan dabbobi da yawa, a kan wasu abubuwa masu bushewa, da kuma kewaye da tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa, da ƙwayoyin tsufa.
Halin jima'i da sake zagayowar rayuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ba a san komai game da ƙayyadaddun rayuwar rayuwar Trogid ba. Trogids mata na nau'o'i da yawa suna samar da sautin murya don jawo hankalin maza zuwa burrows don yin jima'i. Bayan da namiji ya yi ciki da mace, mace tana sa qwai kuma tsutsotsi suna fure bayan wani lokaci da ba a sani ba. A lokacin lalacewar gawa, kwari suna barin gidajensu don cin abinci a kan gawawwakin. A matsayin jerin kwari na ƙarshe da za su bayyana a kan gawawwakin, ana iya samun magunguna da manya suna cin abinci a kan ragowar busassun. A shafin gawawwakin, wata mace mai ciki ta tono ƙananan ginshiƙai a tsaye a ƙarƙashin gawawwakinsa don sa qwai, yana ba da damar tsutsotsi su sami abinci bayan hatching. Trogidae yawanci suna da nau'o'i uku zuwa biyar.
Muhimmancin bincike
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Amfani da Trogidae a cikin ilimin kimiyyar ƙwayoyin cuta ba a sani ba a wannan lokacin. Kodayake yawanci suna zuwa na ƙarshe a cikin tsari na maye gurbin, suna iya zama na farko a jere a kan gawawwakin da aka ƙone da ƙone. Bayan da trogids suka cinye fatar da aka ƙone, gawar (tare da yanzu-bayyanawa, "fresher" surface) yana ba da damar mulkin mallaka ta wasu kwari masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen tantance daidaitattun ƙididdigar Lokacin mutuwar.
Gidajen tarihi sun yi amfani da nau'o'in Trogidae daban-daban don tsaftace kwarangwal ta hanyar cin duk wani abu da ya rage a kan kwarangwal, ya bar su da tsabta don nunawa. Wasu gidajen tarihi sun yi amfani da wannan hanyar cire kasusuwa shekaru da yawa, saboda ita ce hanya mafi inganci.
Bincike
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kwalejin Kimiyya ta kasar Sin ta ba da kuɗin binciken kan rarraba wannan iyalin kwari. Ana nazarin muhimmancin binciken African Trogidae da sauran kwari masu alaƙa da gawa a Jami'ar Pretoria. Wannan aikin yana binciken yadda kasancewar kwari a kan gawawwakin ke shafar kamuwa da wasu ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin gawawwakinu a Afirka.
Tarihin lissafi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Iyalin Trogidae sun ƙunshi waɗannan subfamily da jinsuna: [3]
- ↑ Caveney, Stanley (September 1986). "The phylogenetic significance of ommatidium structure in the compound eyes of polyphagan beetles". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 64 (9): abstract. doi:10.1139/z86-270.
- ↑ Tihelka, Erik; Huang, Diying; Cai, Chenyang (2019-07-15). "A new subfamily of hide beetles from the Cretaceous of northern Myanmar (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Trogidae)". Historical Biology (in Turanci). 33 (4): 506–513. doi:10.1080/08912963.2019.1641705. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 202865768.
- ↑ "Hide Beetles MacLeay, 1819". BioLib.