Tsaftace Injin Ci gaba
| CDM | |
|---|---|
| Iri | yarjejeniya |
Signatory (en)  | |
Tsarin Tsabtace Tsabtace (CDM) wani shiri ne na rage yawan iskar Carbon da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke gudanarwa wanda ke baiwa kasashe damar ba da tallafin ayyukan rage hayakin iskar gas a wasu kasashe da kuma da'awar fitar da hayakin da aka ajiye a matsayin wani bangare na kokarinsu na cimma manufofin fitar da hayaki na kasa da kasa. Yana ɗaya daga cikin Hanyoyi masu sassauƙa guda uku da aka ayyana a cikin Yarjejeniyar Kyoto. CDM, wanda aka ayyana a cikin Mataki na 12 na Yarjejeniyar, an yi niyya ne don taimaka wa ƙasashen da ba na Annex I ba (mafi yawan ƙasashe masu tasowa) don samun ci gaba mai dorewa da rage sawun carbon ɗin su, da kuma taimakawa ƙasashen Annex I (mafi yawan ƙasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu) cimma biyan buƙatun rage fitar da iskar gas.[1]
Hukumar CDM ce ke kula da CDM a ƙarƙashin jagorancin taron ƙungiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Tsarin Tsarin Sauyin Yanayi (UNFCCC).
Shirin ya baiwa kasashen Annex I damar siyan raka'o'in rage fitar da hayaki (CERs) daga ayyukan rage hayaki na CDM da aka amince a kasashe masu tasowa,[2] inda jarin rage fitar da hayaki ya fi arha a duniya. Hakanan ana iya siyar da raka'o'in rage fitar da hayaki a cikin tsarin cinikin hayaki.
Tsakanin shekarar farko na ayyukan CDM za a iya yin rajista, 2001, da 7 Satumba 2012, CDM ta ba da CERs biliyan 1. Tun daga ranar 1 ga Yuni 2013, an ba da kashi 57% na duk CERs don ayyukan da suka danganci lalata HFC-23 (38%) ko N2O (19%). An haɗa kamawar carbon da adanawa a cikin tsarin kashe carbon na CDM a cikin Disamba 2011.[3]
Yawancin kasuwannin CDM sun fito ne daga kasashen Turai, saboda kasashe da dama da ke da hayaki mai yawa, ciki har da Amurka da China, ba su kasance masu rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Kyoto ba ko kuma ta bukaci ta rage fitar da hayakin. Wannan, tare da Babban koma bayan tattalin arziki da rikicin kuɗi na 2008 ya haifar da rikicin yankin Yuro, ya haifar da ƙarancin buƙatun iskar carbon, wanda ya sa darajar CERs ta faɗi. A cikin 2012, rahoton da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da izini ya ce gwamnatoci suna buƙatar gaggawa don magance makomar CDM kuma ya ba da shawarar CDM na cikin haɗarin rugujewa. A wannan lokacin, darajar CERs ta ragu zuwa dala 5 a kowace ton na CO2, daga dalar Amurka 20 a shekarar 2008. A shekara mai zuwa, farashin ya yi karo da sauri zuwa ƙasa da USD 1. Sakamakon haka, an bar dubban ayyuka tare da kiredit ɗin da ba a ɗauka ba. Rashin jituwa tare da abin da za a yi da tsofaffin ƙididdiga shi ne babban dalilin rashin nasarar da aka samu na taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2019.[4]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsaftataccen tsarin ci gaba ɗaya ne daga cikin hanyoyin sassauƙa da aka ayyana a cikin Yarjejeniyar Kyoto. An tsara hanyoyin sassauƙan don ba da damar ƙasashen Annex B su cika alkawurran rage fitar da hayaƙi tare da rage tasirin tattalin arzikinsu. Gwamnatin Amurka ce ta gabatar da hanyoyin sassauƙa cikin yarjejeniyar Kyoto. Ƙasashe masu tasowa sun kasance masu shakku sosai kuma suna adawa da tsarin sassauci (Carbon Trust, 2009, shafi 6).[5] Duk da haka, tattaunawar kasa da kasa kan bin ka'idar Kyoto ta amince da cewa za a ci gaba da bin hanyoyin.
Akwai manyan damuwa guda biyu game da ƙirar CDM (Carbon Trust, 2009, shafi 14-15). Ɗayan ya kasance a kan ƙarin raguwar hayaki da CDM ke samarwa. Dayan kuma shi ne ko zai kyale kasashe da kamfanoni masu arziki su aiwatar da ayyukan da suka saba wa muradun ci gaban kasashen da suka karbi bakuncinsu. Don rage wannan damuwa, CDM na buƙatar ƙasashe masu masaukin baki su tabbatar da cewa ayyukan CDM suna ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kansu. Dokokin kasa da kasa kuma sun haramta kiredit ga wasu nau'ikan ayyuka, musamman makamashin nukiliya da kuma guje wa sare itatuwa.
CDM kawai ta sami ƙarfi a cikin 2005 lokacin da yarjejeniyar Kyoto ta fara aiki. Shekarun farko na aiki sun haifar da ƙarancin kiredit na CDM fiye da yadda ake fata, wanda aka danganta ga ƙungiyoyin sa ido maras kuɗi da marasa ma'aikata.
Manufar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Manufar CDM ita ce inganta ci gaba mai tsabta a kasashe masu tasowa, watau, "kasashen da ba Annex I" ba (kasashen da ba a jera su a cikin Annex I na Tsarin Tsarin Mulki). CDM ɗaya ce daga cikin hanyoyin “tushen aiki” na Protocol, a cikin cewa an tsara CDM don haɓaka ayyukan da ke rage hayaƙi. CDM ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin rage fitar da "samarwa" (Toth et al., 2001, p. 660). Wadannan raguwa ana "samuwa" sannan kuma an cire su akan "tushen" na hayaki. Tushen fitar da hayaki shine fitar da aka yi hasashen faruwa idan babu wani aikin CDM na musamman. Ayyukan CDM an "ba da daraja" akan wannan tushe, ta ma'anar cewa ƙasashe masu tasowa suna samun yabo don samar da waɗannan raguwar hayaƙi.[6]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Clifford Chance LLP (2013). "Clean Development Mechanism: CDM and the UNF.pdf Archived 2013-09-21 at the Wayback Machine . Advocates for International Development. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
- ↑ Carbon Trust (March 2009). "Global Carbon Mechanisms: Emerging lessons and implications (CTC748)". Carbon Trust website. Archived from the original on 2013-05-04. Retrieved 2010-03-31
- ↑ Carbon capture and storage (CCS) accepted as UN-based carbon offsetting scheme, paving way for developing country finance". Global CCS Institute. Archived from the original on 2012-06-16. Retrieved 2011-12-14.
- ↑ "COP25, the UN climate talks in Madrid, ends in a sad splutter". The Economist. 15 December 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019. Thousands of CDM projects were registered but their credits left unclaimed after their value crashed in 2012 because demand dried up. Some countries, chiefly Brazil, India and China, the main participants in the CDM, would like those credits transferred into the new Paris trading scheme. Others contend that doing so would flood the Paris scheme with past carbon credits that no longer correspond to real, future emissions reductions
- ↑ Deals questioned in carbon credit rush". Sydney Morning Herald. 2006-10-24. Retrieved 2021-05-13
- ↑ Toth, F.L.; et al. (2001). "Decision-making Frameworks. In: Climate Change 2001: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (B. Metz et al. Eds.)". Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A. Archived from the original on 2018-10-05. Retrieved 2010-01-10.