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Tropical cyclone

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Tropical cyclone
type of cyclone (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare nacyclone (en) Fassara da matsanancin yanayi
Location of formation (en) Fassaratropical cyclone basin (en) Fassara
Measurement scale (en) FassaraSaffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale (en) Fassara
Nada jeringlossary of tropical cyclone terms (en) Fassara
Space view of a tropical cyclone with a well-defined eye
Guguwar Florence da aka gani daga tashar sararin samaniya ta duniya a cikin 2018. Idanu, ganuwar ido, da ruwan sama da ke kewaye da su halaye ne na guguwa na wurare masu zafi.

  Guguwar zafi ta wurare masu zafi (tropical cyclone) wani tsarin guguwa ne da ke juyawa cikin sauri, wanda ke da yankin ƙananan matsin iska, da rufaffiyar zagawar iska a ƙasan sararin samaniya, iska mai ƙarfi, da kuma tsari mai karkacewa na tsawa da ke haifar da ruwan sama mai yawa da kuma guguwar iska mai ƙarfi.

Dangane da wurin da ta samo asali da kuma ƙarfinta, ana iya kiran tropical cyclone da hurricane (/ˈhʌrɪkən/, /ˈhʌrɪkeɪn/), typhoon (/taɪˈfuːn/), tropical storm, cyclonic storm, tropical depression, ko kuma kawai cyclone.

Hurricane wata guguwar zafi ta wurare masu zafi ce mai ƙarfi wadda ke faruwa a Tekun Atlantika ko kuma arewa maso gabashin Tekun Pasifik. Typhoon kuwa ita ce irin wannan guguwar da ke faruwa a arewa maso yammacin Tekun Pasifik. A Tekun Indiya da kudancin Tekun Pasifik, ana kiran irin waɗannan guguwa da “tropical cyclones”.

A zamanin yau, a matsakaici, ana samun kusan 80 zuwa 90 tropical cyclones masu suna a kowace shekara a faɗin duniya. Fiye da rabinsu suna haɓaka iskar da ta kai ƙarfin hurricane, wato iska mai gudun ƙulli 65 (kn), wanda ya yi daidai da kilomita 120 a awa (120 km/h) ko mil 75 a awa (75 mph).[1]

Tropical cyclones galibi suna samuwa ne a kan manyan faɗaɗɗun ruwa masu ɗanɗumi. tana dogara ne da makamashin da ke fitowa daga ƙafewar ruwa daga saman teku. Daga baya, wannan tururin ruwa yana dunkulewa ya zama gajimare da ruwan sama yayin da iska mai ɗauke da danshi take tashi sama, ta kuma yi sanyi har ta kai matakin cikewar danshi.

Wannan tushen makamashi ya bambanta da na guguwar cyclonic ta tsakiyar latitiyu, kamar nor'easters da guguwar iska ta Turai, waɗanda galibi ake samun ƙarfin su ne daga bambancin yanayin zafi a kwance.

Tropical cyclones galibi suna da faɗin tsakanin kilomita 100 zuwa 2,000 (mil 62 zuwa 1,243). Iskar juyawa mai ƙarfi da ke cikin tropical cyclone tana faruwa ne sakamakon kiyaye ƙarfin juyawa da juyawar Duniya ke samarwa yayin da iska ke matsowa zuwa ga cibiyar juyawar guguwar. Saboda haka, tropical cyclones ba kasafai suke samuwa a cikin nisan digiri 5 daga ma'aunin duniya ba.

Tropical cyclones na Kudancin Atlantika ba safai suke faruwa ba saboda yawan samun bambancin saurin iska da tsayi (wind shear) mai ƙarfi da kuma raunin Yankin Haɗuwar Iska tsakanin wurare masu zafi. A akasin haka, African easterly jet da yankunan rashin daidaiton yanayin sararin samaniya suna taimakawa wajen samar da cyclones a cikin Tekun Atlantika da Tekun Caribbean.

Ƙarfin zafi daga teku yana aiki a matsayin mai ƙara kuzari ga tropical cyclones. Wannan yana sa yankunan cikin ƙasa su fuskanci ƙarancin ɓarna daga cyclones idan aka kwatanta da yankunan bakin teku, duk da cewa tasirin ambaliya na iya shafar kowane yanki. A yankunan bakin teku, iska mai ƙarfi da ruwan sama, manyan raƙuman ruwa, tashin ruwan guguwa (storm surge), da guguwar iska mai karkarwa (tornado) na iya haifar da ɓarna.

Canjin yanayi yana shafar tropical cyclones ta hanyoyi da dama. Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa canjin yanayi na iya ƙara tsananta tasirin tropical cyclones ta hanyar ƙara tsawon lokacin da suke ɗauka, yawan faruwarsu, da kuma ƙarfinsu, sakamakon ɗumamar ruwan teku da kuma ƙara ƙarfi da sauri a zagayawar ruwa.[2][3]

Tropical cyclones suna jawo iska daga wani babban yanki, sannan su tattara ruwan da ke cikin wannan iska su mayar da shi hazo a wani ƙaramin yanki. Ci gaba da samun iska mai ɗauke da danshi bayan ruwan sama na iya haifar da ruwan sama mai tsananin yawa na tsawon sa'o'i ko kwanaki, har zuwa nisan kilomita 40 (mil 25) daga bakin teku. Wannan adadin ruwan sama na iya wuce adadin ruwan da yanayin sararin samaniya na yankin zai iya ɗauka a kowane lokaci.

Hakan kuma na iya haifar da ambaliyar koguna, ambaliyar ruwa a kan ƙasa, da kuma mamaye ko gaza sarrafa ruwa na tsarin kula da ruwa na yankin a faɗin babban yanki.

Ma'anar da ƙamus

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Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi ita ce kalmar gama gari don tsarin matsin lamba mai dumi, wanda ba na gaba ba a kan ruwan zafi ko na subtropical a duniya.[4][5] Tsarin gabaɗaya suna da cibiyar da aka ƙayyade sosai wanda ke kewaye da zurfin yanayi da kuma rufe iska a farfajiya.[4] Ana ganin guguwa ta wurare masu zafi ta samo asali ne sau ɗaya ana lura da iskar ƙasa sama da 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph) kn (65 km / h; 40 . An ɗauka a wannan matakin cewa guguwa ta wurare masu zafi ta zama mai dorewa kuma tana iya ci gaba da karuwa ba tare da wani taimako daga mahallinta ba.[6]

Dangane da wurin da ƙarfinsa, ana kiran guguwa ta wurare masu zafi da sunaye daban-daban, gami da guguwa, guguwa mai zafi, guguwar guguwa. guguwa guguwa gashi ne mai karfi na wurare masu zafi wanda ke faruwa a cikin Tekun Atlantika ko arewa maso gabashin Tekun Pacific, kuma guguwa tana faruwa a arewa maso yammacin Tekun Pacific. A cikin Tekun Indiya da Kudancin Pacific, ana kiran guguwa iri ɗaya da "guguwa ta wurare masu zafi", kuma ana iya kiran irin waɗannan guguwa a Tekun Indiya "guguwar guguwa mai tsanani".

Tropical yana nufin asalin ƙasa na waɗannan tsarin, waɗanda ke samar da kusan kawai a kan tekuna masu zafi. Cyclone yana nufin iskarsu tana motsawa a cikin da'ira, tana kewaye da ido na tsakiya, tare da iskarsu ta saman da ke hurawa a gefen Arewa da kuma gefen agogo a Kudancin. Akasin haka na yaduwar shine saboda Tasirin Coriolis.

Kafawa

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A schematic diagram of a tropical cyclone
Hoton guguwa mai zafi a Arewacin HemisphereHemisphere na Arewa

Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi tana tasowa a lokacin rani, amma an lura da su a kusan kowane wata a mafi yawan wuraren guguwa na wurare masu zafi. Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi a kowane bangare na Equator gabaɗaya suna da asalin su a cikin Yankin Intertropical Convergence (ITCZ), inda iskõki ke busawa daga ko dai arewa maso gabas ko kudu maso gabas.[7] A cikin wannan yanki mai zurfi na matsin lamba, iska tana dumama a kan teku mai zafi kuma tana tashi a cikin ɓangarori masu rarrabe, wanda ke haifar da tsawa mai ƙarfi don samarwa.[7] Wadannan ruwan sama suna raguwa da sauri; duk da haka, suna iya haɗuwa a cikin manyan tarin tsawa.[7] Wannan yana haifar da kwararar iska mai dumi, mai laushi, mai saurin tashi, wanda ke fara juyawa ta hanyar cyclonic yayin da yake hulɗa da juyawa na duniya.[7]

Ana buƙatar dalilai da yawa don waɗannan tsawa don ci gaba, gami da Yanayin zafi na teku na kusa da 27 °C (81 °F) ° C (81 ° F) da ƙananan iska mai laushi da ke kewaye da tsarin, [8] rashin kwanciyar hankali na yanayi, babban danshi a cikin ƙananan zuwa matsakaicin matakan troposphere, isasshen Ƙarfin Coriolis don haɓaka cibiyar ƙarancin matsin lamba, da kuma mayar da hankali ko rikici.[7][8] Akwai iyaka a kan tsananin guguwa na wurare masu zafi wanda ke da alaƙa da yanayin zafi na ruwa a kan hanyarsa da kuma bambancin matakin sama. [9][10] Matsakaicin guguwa 86 na wurare masu zafi na tsananin guguwa na wurare masu wurare masu zafi suna samuwa a kowace shekara a duk duniya. Daga cikin waɗannan guguwa, 47 sun kai ƙarfin sama da 74 miles per hour (119 km/h) km / h (74 , kuma 20 sun zama guguwa mai zafi, na akalla nau'i na 3 a kan sikelin Saffir-Simpson.[11] 

Canjin yanayi irin su El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) da Madden-Julian oscillation suna daidaita lokaci da mitar ci gaban guguwa na wurare masu zafi.[12][13][14][15] Ruwa na Rossby na iya taimakawa wajen samar da sabon guguwa ta wurare masu zafi ta hanyar yada makamashi na guguwa mai girma.[16][17] Raƙuman ruwa na Kelvin na iya ba da gudummawa ga samar da guguwa ta wurare masu zafi ta hanyar tsara ci gaban yamma.[18] Tsarin guguwa yawanci ana rage shi kwanaki 3 kafin guguwar kuma ya karu a cikin kwanaki 3 bayan haka.[19]

Yankunan horo da cibiyoyin gargadi

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Yankunan guguwa na wurare masu zafi da cibiyoyin gargadi na hukuma
Rashin ruwa Cibiyar gargadi Yankin da ke da alhakin Bayani
Hemisphere na Arewa
Arewacin Atlantic Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta Amurka (Miami) Equator zuwa arewa, Tekun Afirka - 140 ° W  [20]
Gabashin Pacific Cibiyar Guguwar Tsakiyar Pacific ta Amurka (Honolulu) Equator zuwa arewa, 140-180 ° W [20]
Yammacin Pacific Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Japan Equator - 60 ° N, 180-100 ° E  [20]
Arewacin Tekun Indiya Ma'aikatar Kula da Yanayi ta Indiya Equator zuwa arewa, 100-40 ° E [21]
Kudancin Kudancin
Kudancin Yammacin Indiya<br id="mwATQ"> Halitta da Faransa Taron Equator - 40 ° S, Tekun Afirka - 90 ° E  [22]
Yankin Australiya Hukumar Kula da Yanayi, Yanayi, da Geophysical (BMKG) ta Indonesiya Equator - 10 ° S, 90-141 ° E [23]
Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Kasa ta Papua New Guinea Equator - 10 ° S, 141-160 ° E [23]
Ofishin Kula da Yanayi na Australiya 10-40 ° S, 90-160 ° E [23]
Kudancin Pacific Ofishin Kula da Yanayi na Fiji Equator - 25 ° S, 160 ° E - 120 ° W   [23]
Ofishin Yanayi na New Zealand 25-40 ° S, 160 ° E - 120 ° W [23]

Yawancin guguwa na wurare masu zafi a kowace shekara suna samuwa a daya daga cikin wuraren guguwa guda bakwai na wurare masu wurare masu zafi, waɗanda ke sa ido ta hanyoyi daban-daban na yanayin yanayi da cibiyoyin gargadi. Goma daga cikin wadannan cibiyoyin gargadi a duk duniya an sanya su a matsayin ko dai Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Yanayi ko Cibiyar Gargadi ta Tropical Cyclone ta Hukumar Kula da Yanayin Duniya (WMO) shirin guguwa na wurare masu zafi.[6] Wadannan cibiyoyin gargadi suna ba da shawarwari waɗanda ke ba da bayanai na asali kuma suna rufe tsarin da ke akwai, matsayi na tsinkaya, motsi da tsananin, a cikin yankunan da aka tsara.[6]

Ayyukan yanayi a duk duniya suna da alhakin bayar da gargadi ga ƙasarsu. Akwai banbanci, kamar yadda Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta Amurka da Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Fiji ke ba da faɗakarwa, agogo da gargadi ga kasashe daban-daban na tsibirin a yankunansu. Cibiyar Gargadi ta Hadaddiyar Hadari ta Amurka da Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Fleet suma suna ba da gargadi game da guguwa ta wurare masu zafi a madadin Gwamnatin Amurka. [6] Cibiyar Ruwa ta Ruwa ta Brazil ta ba da sunayen guguwa ta wurare masu zafi ta Kudancin Atlantic, duk da haka Kudancin Atlantika ba babban kwandon ba ne, kuma ba kwandon hukuma ba ne bisa ga WMO.[24]

Hadin gwiwar yanayi

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Kowace shekara a matsakaici, kusan 80 zuwa 90 masu suna da guguwa masu zafi suna samuwa a duniya, wanda sama da rabin su ke haifar da iskar guguwa ta 65 knots (120 km/h; 75 mph) km / h; 75 ko fiye. A duk duniya, aikin guguwa na wurare masu zafi ya kai kololuwa a ƙarshen lokacin rani, lokacin da bambancin tsakanin yanayin zafi da Yanayin zafi na teku ya fi girma. Koyaya, kowane kwandon yana da tsarin sa na yanayi. A sikelin duniya, Mayu shine watan da ya fi aiki, yayin da Satumba shine watan da aka fi aiki. Nuwamba ita ce kawai watan da duk wuraren guguwa na wurare masu zafi suke cikin yanayi.[25]

A cikin Tekun Atlantika ta Arewa, wani yanayi na guguwa ya faru daga Yuni 1 zuwa Nuwamba 30, yana da ƙarfi sosai daga ƙarshen Agusta zuwa Satumba.[25] Matsakaicin kididdigar lokacin guguwar Atlantic shine Satumba 10 . [26]

Arewa maso gabashin Tekun Pacific yana da lokaci mai zurfi na aiki, amma a cikin irin wannan lokacin zuwa Atlantic.[26] Arewa maso Yammacin Pacific yana ganin guguwa ta wurare masu zafi a duk shekara, tare da mafi ƙaranci a watan Fabrairu da Maris da kuma mafi girma a farkon Satumba.[25] A cikin tafkin Arewacin Indiya, guguwa sun fi yawa daga Afrilu zuwa Disamba, tare da tsaunuka a watan Mayu da Nuwamba.[25] A cikin Kudancin Kudancin, shekara ta guguwa ta wurare masu zafi ta fara ne a ranar 1 ga Yuli kuma tana gudana duk shekara-shekara wanda ya kunshi lokutan guguwa na wurare masu zafi, wanda ke gudana daga Nuwamba 1 har zuwa ƙarshen Afrilu, tare da tsawo a tsakiyar Fabrairu zuwa farkon Maris.[25]

Daga hanyoyi daban-daban na bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin yanayi, El Niño-Southern Oscillation yana da tasiri mafi girma akan aikin guguwa na wurare masu zafi.[27] Yawancin guguwa na wurare masu zafi suna samuwa a gefen tudun subtropical kusa da ma'auni, sannan su motsa zuwa pole zuwa bayan axis na tudun kafin su koma cikin babban bel na Westerlies.[28] Lokacin da matsayi na subtropical ya canza saboda El Niño, haka ne waƙoƙin guguwa na wurare masu zafi. Yankunan yammacin Japan da Koriya suna fuskantar ƙananan tasirin guguwa na wurare masu zafi a lokacin El Niño da shekaru masu tsaka-tsaki.[29]

A cikin shekarun La Niña, samar da guguwa na wurare masu zafi, tare da matsayi na subtropical, yana canzawa zuwa yamma a fadin yammacin Tekun Pacific, wanda ke kara barazanar faɗuwa ga kasar Sin da kuma karfi sosai a Philippines.[29] Tekun Atlantika yana fuskantar aikin bakin ciki saboda karuwar iska a tsaye a fadin yankin a lokacin shekarun El Niño.[30] Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi suna ci gaba da rinjayar Yanayin Kudancin Atlantic, da Quasi-biennial oscillation da Madden-Julian oscillation.[27]Samfuri:TC Season Stats

Tasirin canjin yanayi

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Canjin yanayi na yawan yanayin ruwa ya kara saurin iska a cikin guguwa goma sha ɗaya na Atlantic na 2024. [31]
Ra'ayoyi a Amurka sun bambanta tare da layin siyasa, kan ko canjin yanayi shine "babban abu" wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi masu tsanani da masu amsa suka samu a cikin 2023. "Guguwa mai tsanani" ya haɗa da guguwa.

Rahoton Bincike na shida na IPCC ya taƙaita sabbin binciken kimiyya game da tasirin canjin yanayi a kan guguwa na wurare masu zafi. A cewar rahoton, yanzu muna da kyakkyawar fahimta game da tasirin canjin yanayi a kan guguwa mai zafi fiye da baya. Manyan guguwa na wurare masu zafi sun zama masu yawa a cikin shekaru 40 da suka gabata. Za mu iya cewa da babban amincewa cewa canjin yanayi ya kara ruwan sama a lokacin guguwa na wurare masu zafi. Za mu iya cewa da babban amincewa cewa dumama na digiri 1.5 yana haifar da "karin rabo da saurin iska na guguwa mai zafi". Za mu iya cewa tare da matsakaiciyar amincewa cewa tasirin yanki na ci gaba da dumama ya haɗa da guguwa mai tsanani na wurare masu zafi da / ko guguwa na extratropical.

Canjin yanayi na iya shafar guguwa ta wurare masu zafi ta hanyoyi da yawa: karuwar ruwan sama da saurin iska, raguwa a cikin mitar gaba ɗaya, karuwa a cikin mitarar guguwa mai tsanani da tsawo zuwa tashar inda guguwa suka kai matsakaicin ƙarfi suna daga cikin yiwuwar sakamakon canjin yanayi na mutum.[32] Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi suna amfani da iska mai dumi, mai laushi a matsayin man fetur. Kamar yadda canjin yanayi ke dumama yanayin teku, akwai yiwuwar samun ƙarin wannan man fetur.[33]

Tsakanin 1979 da 2017, an sami karuwar duniya a cikin rabo na guguwa na wurare masu zafi na Category 3 da mafi girma a kan sikelin Saffir-Simpson. Halin ya fi bayyana a Arewacin Atlantic da Kudancin Tekun Indiya. A Arewacin Pacific, guguwa masu zafi suna motsawa zuwa gabas zuwa cikin ruwan sanyi kuma babu karuwar ƙarfi a wannan lokacin.[34] Tare da 2 °C (3.6 °F) ° C (3.6 ° F) warming, mafi girma kashi (+13%) na tropical cyclones ana sa ran kai Category 4 da 5 strength.[32] Binciken 2019 ya nuna cewa canjin yanayi yana haifar da yanayin da aka lura na saurin karuwa na guguwa mai zafi a cikin kwarin Atlantic. Guguwa mai saurin karuwa yana da wuyar yin hasashen sabili da haka yana haifar da ƙarin haɗari ga al'ummomin bakin teku.[35]

Iska mai zafi na iya riƙe ƙarin tururi na ruwa: mafi girman abun ciki na tururi na ruwan ya ba da alaƙar Clausius-Clapeyron, wanda ke samar da ≈7% karuwa a cikin tururi na iska a cikin yanayi ta 1 °C (1.8 °F) ° C (1.8 ° F) warming.[36][37] Dukkanin samfuran da aka kimanta a cikin takardar bita ta 2019 sun nuna karuwar yawan ruwan sama a nan gaba.[32] Ƙarin hauhawar matakin teku zai kara matakan guguwa. [38] Yana da kyau cewa raƙuman iska masu tsananin gaske suna ganin karuwa sakamakon canje-canje a cikin guguwa na wurare masu zafi, wanda ke kara kara haɗarin guguwa ga al'ummomin bakin teku.[39] Sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa, guguwar guguwa, da ambaliyar ƙasa (koguna) ana sa ran za su karu saboda dumamar duniya.[40]

A halin yanzu babu wata yarjejeniya game da yadda canjin yanayi zai shafi yawan guguwa na wurare masu zafi.[32] Yawancin samfuran yanayi suna nuna raguwar mitar a cikin tsinkaye na gaba.[39] Misali, takarda ta 2020 da ke kwatanta samfuran yanayi guda tara da suka sami raguwa mai ƙarfi a cikin mitar a Kudancin Tekun Indiya da Kudancin Hemisphere gabaɗaya, yayin da suke samun sakonni masu haɗuwa don guguwar zafi ta Arewacin Hemispher.[41] Bincike ya nuna kadan canji a cikin yawan guguwa na wurare masu zafi a duk duniya, tare da karuwar mitar a Arewacin Atlantic da tsakiyar Pacific, da raguwa mai mahimmanci a kudancin Tekun Indiya da yammacin Arewacin Pacific. [42][43]

An sami fadadawa zuwa pole zuwa latitude inda matsakaicin ƙarfin guguwa na wurare masu zafi ke faruwa, wanda zai iya haɗawa da canjin yanayi.[44] A Arewacin Pacific, akwai yiwuwar fadada gabas.[38] Tsakanin 1949 da 2016, an sami raguwa a cikin saurin fassarar guguwa na wurare masu zafi. (Hanyar fassarar guguwa ta wurare masu zafi ita ce saurin da guguwa ke motsawa a fadin teku, an auna shi a wurare masu zuwa a lokacin da aka zaɓa, kamar kowane sa'o'i uku ko kowane sa'a shida.) Har yanzu ba a san yadda za'a iya danganta wannan ga canjin yanayi ba: samfuran yanayi duk suna nuna wannan fasalin.[39]

Wani labarin bita na binciken 2021 ya kammala cewa kewayon yanayin guguwa na wurare masu zafi tabbas zai fadada zuwa pole don mayar da martani ga yanayin zafi na Hadley.[45]

Lokacin da iskar guguwa ta tashi da kashi 5%, ƙarfin hallaka ta tashi da kusan kashi 50%. Sabili da haka, yayin da canjin yanayi ya kara saurin iska na Guguwar Helene da 11%, ya kara lalacewa daga gare ta da fiye da sau biyu.[46] Dangane da World Weather Attribution ana iya bayyana tasirin canjin yanayi akan ruwan sama na wasu guguwa na baya-bayan nan kamar haka: [47]

Tasirin canjin yanayi akan ruwan sama a lokacin wasu guguwa na baya-bayan nan bisa ga World Weather Attribution.
Sunan guguwar Yawan canjin yanayi ya kara ruwan sama
Guguwar Katrina 4%
Guguwar Irma 6%
Guguwar Maria 9%
Guguwar Florence 5%
Guguwar Dorian 5–18%
Guguwar Ian 18%
Guguwar Harvey 7–38%
Guguwar Helene 10%

Ƙarfin

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Ƙarfin guguwa na wurare masu zafi ya dogara ne akan saurin iska da matsin lamba. Ana amfani da alaƙa tsakanin iskõki da matsin lamba don ƙayyade ƙarfin guguwa.[48] Sikeli na guguwa na wurare masu zafi, kamar Saffir-Simpson guguwar iska da sikelin Australia (Bureau of Meteorology), kawai amfani da saurin iska don ƙayyade rukunin guguwa.[49][50] Guguwar da ta fi karfi a rubuce ita ce Typhoon Tip a arewa maso yammacin Tekun Pacific a 1979, wanda ya kai matsakaicin matsin lamba na 870 hPa (25.69 inHg) da matsakaicin saurin iska na 165 knots (85 m/s; 306 km/h; 190 mph) kn (85 m / s; km / h; 190 . [51] Mafi girman saurin iska da aka taɓa yin rikodin shi ne 185 knots (95 m/s; 343 km/h; 213 mph) m / s; km / h; 215 a cikin Guguwar Patricia a cikin 2015 - mafi tsananin guguwa da aka taɓa rikodin a Yammacin Hemisphere.[52]

Abubuwan da suka shafi

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Ana buƙatar Yanayin zafi na teku don guguwa ta wurare masu zafi don samarwa da ƙarfafawa. Mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki da aka yarda da shi don wannan ya faru shine 26-27 ° C (79-81 ° F), duk da haka, binciken da yawa sun ba da shawarar mafi ƙarancin 25.5 °C (77.9 °F) ° C (77.9 ° F).[53][54] Mafi girman yanayin zafi na teku yana haifar da saurin karuwa kuma wani lokacin ma da saurin karawa.[55] Babban abun ciki na zafi na teku, wanda aka fi sani da Tropical Cyclone Heat Potential, yana ba da damar guguwa don cimma matsaya mafi girma.[56] Yawancin guguwa na wurare masu zafi waɗanda ke fuskantar saurin karuwa suna ratsa yankuna masu zafi na teku maimakon ƙananan dabi'u.[57] Babban ƙimar zafi na teku na iya taimakawa wajen kawar da sanyaya na teku wanda ya haifar da wucewar guguwa ta wurare masu zafi, yana iyakance tasirin wannan sanyaya a kan guguwar.[58] Tsarin motsi mai sauri yana iya karuwa zuwa mafi girman ƙarfi tare da ƙarancin ƙimar zafi na teku. Tsarin motsi mai jinkiri yana buƙatar ƙimar ƙimar zafi na teku don cimma wannan ƙarfin.[57]

Rarrabawa da suna

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Samfuri:Tropical cyclone terms world map.svg

Rarraba

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Satellite image of three simultaneous tropical cyclones
Guguwa uku na wurare masu zafi na lokacin guguwar Pacific na 2006 a matakai daban-daban na ci gaba. Mafi rauni (hagu) yana nuna kawai mafi mahimmancin siffar zagaye. Guguwa mai karfi (a saman dama) yana nuna banding mai juzu'i da karuwar tsakiya, yayin da mafi karfi (a ƙasa dama) ya haɓaka ido.

Around the world, tropical cyclones are classified in different ways, based on the location (tropical cyclone basins), the structure of the system and its intensity. For example, within the Northern Atlantic and Eastern Pacific basins, a tropical cyclone with wind speeds of over 65 knots (120 km/h; 75 mph) is called a hurricane, while it is called a typhoon or a severe cyclonic storm within the Western Pacific or North Indian oceans.[19][21] When a hurricane passes west across the International Dateline in the Northern Hemisphere, it becomes known as a typhoon. This happened in 2014 for Hurricane Genevieve, which became Typhoon Genevieve.

Ayyukan amfani da sunayen da aka ba su don gano guguwa na wurare masu zafi sun samo asali ne daga ƙarshen 1800s da farkon 1900s kuma a hankali sun maye gurbin tsarin da ke akwai - kawai suna suna da guguwa bisa ga abin da suka buga.[59] Tsarin da ake amfani da shi a halin yanzu yana ba da kyakkyawar ganewa game da tsarin yanayi mai tsanani a cikin taƙaitaccen tsari, wanda jama'a ke fahimta da fahimta.[59][60] Kyautar amfani da sunayen mutum na farko don tsarin yanayi ana ba da ita ga Masanin Yanayi na Gwamnatin Queensland Clement Wragge wanda ya ba da sunayen tsarin tsakanin 1887 da 1907. [59][60] Wannan tsarin tsarin tsarin yanayi ya fadi cikin rashin amfani na shekaru da yawa bayan Wragge ya yi ritaya, har sai an farfado da shi a ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu na Yammacin Pacific.[59][60] An gabatar da tsare-tsaren suna na yau da kullun don Arewa da Kudancin Atlantic, Gabas, Tsakiya, Yamma da Kudanci Pacific da kuma yankin Australia da Tekun Indiya.[60]

A halin yanzu, ana kiran guguwa na wurare masu zafi ta hanyar daya daga cikin ayyukan meteorological goma sha biyu kuma suna riƙe da sunayensu a duk rayuwarsu don samar da sauƙin sadarwa tsakanin masu hasashen da jama'a gaba ɗaya game da hasashen, agogo, da gargadi.[59] Tunda tsarin na iya ɗaukar mako guda ko fiye, kuma fiye da ɗaya na iya faruwa a cikin wannan kwandon a lokaci guda, ana tunanin sunayen don rage rikice-rikice game da abin da ake bayyanawa.[59] Ana ba da sunaye don haka daga jerin sunayen da aka ƙaddara tare da saurin iska na minti goma sama da 65 kilometres per hour (40 mph) km / h (40 dangane da wane kwandon ya samo asali.

itKodayake guguwa ta wurare masu zafi yawanci tana motsawa daga gabas zuwa yamma a cikin wurare masu zafi, waƙarsa na iya canzawa zuwa pole da gabas ko dai yayin da yake motsawa yammacin axis na subtropical ko kuma idan yana hulɗa tare da kwararar tsakiyar latitude, kamar jet ko guguwar extratropical. Wannan motsi, wanda ake kira "recurvature", yawanci yana faruwa a kusa da gefen yammacin manyan tafkunan teku, inda jet stream yawanci yana da bangare na poleward da kuma extratropical cyclones sun zama ruwan dare.[61] Misali na guguwa mai zafi shine Typhoon Ioke a cikin shekara ta 2006.[62]

Sauran haɗarin teku da guguwa na wurare masu zafi ke samarwa sune rip currents da undertow. Wadannan haɗarin na iya faruwa daruruwan kilomita (daruruwan mil) daga tsakiyar guguwa, koda kuwa wasu yanayin yanayi suna da kyau.[63] Babban juyawa na guguwa mai zafi, da iska mai tsaye a gefen sa, yana haifar da guguwa. Hakanan ana iya haifar da guguwa sakamakon mesovortices na ido, wanda ke ci gaba har sai ya fadi.[64] Guguwar Ivan ta samar da Guguwa 120, fiye da kowane guguwa na wurare masu zafi.[65] Ana samar da aikin walƙiya a cikin guguwa na wurare masu zafi. Wannan aikin ya fi karfi a cikin guguwa mai karfi kuma kusa da kuma cikin guguwar ido.[66][67] Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi na iya ƙara yawan dusar ƙanƙara da yankin ke fuskanta ta hanyar isar da ƙarin danshi.[68] Ana iya kara gobarar daji lokacin da guguwa da ke kusa da ita ta hura harshen wuta tare da iskõkinta masu ƙarfi.[69][70]

Tasiri a kan dukiya da rayuwar ɗan adam

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
total collapse of houses, cars and facilities
Sakamakon Guguwar Ike a Yankin Bolivar, Texas
Aerial view of storm clouds
Hoton faɗuwar rana na Guguwar Isidore da aka ɗauka a 7,000 feet (2,100 m) m (7,000
Head-on view of an airplane
"Hurricane Hunter" - Ana amfani da WP-3D Orion don shiga cikin idon guguwa don tattara bayanai da ma'auni.

itDubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Global Guide to Tropical Cyclone Forecasting: 2017 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. April 17, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 14, 2019. Retrieved September 6, 2020.
  2. ↑ Knutson, Thomas; Camargo, Suzana J.; Chan, Johnny C. L.; Emanuel, Kerry; Ho, Chang-Hoi; Kossin, James; Mohapatra, Mrutyunjay; Satoh, Masaki; Sugi, Masato; Walsh, Kevin; Wu, Liguang (August 6, 2019). "Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change Assessment: Part II. Projected Response to Anthropogenic Warming". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (in Turanci). 101 (3): BAMS–D–18–0194.1. Bibcode:2020BAMS..101E.303K. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0194.1. hdl:1721.1/124705. ISSN 0003-0007.
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    ● Explained in "Climate change increased wind speeds for every 2024 Atlantic hurricane: Analysis" (PDF). Climate Central. 20 November 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2024.
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  67. ↑ Samsury, Christopher E.; Orville, Richard E. (August 1, 1994). "Cloud-to-Ground Lightning in Tropical Cyclones: A Study of Hurricanes Hugo (1989) and Jerry (1989)". Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 122 (8): 1887–1896. Bibcode:1994MWRv..122.1887S. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122<1887:CTGLIT>2.0.CO;2.
  68. ↑ Collier, E.; Sauter, T.; Mölg, T.; Hardy, D. (June 10, 2019). "The Influence of Tropical Cyclones on Circulation, Moisture Transport, and Snow Accumulation at Kilimanjaro During the 2006–2007 Season". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. AGU. 124 (13): 6919–6928. Bibcode:2019JGRD..124.6919C. doi:10.1029/2019JD030682.
  69. ↑ Osborne, Martin; Malavelle, Florent F.; Adam, Mariana; Buxmann, Joelle; Sugier, Jaqueline; Marenco, Franco (March 20, 2019). "Saharan dust and biomass burning aerosols during ex-hurricane Ophelia: observations from the new UK lidar and sun-photometer network". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. Copernicus Publications. 19 (6): 3557–3578. Bibcode:2019ACP....19.3557O. doi:10.5194/acp-19-3557-2019. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  70. ↑ Moore, Paul (August 3, 2021). "An analysis of storm Ophelia which struck Ireland on 16 October 2017". Weather. Royal Meteorological Society. 76 (9): 301–306. Bibcode:2021Wthr...76..301M. doi:10.1002/wea.3978.
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