Tsanani na tunani

Wani fursuna a Abu Ghraib ya nuna tsoron kare sojojin Amurka yayin cin zarafin fursunoni.

Tsanani na tunani
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	Gallazawa

Azabtarwa ta tunani, azabtarwa na tunani ko azabtarwa ta motsin rai wani nau'in azabtarwa ne wanda ya dogara da tasirin tunani kuma kawai a kan duk wani lahani na jiki da aka yi. Kodayake ba duk azabtarwa ta tunani ba ne ya haɗa da amfani da tashin hankali na jiki, akwai ci gaba tsakanin azabtarwa na tunani da azabtarwa da jiki. Sau da yawa ana amfani da su biyu tare da juna kuma sau da yawa suna haɗuwa a aikace, tare da tsoro da ciwo da aka haifar da azabtarwa ta jiki sau da yawa yana haifar da tasirin tunani na dogon lokaci da nau'ikan azabtarwa na tunani wanda ya haɗa da wasu nau'ikan ciwo ko tilasta.

Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa

Yarjejeniyar kan azabtarwa da Sauran zalunci, rashin mutunci ko rashin mutunci (wanda aka fi sani da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa) yarjejeniya ce ta kasa da kasa, a karkashin bita na Majalisar Dinkinobho, wanda ke da niyyar hana azabtarwa le sauran ayyukan zalunci, zalunci, ko rashin mutuntaka a duniya. Yarjejeniyar ta buƙaci jihohi su dauki matakai masu inganci don hana azabtarwa a kowace jiha a ƙarƙashin iko kuma ta hana jihohi jigilar mutane zuwa kowace ƙasa inda akwai dalilin gaskata cewa azabtarwa na iya faruwa.

Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da rubutun Yarjejeniyar a ranar 10 ga Disamba 1984 kuma bayan tabbatar da jam'iyyar jihar ta 20, ya fara aiki a ranar 26 ga Yuni 1987. 26 Yuni yanzu an san shi a matsayin Ranar Kasa da Kasa don tallafawa wadanda aka azabtar, don girmama Yarjejeniyar. Ya zuwa Mayu 2015, Yarjejeniyar tana da jam'iyyun jihohi 158.

Yarjejeniyar ta ba da ma'anar azabtarwa ta tunani a karo na farko a tarihi:

Torture is any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity.

Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ga irin wannan Yarjejeniyar (OPCAT, 2006) muhimmiyar ƙari ce ga Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Kwamitin Yaki da Torture (CAT) kungiya ce ta masana masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke sa ido kan aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar ta jam'iyyun Jiha. Dukkanin jam'iyyun jihohi suna da alhakin gabatar da rahotanni na yau da kullun ga CAT kan yadda ake aiwatar da haƙƙin. Bayan tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar, Jihohi dole ne su gabatar da rahoto a cikin shekara guda, bayan haka dole ne su bayar da rahoto kowane shekaru hudu. Kwamitin yana nazarin kowane rahoto kuma yana magance damuwarsa da shawarwari ga jam'iyyar Jiha ta hanyar "bincike na ƙarshe". A wasu yanayi, CAT na iya la'akari da korafe-korafe ko sadarwa daga mutane da ke da'awar cewa an keta hakkinsu a karkashin Yarjejeniyar. CAT yawanci tana haɗuwa a watan Mayu da Nuwamba a kowace shekara a Geneva.

Ma'anar zamani game da azabtarwa ta tunani sune waɗancan matakai waɗanda "sun haɗa da kai farmaki ko sarrafa abubuwan shigarwa da matakai na hankali wanda ke ba da damar mutum ya kasance a cikin duniyar da ke kewaye da shi, riƙe iko kuma yana da isasshen yanayi don yin hukunci, fahimta da kuma yanke shawara kyauta waɗanda sune mahimman abubuwan da ke tattare da kai wanda ba a cutar da shi ba". Scale na Muhalli na Torturing shine sikelin farko don auna Yanayin Torturing bisa ga wannan samfurin.

Nau'o'in azabtarwa na tunani

Hanyoyi da yawa na azabtar da hankali suna ƙoƙari su lalata siffar mutum ta al'ada ta hanyar cire su daga kowane irin iko akan mahallinsu, warewa, mallaki fahimta, ra'ayi na iko duka, ƙirƙirar yanayin rashin taimako, koma baya na tunani da rashin mutunci. Sauran dabarun sun haɗa da wulakanci, tilasta tsirara da aske kai, gajiya ta hanyar hana barci, hooding da sauran nau'ikan hana ji.

Hanyar da ke haifar da tsoro ita ce kisa. Barazanar daban-daban suna aiki a kan wannan ka'idar da ke haifar da tsoro.

Hakanan hanyoyin azabtarwa na iya zama a kaikaice, inda ake tilasta wa wanda aka azabtar ya shaida yadda ake azabtar da wani, galibi wanda ake so.[1] Wannan yana haifar da soyayya da amincin wanda aka azabtar ga abokin tarayya, dangi, aboki, abokin aiki, da dai sauransu, wanda ainihin zafinsa yana haifar da wahala mai tsanani a cikin wanda aka yi niyya a hankali, wanda ta haka ne aka ɗora shi da laifi amma ya kare cutar da jiki wanda zai iya shafar ikon su na bin

An kirkiro tsarin da aka sani da jama'a a 1956 ta hanyar likitan kwakwalwa na Amurka Albert Biderman wanda ya bincika sojoji da yawa na Amurka da aka azabtar da su ta hanyar Koriya ta Arewa da na Sin a lokacin yakin Koriya. Ya bayyana matakai guda uku na asali don karya wadanda abin ya shafa a matsayin dogaro, rauni, da tsoro. An ci gaba da aikinsa ga CIA.

Tsanani na fari

Tsanani na fari, sau da yawa ana kiransa azabtarwa na fararen ɗaki, wata dabara ce da ke da niyyar kawar da jin daɗi da warewa. Ana tsare fursuna a cikin tantanin kurkuku wanda ba shi da wani launi ban da fari, an tsara wannan hanyar azabtarwa don hana fursunoni duk abubuwan ji da ainihi.

A gani, fursunoni an hana shi kowane launi. Masu gadi suna tsaye a shiru, suna sanye da takalma don kauce wa yin hayaniya. Yawanci, fursunoni za su zama marasa mutunci ta hanyar rasa asalin mutum na dogon lokaci na warewa. Sauran tasirin na iya haɗawa da hallucinations ko psychosis.