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Tsabtace bakin teku

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Tsabtace bakin teku
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na cleaning (en) Fassara
Class of object(s) of occurrence (en) Fassara bakin teku
Yara biyu suna tsaftace tarkace na rairayin bakin teku a Ivory Coast
Mai tsabtace rairayin bakin teku na inji tare da tractor da aka haɗe don cire tarkace na rairayin kan teku da ba a so

Tsabtace bakin teku ko tsaftacewa shine tsari na cire datti mai ƙarfi, sinadarai masu yawa, da tarkacewar kwayoyin da aka ajiye a kan rairayin bakin teku ko bakin teku ta hanyar ruwa, baƙi na gida, ko masu yawon bude ido. Mutane suna gurɓata rairayin bakin teku tare da kayan kamar kwalabe da jaka na filastik, filastik straws, Kayan kamun kifi, matattarar sigari, zobba shida, abin rufe fuska da sauran abubuwa da yawa waɗanda galibi ke haifar da lalacewar muhalli.[1] Kowace shekara daruruwan dubban masu sa kai suna share rairayin bakin teku da bakin teku a duk duniya don tsaftace wannan tarkace. Wadannan kayan kuma ana kiransu "karamin ruwa" ko "ƙazantar da ruwa" kuma yawan su yana ƙaruwa saboda ayyukan anthropocentric.[2]

Akwai wasu manyan hanyoyin tarkace na rairayin bakin teku kamar masu amfani da rairayin teku, teku, raƙuman teku, da kwararar kogin. Yawancin Masu amfani da rairayin bakin teku suna barin datti a kan rairayin kan teku bayan ayyukan. Har ila yau, tarkace na ruwa ko sunadarai kamar su man fetur daga teku ko teku kuma suna tarawa a kan rairayin bakin teku. Bugu da ƙari, koguna da yawa suna kawo wasu birane sharar gida zuwa rairayin bakin teku. Wadannan gurɓataccen abubuwa suna cutar da rayuwar teku da muhalli, Lafiyar ɗan adam, da Yawon shakatawa na bakin teku.[3] Binciken Hartley et al.'s (2015) ya nuna cewa Ilimin muhalli yana da mahimmanci don kawar da gurɓataccen rairayin bakin teku da yawa a kan rairayin rairayin kan teku da yanayin ruwa.[4]

Tsabtace bakin teku, Ikilisiyar Santo António a Tsibirin Mozambique. 11 ga watan Agusta 2009.

Rushewar ruwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Wani rairayin bakin teku mai datti a Bombay, Indiya
Kunshin abinci na filastik a Bangkok, Thailand. 8 ga Mayu, 2010.

Akwai dalilai guda biyu na lalacewa muhalli na ruwa da tarkacewar ruwa: dakarun kai tsaye (ci gaban jama'a, Ci gaban fasaha, da Ci gaban tattalin arziki) da dakarun kusa (canjin ƙasa da hanyoyin masana'antu). [5][6] Za mu iya tunanin dakarun kai tsaye a matsayin ainihin dalilin da ya sa muke cinye kayayyaki da yawa ta hanyar masana'antu. Yawan amfani da kayayyaki yana haifar da tarkace na ruwa saboda an shirya kayayyakin ta hanyar kayan da ba a sake amfani da su ba kamar filastik. Gilashin sharar gida ba za su iya lalacewa cikin sauƙi a cikin yanayi ba kuma tsarin lalacewar su yana ɗaukar dubban shekaru zuwa miliyoyin shekaru amma filastik yana rushewa cikin ƙananan ƙananan abubuwa (> 5 mm) wanda ake kira micro-plastics. [7][8] Don haka, ana kiran irin waɗannan kayan sharar gida da tarkace na ruwa waɗanda za a iya gani duk ta bakin teku da rairayin bakin teku da yawa a duniya.[7][9] Akwai yiwuwar samun tushen tarkace na ruwa da yawa kamar ƙasa, ruwa, da sauran ayyukan ɗan adam. 

Miliyoyin tan na kayan sharar gida irin su filastik, takardu, katako, da karafa sun ƙare a cikin teku, teku, da rairayin bakin teku ta hanyar iska, raƙuman teku (babban girke-girke biyar), datti, runoff, ruwan hadari da koguna.[7] Adadin usetarkace na ruwa ya zama babbar barazana ga yanayin ruwa, rayuwar ruwa da bil'adama. Yawancin tushen ƙasa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, wuraren zubar da shara, da man fetur da sauran masana'antu.[7] Har ila yau, wasu tushen ruwa sun samo asali ne daga ayyukan ruwa na anthropocentric waɗanda ke da layin kamun kifi, raga, igiyoyin filastik ko wasu kayayyakin man fetur daga tsibirai ko ƙasashe masu nisa, jiragen ruwa ko jiragen kamun kiɗa ta iska da ruwan teku.[9][7][10] Tushen tarkace na ruwa kuma ayyukan anthropocentric ne na al'ummomin yankin kamar masu zuwa rairayin bakin teku, masu yawon bude ido da birni ko gari.

Manyan girke-girke guda biyar na teku. 25 Maris 2008.

Montesinos et al., (2020) [11] nazarin jimlar abubuwa 16,123 na rairayin bakin teku don tantance tushen tarkace na ruwa a wuraren wanka 40 a bakin tekun Cádiz, Spain. Binciken ya nuna cewa tushen 88.5% na filastik, 67% sigari, da zane-zane suna da alaƙa da aikin masu zuwa rairayin bakin teku da masu yawon bude ido, 5.5% na sutura na auduga, wanka mai laushi, tawul na tsabta, tampons, da condoms suna da alaƙar fitar da ruwa mai guba a wuraren da ke kusa da koguna da bakin koguna.[11] Bayan haka, tushen layin kamun kifi na 2.1%, raga, da 0.6% Styrofoam suna da alaƙa da ayyukan kamun kiɗa da tushen ruwa.[11] Bayan haka, wasu tarkace na ruwa sun nuna cewa wasu jiragen ruwa na kasa da kasa ko masu yawon bude ido sun zubar da su kai tsaye a cikin teku a kan rairayin bakin teku daga kasashe daban-daban kamar akwati na abinci mai wuya (daga Portugal), kwalban kwalba (Morocco), kwalban mai tsabta (Turkey), mai rufe abinci da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi kewayawa (Jamus). Binciken Montesinos et al.'s (2020) [11] ya nuna cewa wasu tarkace na ruwa na iya tafiya daruruwan kilomita kuma ya ƙare da nisa daga asalinsa saboda teku da raƙuman teku.

Har ila yau, tsibiran wurare masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi wurare ne masu zafi da gurɓacewar ruwa kamar yadda tarkacen ruwa na cikin gida da na waje ke fama da shi sosai. [9] de Scisciolo et al. (2016) [9] nazari akan rairayin bakin teku guda goma tare da rairayin bakin teku da iska na Aruba wanda shine ɗayan ƙananan tsibiran Antilles da ke cikin Kudancin Caribbean Sea . Suna ƙoƙarin tantance bambance-bambancen tarkacen ruwa a cikin macro (> 25 mm), tarkace (2-25 mm) da ƙananan tarkace (<2 mm) yawa. Sakamakon binciken nasu ya nuna cewa ana samun tarkacen meso-tarkace waɗanda samfuran robobi ke zagaye da su a kan gaɓar tekun na iska saboda ɓangarorin da ke cikin iska suna fuskantar matsin lamba daga tarkacen ruwa mai nisa. Abubuwan halitta kamar iska da igiyoyin ruwa na teku suna haifar da tarawa da rarraba tarkacen filastik zuwa gaɓar teku. Kuma tarkacen macro da ke ƙunshe da kaso mafi girma na asali daga ci, sha da shan taba da ayyukan nishaɗi ana samun wuraren shakatawa na tsibirin saboda wuraren da ke ƙasa suna fuskantar matsin lamba daga tarkace na tushen ƙasa kamar faranti na filastik, kwalabe da bambaro na filastik . [9]

Kayan fatalwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rushewar ruwa ta ƙunshi miliyoyin tan na kayan kamun kifi na filastik da aka watsar. Kusan tan 640,000 na kayan filastik ana zubar da su ko kuma an watsar da su a cikin teku a kowace shekara.[12] A cewar Unger da Harrison, tan 6.4 na gurbataccen ruwa yana zubar da teku a kowace shekara, kuma mafi yawansu sun hada da kayan kamun kifi na roba, marufi, kayan aiki, filastik, da abubuwa masu dacewa. Irin wannan kayan filastik mai tsayi ba zai iya lalacewa a cikin ruwan teku da yanayin ruwa ba kuma suna wankewa a kan rairayin bakin teku da iska ke motsawa.[13] Irin waɗannan kayan da aka watsar kamar layin kamun kifi na filastik, raga, da jiragen ruwa ana kiransu "kayan fatalwa". Kimanin kashi 46% na kayan fatalwa dubu 79 wanda shine girman filayen kwallon kafa da yawa an samo su a Babban Gidan shara na Pacific da aka kafa a cikin 2018.[14] Rukunin kamun kifi da layin da aka watsar suna kashewa ko haifar da dabbobi masu yawa na ruwa kamar kifi, sharks, whales, dolphins, turtles na teku, seal, da tsuntsayen ruwa a kowace shekara. Kuma kusan kashi 30% na yawan kamun kifi suna raguwa kuma kashi 70% na sauran dabbobi na ruwa suna fama da kayan da aka watsar a kowace shekara. Bayan haka, babbar masana'antar kamun kifi muhimmiyar direba ce ta raguwar yanayin muhalli ta hanyar ayyukan kamun kiɗa. Yawan kamun kifi yana haifar da lokacin da manyan jiragen kamun kifin suka kama tan na kifi da sauri fiye da yadda aka cika.[15] Bugu da ƙari, yawan kamun kifi yana shafar mutane biliyan 4.5 waɗanda suka dogara da akalla 15% na kifi don furotin, kuma kamun kiɗa shine babban abin rayuwa.[16]

Fa'idodi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Lafiyar jama'a

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsabtace rairayin bakin teku suna da fa'idodi da yawa ga lafiyar ɗan adam saboda rairayin kan teku da aka gurbata suna jefa rayukan ɗan adam cikin haɗari ta hanyar haɗarin rairayin rairayin ƙafa. Abubuwa da yawa da aka bari a kan rairayin bakin teku kamar tabarau masu fashewa, karafa masu kaifi, ko filastik masu wuya na iya cutar da masu zuwa rairayin kan teku a zahiri. Har ila yau, tarkace na ruwa kamar kayan kamun kifi ko taru na iya haɗari da rayuwar mutum a kan rairayin bakin teku. Irin waɗannan gurɓataccen abubuwa na iya zama tarko ga masu amfani da rairayin bakin teku kuma suna haifar da mummunan rauni ko haɗarin nutsar da masu yawon bude ido.[17]

Muhalli

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Surfers Against Sewage (SAS) rairayin bakin teku mai tsabta. 14 Nuwamba 2014.

Bincike kan tarkace na ruwa ya kara yawan iliminmu game da adadin da abun da ke ciki na tarkace-tarkace na teku da kuma tasirinsa akan yanayin ruwa, Rayuwar ruwa da mutane. Rushewar ruwa tana da lahani sosai ga Kwayoyin ruwa kamar shuke-shuke, invertebrates, kifi, tsuntsayen teku, turtles na teku da sauran manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa.[18][6] Rushewar ruwa ta ƙunshi lita na filastik waɗanda suka ƙunshi sunadarai na masana'antu ko guba. [19][20] Wadannan sunadarai na iya zama masu lalacewa ga kwayoyin ruwa saboda guba suna tarawa a cikin kyallen takamaiman halittu na ruwa kuma suna haifar da takamaiman sakamako kamar canje-canje na halayyar da canje-canje a cikin hanyoyin metabolism.[9][21] Har ila yau, haɗuwa da filastik da kayan ruwan teku kamar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) da ƙarfe mai nauyi na iya zama haɗari ga rayuwar ruwa.[7] Bugu da ƙari, amfani da micro-plastics ta manyan kwayoyin ruwa suna haifar da toshewar hanji wanda ke haifar da yunwa da mutuwa saboda rage ƙarfin makamashi.[8] A cewar Hukumar Kula da Mammal ta Amurka, 111 daga cikin nau'ikan tsuntsayen teku 312 na duniya, nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa 26, da kuma shida daga cikin kalmomi bakwai nau'ikan tururuwan teku sun fuskanci matsaloli tare da cin ganyen rairayin bakin teku.[6][19][22][23] Nazarin ya nuna cewa micro-plastics yana da mummunar tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam saboda amfani da kwayoyin ruwa ta mutane. [24][25]

Baya ga duk waɗannan tasirin, tarkace na ruwa da datti na rairayin bakin teku suna haifar da haɗari ga namun daji a kan rairayin kan rairayar bakin teku da yanayin muhalli na ruwa.[26] Yawancin gurɓataccen rairayin bakin teku kamar kayan kamun kifi da taru ko zubar da mai suna lalata dabbobin teku da yawa ciki har da turtles, tsuntsayen teku, da dolphins, kuma suna iya haifar da mummunan rauni ko mutuwa.[27] Dabbobi na ruwa na iya kamawa da gurbataccen abu kamar layin kamun kifi ko taru.[28]

Batun yanzu tare da duk cututtukan da aka ambata a sama an yi shi ne kawai daga tasirin ɗan adam, kuma ana iya hana shi ba tare da hulɗar ɗan adam da na ruwa ba. Ƙungiyar Masana ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da rahoton cewa gurɓataccen yanayi na duniya ya kai kashi 80% na gurɓatawar ruwa.[6][29]

Ci gaba da dorewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsabtace rairayin bakin teku alamun ingancin muhalli da matakin Ci gaba mai ɗorewa na ƙasa. The Beach Cleaning Health Index hanya ce ta tsabtace ƙasashen Turai da mahallinsu.[30] Alamar ta ƙayyade matakin dorewa da tsabtace ƙasashe da rairayin bakin teku ta hanyar bayanin rarrabuwa kamar A don kyakkyawan, B don nagarta, C don na yau da kullun, da D don mugunta.[31]

Akwai alamun dorewa da yawa waɗanda aka kirkira da sunan kiwon lafiyar rairayin bakin teku da bayyanar gaba ɗaya. Wadannan alamomi sun dogara da nau'ikan masu canji da yawa waɗanda ake amfani da su don tantance duka anthropocentric da canje-canje na halitta ga rairayin bakin teku.[32][33][34] Wadannan masu canji na alamomi galibi suna haɗuwa da burin kiyaye muhalli da na yankin da rairayin bakin teku ke ciki. Baya ga ƙididdigar da aka yi amfani da ita a ƙasashen Turai da yawa, a cikin 2005 Isra'ila ta samar da nasa binciken rairayin bakin teku, ƙididdigarsa mai tsabta (CCI). [32] Manufar tun farkon wannan shirin ita ce kiyaye tsabtace duk bakin tekun Isra'ila, da kuma ilimantar da jama'a game da muhimmancin ƙaurawar ruwa.[32] Wannan yana daya daga cikin Index na farko don tantance fiye da kawai adadin sharar da aka cire daga rairayin bakin teku, kamar yadda aka yi a baya. [32]

CCI ta kimanta tsabtace rairayin bakin teku kowane makonni 2 na tsawon watanni 7.[32] Ta hanyar amfani da wannan alamar a kan lokaci-lokaci sun sami damar tantance waɗanne matakai ne suka yi aiki da kyau kuma wanda bai yi ba. Sauran ƙasashe a cikin Caribbean suna amfani da nau'i daban-daban na ƙididdigar kiwon lafiya na rairayin bakin teku, wanda ake kira Beach Quality Index (BQI). [33] BQI tana kimanta fannoni da yawa na rairayin bakin teku, ba kawai datti ko tsabtace jiki gaba ɗaya ba, amma tasirin mutum da tasirin dogon lokaci don yin aiki a matsayin jerin sunayen batutuwan ingancin muhalli.[33] BQI ta rarraba rairayin bakin teku a matsayin birane da birane, da fatan tantance su zuwa mafi kyawun ikon su, da kuma hada da duk abubuwan da zasu iya tasiri ga rairayin kan teku daban-daban. BQI tana taimakawa ta hanyar kafa abubuwa daban-daban da rukunoni don taimakawa tare da wannan rarrabuwa, wani abu da ba duk alamun rairayin bakin teku ba sun haɗa.[34]

Yawon shakatawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Mai ya zubar da tsaftacewa. 5 ga Nuwamba 2004.

Yankunan rairayin bakin teku wuraren shakatawa ne kuma suna jan hankalin baƙi da yawa na cikin gida da na duniya ta hanyar wanka, yin iyo, tafiya ko ayyukan hawan igiyar ruwa. Wannan yawon shakatawa na bakin teku yana da mahimmanci ga ƙasashe da yawa saboda ayyukan yawon bude ido suna ba da gudummawa ga babban bangare na tattalin arzikin su.[35] Sabili da haka, rairayin bakin teku ko bakin teku da aka gurbata na iya yin tasiri sosai ga tattalin arzikin kasar. Yankunan rairayin bakin teku da aka gurbata sun zama damuwa a duniya tun farkon Masana'antu. Yankunan rairayin bakin teku da aka gurbata ba su da kyau ga masu yawon bude ido na kasa da kasa da na gida saboda darajar kyawawan abubuwa ko damuwa game da kiwon lafiya. Nazarin Hutchings et al.'s (2000) ya nuna cewa rairayin bakin teku mai tsabta yana da matukar muhimmanci ga masu yawon bude ido da yawa a Afirka ta Kudu.[36]

Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Beach cleaning vehicles
    Beach cleaning vehicles
  • Beach cleaning vehicles
    Beach cleaning vehicles
  • After beach cleaning by a cleaning vehicle
    After beach cleaning by a cleaning vehicle
  • Oil beach cleaning
    Oil beach cleaning
  • Micro-plastic
    Micro-plastic

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Krelling, Allan Paul; Williams, Allan Thomas; Turra, Alexander (2017). "Differences in perception and reaction of tourist groups to beach marine debris that can influence a loss of tourism revenue in coastal areas". Marine Policy. 85: 87–99. Bibcode:2017MarPo..85...87K. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2017.08.021.
  2. ↑ Hartley, Bonny L.; Thompson, Richard C.; Pahl, Sabine (2015). "Marine litter education boosts children's understanding and self-reported actions". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 90 (1–2): 209–217. Bibcode:2015MarPB..90..209H. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.10.049. ISSN 0025-326X. PMID 25467869.
  3. ↑ Rayon-Viña, Fernando; Miralles, Laura; Fernandez-Rodríguez, Sara; Dopico, Eduardo; Garcia-Vazquez, Eva (2019). "Marine litter and public involvement in beach cleaning: Disentangling perception and awareness among adults and children, Bay of Biscay, Spain". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 141: 112–118. Bibcode:2019MarPB.141..112R. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.02.034. ISSN 0025-326X. PMID 30955715. S2CID 91873980. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  4. ↑ Rees, Gareth; Pond, Kathy (1995). "Marine litter monitoring programmes—A review of methods with special reference to national surveys". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 30 (2): 103–108. Bibcode:1995MarPB..30..103R. doi:10.1016/0025-326x(94)00192-c. ISSN 0025-326X.
  5. ↑ Turner, B. L.; Butzer, Karl W. (1992). "The Columbian Encounter and Land-Use Change". Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 34 (8): 16–44. Bibcode:1992ESPSD..34h..16T. doi:10.1080/00139157.1992.9931469. ISSN 0013-9157.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Sheavly, S. B.; Register, K. M. (2007-10-01). "Marine Debris & Plastics: Environmental Concerns, Sources, Impacts and Solutions". Journal of Polymers and the Environment (in Turanci). 15 (4): 301–305. Bibcode:2007JPEnv..15..301S. doi:10.1007/s10924-007-0074-3. ISSN 1572-8900. S2CID 136943560.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Asensio-Montesinos, F.; Anfuso, G.; Ramírez, M. Oliva; Smolka, R.; Sanabria, J. García; Enríquez, A. Fernández; Arenas, P.; Bedoya, A. Macías (2020). "Beach litter composition and distribution on the Atlantic coast of Cádiz (SW Spain)". Regional Studies in Marine Science. 34: 101050. Bibcode:2020RSMS...3401050A. doi:10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101050. ISSN 2352-4855. S2CID 212968340.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Loizidou, Xenia I.; Loizides, Michael I.; Orthodoxou, Demetra L. (2018-06-20). "Persistent marine litter: small plastics and cigarette butts remain on beaches after organized beach cleanups". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 190 (7): 414. Bibcode:2018EMnAs.190..414L. doi:10.1007/s10661-018-6798-9. ISSN 0167-6369. PMID 29926242. S2CID 49415636.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 de Scisciolo, Tobia; Mijts, Eric N.; Becker, Tatiana; Eppinga, Maarten B. (2016). "Beach debris on Aruba, Southern Caribbean: Attribution to local land-based and distal marine-based sources". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 106 (1–2): 49–57. Bibcode:2016MarPB.106...49D. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.039. ISSN 0025-326X. PMID 27039956.
  10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :8
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Asensio-Montesinos, F.; Anfuso, G.; Ramírez, M. Oliva; Smolka, R.; Sanabria, J. García; Enríquez, A. Fernández; Arenas, P.; Bedoya, A. Macías (2020). "Beach litter composition and distribution on the Atlantic coast of Cádiz (SW Spain)". Regional Studies in Marine Science. 34: 101050. Bibcode:2020RSMS...3401050A. doi:10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101050. ISSN 2352-4855. S2CID 212968340.
  12. ↑ Rosane, Olivia (2019). "Plastic pollution. Zombie in the water: New Greenpeace Report Warns of Deadly Ghost Fishing Gear". Eco Watch. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  13. ↑ Unger, Antonia; Harrison, Nancy (2016). "Fisheries as a source of marine debris on beaches in the United Kingdom" (PDF). Marine Pollution Bulletin. 107 (1): 52–58. Bibcode:2016MarPB.107...52U. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.04.024. ISSN 0025-326X. PMID 27156038. S2CID 12098424. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-22. Retrieved 2025-08-01.
  14. ↑ no name, no name (2019). "The most dangerous single source of ocean plastic no one wants to talk about. Seashepherd online". Sea Shepherd. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  15. ↑ no name, no name (2020). "Over fishing". World Wildlife. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  16. ↑ Béné, Christophe; Barange, Manuel; Subasinghe, Rohana; Pinstrup-Andersen, Per; Merino, Gorka; Hemre, Gro-Ingunn; Williams, Meryl (2015-03-10). "Feeding 9 billion by 2050 – Putting fish back on the menu". Food Security. 7 (2): 261–274. doi:10.1007/s12571-015-0427-z. ISSN 1876-4517. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  17. ↑ Campbell, Marnie L.; Slavin, Chris; Grage, Anna; Kinslow, Amber (2016). "Human health impacts from litter on beaches and associated perceptions: A case study of 'clean' Tasmanian beaches". Ocean & Coastal Management. 126: 22–30. Bibcode:2016OCM...126...22C. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.04.002. ISSN 0964-5691.
  18. ↑ Vanhooren, Sofie; Maelfait, Hanneore; Belpaeme, Kathy (2011). "Moving Towards an Ecological Management of the Beaches". Journal of Coastal Research. 61: 81–86. doi:10.2112/SI61-001.70. ISSN 0749-0208. JSTOR 41510780. S2CID 130645857.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Marine Mammal Commission Annual Report to Congress. Effects of Pollution on Marine Mammals". mmc.gov. 1996.
  20. ↑ Derraik, José G.B (2002). "The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 44 (9): 842–852. Bibcode:2002MarPB..44..842D. doi:10.1016/s0025-326x(02)00220-5. ISSN 0025-326X. PMID 12405208.
  21. ↑ Zettler, Erik R.; Mincer, Tracy J.; Amaral-Zettler, Linda A. (2013-06-19). "Life in the "Plastisphere": Microbial Communities on Plastic Marine Debris". Environmental Science & Technology. 47 (13): 7137–7146. Bibcode:2013EnST...47.7137Z. doi:10.1021/es401288x. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 23745679. S2CID 10002632.
  22. ↑ Bugoni, Leandro; Krause, Lígia; Virgínia Petry, Maria (2001). "Marine Debris and Human Impacts on Sea Turtles in Southern Brazil". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 42 (12): 1330–1334. Bibcode:2001MarPB..42.1330B. doi:10.1016/s0025-326x(01)00147-3. ISSN 0025-326X. PMID 11827120.
  23. ↑ Bjorndal, Karen A.; Bolten, Alan B.; Lagueux, Cynthia J. (1994). "Ingestion of marine debris by juvenile sea turtles in coastal Florida habitats". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 28 (3): 154–158. Bibcode:1994MarPB..28..154B. doi:10.1016/0025-326x(94)90391-3. ISSN 0025-326X.
  24. ↑ Laura Parker (June 2018). "We Depend on Plastic. Now We're Drowning in It". NationalGeographic.com. Archived from the original on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  25. ↑ "Potential health effects of microplastics and pathogens". Plastic Health Coalition. Archived from the original on December 31, 2022. Retrieved December 31, 2022.
  26. ↑ Zettler, Erik R.; Mincer, Tracy J.; Amaral-Zettler, Linda A. (2013-06-19). "Life in the "Plastisphere": Microbial Communities on Plastic Marine Debris". Environmental Science & Technology. 47 (13): 7137–7146. Bibcode:2013EnST...47.7137Z. doi:10.1021/es401288x. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 23745679. S2CID 10002632.
  27. ↑ Campbell, Marnie L.; Slavin, Chris; Grage, Anna; Kinslow, Amber (2016). "Human health impacts from litter on beaches and associated perceptions: A case study of 'clean' Tasmanian beaches". Ocean & Coastal Management. 126: 22–30. Bibcode:2016OCM...126...22C. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.04.002. ISSN 0964-5691.
  28. ↑ Sheavly, S. B.; Register, K. M. (2007-10-01). "Marine Debris & Plastics: Environmental Concerns, Sources, Impacts and Solutions". Journal of Polymers and the Environment (in Turanci). 15 (4): 301–305. Bibcode:2007JPEnv..15..301S. doi:10.1007/s10924-007-0074-3. ISSN 1572-8900. S2CID 136943560.
  29. ↑ Pravdic, V.; Fao, Rome (Italy) eng; Unep, Geneva (Switzerland) eng (1981). "GESAMP (Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution): the first dozen years (1969-1981)". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  30. ↑ Semeoshenkova, Vera; Newton, Alice; Contin, Andrea; Greggio, Nicolas (2017). "Development and application of an Integrated Beach Quality Index (BQI)". Ocean & Coastal Management. 143: 74–86. Bibcode:2017OCM...143...74S. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.08.013. ISSN 0964-5691.
  31. ↑ Barbosa de Araújo, Maria Christina; da Costa, Monica Ferreira (2008). "Environmental Quality Indicators for Recreational Beaches Classification". Journal of Coastal Research. 246: 1439–1449. doi:10.2112/06-0901.1. ISSN 0749-0208. S2CID 198150463.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 Alkalay, Ronen; Pasternak, Galia; Zask, Alon (2007-01-01). "Clean-coast index—A new approach for beach cleanliness assessment". Ocean & Coastal Management (in Turanci). 50 (5): 352–362. Bibcode:2007OCM....50..352A. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2006.10.002. ISSN 0964-5691.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Ariza, Eduard; Jimenez, Jose A.; Sarda, Rafael; Villares, Miriam; Pinto, Josep; Fraguell, Rosa; Roca, Elisabet; Marti, Carolina; Valdemoro, Herminia; Ballester, Ramon; Fluvia, Modest (2010-05-01). "Proposal for an Integral Quality Index for Urban and Urbanized Beaches". Environmental Management (in Turanci). 45 (5): 998–1013. Bibcode:2010EnMan..45..998A. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.457.5250. doi:10.1007/s00267-010-9472-8. ISSN 1432-1009. PMID 20383636. S2CID 9163954.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Micallef, Anton; Williams, Allan T. (2004-01-01). "Application of a novel approach to beach classification in the Maltese Islands". Ocean & Coastal Management (in Turanci). 47 (5): 225–242. Bibcode:2004OCM....47..225M. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2004.04.004. ISSN 0964-5691.
  35. ↑ Loomis, John; Santiago, Luis (2013). "Economic Valuation of Beach Quality Improvements: Comparing Incremental Attribute Values Estimated from Two Stated Preference Valuation Methods". Coastal Management. 41 (1): 75–86. Bibcode:2013CoasM..41...75L. doi:10.1080/08920753.2012.749754. ISSN 0892-0753. S2CID 153807049.
  36. ↑ Hutchings, K.; Lamberth, S. J.; Turpie, J. K. (2002). "Socio-economic characteristics of gillnet and beach-seine fishers in the Western Cape, South Africa". South African Journal of Marine Science. 24 (1): 243–262. doi:10.2989/025776102784528646. ISSN 0257-7615. S2CID 83496345.
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