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Tsabtace kabilanci

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Tsabtace kabilanci
removal (en) Fassara da crime against humanity (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na felony (en) Fassara, ethnic conflict (en) Fassara, Tawali'u da aka tilasta masa da atrocity (en) Fassara
Gagarumin taron Circassian genocide (en) Fassara
Kyauta ta samu un-word of the year (en) Fassara
Has cause (en) Fassara Kishin ƙasa
Has goal (en) Fassara monoethnicity (en) Fassara
Uses (en) Fassara deportation (en) Fassara da population transfer (en) Fassara
Nada jerin Jerin kamfen ɗin tsabtace kabilanci
1893 zane na George Craig, wanda ke nuna korar Acadians daga Grand-Pré a cikin 1755.
Cire Yahudawa a Turai daga 1100 zuwa 1600

Tsabtace kabilanci shine tilasta cire kabilanci, launin fata, ko ƙungiyoyin addini daga wani yanki, tare da niyyar yin al'umma ta kabilanci. Tare da cirewa kai tsaye kamar korar ko canja wurin yawan jama'a, ya haɗa da hanyoyin da ba a kai tsaye ba da nufin tilasta ƙaura ta hanyar tilasta wa ƙungiyar da aka azabtar su gudu da hana dawowarta, kamar kisan kai, fyade, da lalata dukiya.[1][2][3][4] Dukkanin ma'anar da cajin tsaftace kabilanci galibi ana jayayya da shi, tare da wasu masu bincike ciki har da wasu da ba su da izini ga tilasta wa mutane da yawa ko kisan kiyashi a matsayin hanyar kawar da wani yanki na wani rukuni, ko kuma suna kiransa da karin magana don kisan kare dangi ko kisan kare al'adu. [5][6][7]

Kodayake malamai ba su yarda da abin da ya faru ya zama tsarkake kabilanci ba, [8] lokuta da yawa sun faru a cikin tarihi. An fara amfani da kalmar ne don bayyana yadda ake bi da 'yan kasar Albania game da' 'Yan Serbia na Kosovo a cikin shekarun 1980, [9] kuma sun shiga amfani da su sosai a lokacin Yugoslav Wars a cikin shekarun 1990. Tun daga wannan lokacin, kalmar ta sami karbuwa sosai saboda aikin jarida.[10] Kodayake bincike da farko ya mayar da hankali kan ƙiyayya mai zurfi a matsayin bayani game da abubuwan da suka faru na tsabtace kabilanci, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna tsabtace kabalanci a matsayin "ƙaruwa ta halitta na halaye na jihohin al'umma" ko jaddada damuwa da tsaro da tasirin Dimokuradiyya, yana nuna tashin hankali na kabilanci a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa. Bincike ya kuma mayar da hankali kan rawar da yaƙi ke takawa a matsayin mai haifar da ko haɓaka a cikin tsarkake kabilanci. Koyaya, jihohin da ke cikin irin wannan yanayin dabarun na iya samun manufofi daban-daban ga kabilun da aka ɗauka a matsayin barazanar tsaro.[11]

Tsabtace kabilanci ba shi da ma'anar doka a ƙarƙashin dokar aikata laifuka ta duniya, amma hanyoyin da ake aiwatar da shi ana ɗaukar su laifuka a kan bil'adama kuma suna iya fadawa ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Kisan kare dangi.[1][12]

Magana

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Fayil:Refugees at the Taurus Pass.jpg
'Yan gudun hijira a Taurus Pass a lokacin Kisan kare dangi na Armeniya. Matasan Turk sun yi niyyar rage yawan Armeniyawa zuwa ƙasa da 5-10% na yawan jama'a a kowane ɓangare na Daular Ottoman, wanda ya haifar da kawar da Armeniyawa miliyan ɗaya.
Istrian Italians sun bar Pola a 1947 a lokacin Fitowar Istrian-Dalmatian, wanda ya biyo bayan Kisan kiyashi na Foibe

Wani abu da ya gabata ga kalmar shine kalmar Helenanci andrapodismos (ἀνδραποδισμός; lit. "bautar"), wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin matani na dā. Misali, don bayyana munanan ayyukan da suka biyo bayan nasarar da Alexander the Great ya yi a Thebes a cikin 335 KZ. Cirewar Moriscos daga Spain tsakanin 1609 da 1614 wasu marubuta suna ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan farko na tsabtace kabilanci da ke tallafawa jihar a duniyar yamma ta zamani. Raphael Lemkin, wanda ya kirkiro kalmar "kisan kare dangi", ya yi la'akari da ƙaurawar 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka ta mazauna Amurka a matsayin misali na tarihi na kisan kare dji.[13] Sauran, kamar masanin tarihi Gary Anderson, suna jayayya cewa kisan kare dangi bai nuna wani bangare na tarihin Amurka ba, yana ba da shawarar a maimakon haka cewa tsarkake kabilanci kalma ce mafi dacewa.[14] Kisan kare dangi na Circassian, wanda aka fi sani da "Tsitsekun", masana tarihi daban-daban sukan ɗauka a matsayin kamfen na farko na tsaftace kabilanci da wata jiha ta kaddamar a lokacin karni na 19th.[15] Janar na Imperial na Rasha Nikolay Yevdakimov, wanda ke kula da ayyukan kisan kare dangi na Circassian a cikin shekarun 1860, ya lalata Musulman Circassians a matsayin " annoba" da za a kore su daga ƙasashensu. Manufar Rasha ita ce mamaye ƙasa; kuma ayyukan soja na Rasha waɗanda suka tilasta fitar da Circassians an sanya su ta Yevdakimov a matsayin "ochishchenie" (tsabtacewa).

A farkon shekarun 1900, ana iya samun bambance-bambance na yanki na kalmar tsakanin Czechs (očista), Polish (czystki etniczne), Faransanci (cleaning) da Jamusawa (Säuberung). [16] Wani rahoto na Carnegie Endowment na 1913 wanda ya yi Allah wadai da ayyukan duk mahalarta a cikin Yakin Balkan ya ƙunshi sabbin sharuɗɗa daban-daban don bayyana zalunci da aka yi wa kabilun.[17]

Cire Jamusawa daga Czechoslovakia bayan karshen yakin duniya na biyu

Ma'anar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rahoton Ƙarshe na Hukumar Masana da aka kafa bisa ga Resolution na Majalisar Tsaro 780 ya bayyana tsabtace kabilanci kamar haka:

a purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group to remove by violent and terror-inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic or religious group from certain geographic areas", [noting that in the former Yugoslavia] " 'ethnic cleansing' has been carried out by means of murder, torture, arbitrary arrest and detention, extra-judicial executions, rape and sexual assaults, confinement of civilian population in ghetto areas, forcible removal, displacement and deportation of civilian population, deliberate military attacks or threats of attacks on civilians and civilian areas, and wanton destruction of property. Those practices constitute crimes against humanity and can be assimilated to specific war crimes. Furthermore, such acts could also fall within the meaning of the Genocide Convention.[18][19]

Ma'anar hukuma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da tsaftace kabilanci ita ce "samar da wani yanki na kabilanci ta hanyar amfani da karfi ko tsoratarwa don cirewa daga wani yanki na wasu kabilanci ko addini. " A matsayin rukuni, tsaftacewar kabilanci ya ƙunshi ci gaba ko nau'ikan manufofi. A cikin kalmomin Andrew Bell-Fialkoff, "tsarkakewar kabilanci ... ya ƙaryata ma'anar sauƙi. A wani ƙarshen kusan ba za a iya rarrabe shi daga ƙaura da musayar yawan jama'a ba yayin da a ɗayan ya haɗu da korar da kisan kare dangi. A mafi yawanci, duk da haka, tsarkakewar ƙabila za a iya fahimta a matsayin korar yawan jama'ara daga yankin da aka ba shi.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Ethnic cleansing". United Nations. United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect. Retrieved December 20, 2020. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "UN" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ Walling, Carrie Booth (2000). "The history and politics of ethnic cleansing". The International Journal of Human Rights. 4 (3–4): 47–66. doi:10.1080/13642980008406892. S2CID 144001685. Most frequently, however, the aim of ethnic cleansing is to expel the despised ethnic group through either indirect coercion or direct force, and to ensure that return is impossible. Terror is the fundamental method used to achieve this end.
    Methods of indirect coercion can include: introducing repressive laws and discriminatory measures designed to make minority life difficult; the deliberate failure to prevent mob violence against ethnic minorities; using surrogates to inflict violence; the destruction of the physical infrastructure upon which minority life depends; the imprisonment of male members of the ethnic group; threats to rape female members, and threats to kill. If ineffective, these indirect methods are often escalated to coerced emigration, where the removal of the ethnic group from the territory is pressured by physical force. This typically includes physical harassment and the expropriation of property. Deportation is an escalated form of direct coercion in that the forcible removal of 'undesirables' from the state's territory is organised, directed and carried out by state agents. The most serious of the direct methods, excluding genocide, is murderous cleansing, which entails the brutal and often public murder of some few in order to compel flight of the remaining group members.13 Unlike during genocide, when murder is intended to be total and an end in itself, murderous cleansing is used as a tool towards the larger aim of expelling survivors from the territory. The process can be made complete by revoking the citizenship of those who emigrate or flee.
  3. ↑ Schabas, William A. (2003). "'Ethnic Cleansing' and Genocide: Similarities and Distinctions". European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online. 3 (1): 109–128. doi:10.1163/221161104X00075. The Commission considered techniques of ethnic cleansing to include murder, torture, arbitrary arrest and detention, extrajudicial executions, sexual assault, confinement of civilian populations in ghetto areas, forcible removal, displacement and deportation of civilian populations, deliberate military attacks or threats of attacks on civilians and civilian areas, and wanton destruction of property.
  4. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  5. ↑ Bulutgil 2018.
  6. ↑ Kirby-McLemore, Jennifer (2021–2022). "Settling the Genocide v. Ethnic Cleansing Debate: Ending Misuse of the Euphemism Ethnic Cleansing". Denver Journal of International Law and Policy. 50: 115.
  7. ↑ Heiskanen, Jaakko (October 1, 2021). "In the Shadow of Genocide: Ethnocide, Ethnic Cleansing, and International Order". Global Studies Quarterly. 1 (4). doi:10.1093/isagsq/ksab030. ISSN 2634-3797.
  8. ↑ Garrity, Meghan M (September 27, 2023). "'Ethnic Cleansing': An Analysis of Conceptual and Empirical Ambiguity". Political Science Quarterly. 138 (4): 469–489. doi:10.1093/psquar/qqad082.
  9. ↑ "Who first coined the euphemism "ethnic cleansing" for racial murder and persecution? Surely it must have been a dictator? | Notes and Queries | guardian.co.uk". www.theguardian.com. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
  10. ↑ Thum 2010.
  11. ↑ Bulutgil, H. Zeynep (2018). "The state of the field and debates on ethnic cleansing". Nationalities Papers. 46 (6): 1136–1145. doi:10.1080/00905992.2018.1457018. S2CID 158519257.
  12. ↑ Schabas, William A. (2003). "'Ethnic Cleansing' and Genocide: Similarities and Distinctions". European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online. 3 (1): 109–128. doi:10.1163/221161104X00075. 'Ethnic cleansing' is probably better described as a popular or journalistic expression, with no recognized legal meaning in a technical sense... 'ethnic cleansing' is equivalent to deportation,' a grave breach of the Geneva Conventions as well as a crime against humanity, and therefore a crime within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal.
  13. ↑ McDonnell, M. A.; Moses, A. D. (2005). "Raphael Lemkin as historian of genocide in the Americas". Journal of Genocide Research. 7: 501–529. doi:10.1080/14623520500349951. S2CID 72663247.
  14. ↑ Sousa, Ashley (2016). "Ethnic Cleansing and the Indian: The Crime That Should Haunt America by Gary Clayton Anderson". Journal of Southern History. 82 (1): 135–136. doi:10.1353/soh.2016.0023. ISSN 2325-6893. S2CID 159731284.
  15. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  16. ↑ (Rainer ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  17. ↑ Akhund, Nadine (December 31, 2012). "The Two Carnegie Reports: From the Balkan Expedition of 1913 to the Albanian Trip of 1921". Balkanologie. Revue d'études pluridisciplinaires. XIVb (1–2). doi:10.4000/balkanologie.2365. Archived from the original on April 4, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2017 – via balkanologie.revues.org.
  18. ↑ "Final Report of the Commission of Experts Established Pursuant to United Nations Security Council Resolution 780 (1992)" (PDF). United Nations Security Council. May 27, 1994. p. 33. Paragraph 129
  19. ↑ "Final Report of the Commission of Experts Established Pursuant to United Nations Security Council Resolution 780 (1992)" (PDF). United Nations Security Council. May 27, 1994. p. 33. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2020. Upon examination of reported information, specific studies and investigations, the Commission confirms its earlier view that 'ethnic cleansing' is a purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group to remove by violent and terror-inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic or religious group from certain geographic areas. To a large extent, it is carried out in the name of misguided nationalism, historic grievances and a powerful driving sense of revenge. This purpose appears to be the occupation of territory to the exclusion of the purged group or groups. This policy and the practices of warring factions are described separately in the following paragraphs. Paragraph 130.
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