Tsarin Afirka
 Tsarin Afirka | |
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Tsarin Afirka ya ƙunshi nau'o'in magana da yawa kuma zane nufin siffofin ƙira daga nahiyar Afirka da Afirka da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje ciki har da ƙirar birane, ƙirar gine-gine, ƙirar ciki, ƙirar samfurin, fasaha, da ƙirar kayan ado. Kasashe daban-daban na Afirka sune tushen ƙirar ƙira tare da tasirin ƙirar Afirka da ke bayyane a cikin fasaha da al'adu na tarihi da na zamani a duniya. Nazarin ƙirar Afirka har yanzu yana da iyaka, musamman daga ra'ayi na 'yan Afirka, kuma damar da za a faɗaɗa ma'anar ta yanzu ta hanyar bincika wakilcin gani na Afirka da gabatar da aikace-aikacen ƙirar zamani ya kasance mai girma.
Muhimman halaye
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kamar dukkan nau'ikan zane, an bayyana zane na Afirka ta hanyar kirkirarta da ci gaba da juyin halitta. Zane wani nau'i ne na ba da labari kuma matsakaici ne wanda ake fada wa waɗannan labarun. A shekara ta 2009, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie ya yi magana a kan "The Danger of a Single Story" wanda ya zama daya daga cikin manyan jawabai goma da aka fi kallo a TED a kowane lokaci. Shekaru da yawa an tsara ƙirar Afirka, wanda aka wakilta da ɗakunan kabilanci da launuka da rubutu. Duk da haka tare da kasashe 54 da kimanin mutane biliyan 1.2 a Afirka har zuwa 2018, ban da mutane miliyan 210 a duk faɗin Afirka (Brazil, Caribbean, da Amurka), ƙirar Afirka ba ta iyakance ga tarihin kyakkyawa ɗaya ko na musamman ba; maimakon haka tana da nau'o'i da yawa kuma ta rinjayi mahallin gida da na duniya, na tarihin da da na yanzu, wanda mai zanen ko mabukaci ke rayuwa.
Tsarin Afirka ya samo asali ne daga al'adun gargajiya, dabaru, da sana'a. Yayin da masu zanen Afirka na zamani ke ci gaba daga ma'anar da aka sanya a waje na zamanin mulkin mallaka, sun yarda da sana'ar gargajiya ta Afirka da sana'a shine inda suke jawo wahayi: adana abubuwan da suka gabata ta hanyar mai da hankali kan al'adunsu da al'adun su yayin da suke buɗewa ga tasirin duniya da fasaha. Misali shine gine-ginen ɗakin karatu na kasa na Kenya, [1] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar drum din Jembes.
A duk faɗin Afirka, ƙirar ɗorewa da ke mai da hankali kan alhakin zamantakewa da muhalli yana da mahimmanci kuma amfani da kayan halitta na cikin gida koyaushe yana cikin tsarin ƙirar Afirka. Kamar yadda Farfesa Mugendi K M"Rithaa ya bayyana "Yana game da zane ne ga, kuma tare da, al'umma [2] [3]".[4]
Tarihin ƙirar Afirka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsararren wadata a cikin al'ummomin Afirka ya sauƙaƙa ci gaban ƙirar su. Shekaru da yawa, masarautun Afirka sun samar da wadata daga cinikin albarkatun kasa tare da wasu 'yan Afirka kuma daga baya Larabawa da Turawa. An rubuta ikon Daular Asante a kan cinikin zinariya. Hakazalika, al'ummomin noma masu arziki na Afirka ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Afirka sun musayar kayayyaki tare da Portuguese tun daga karni na 16. Wannan wadata ta haifar da ƙirar gida da ƙwarewa a duk faɗin gine-gine, fasaha, masana'antu, da sauran siffofin ƙira. Misalan sun haɗa da Babban Zimbabwe na ƙarni na 11 da sauran biranen bango 200 a duk faɗin Kudancin Afirka da kuma Benin Bronzes da aka kirkira daga ƙarni na 13 a Daular Benin (Nijeriya ta yanzu). Har ila yau, zane-zane ya bunƙasa saboda goyon bayan sarakuna, sarakuna, da sauran sarakuna da aristocrats don lokutan bikin kamar haihuwa, aure, da jana'iza. A Najeriya, tsohuwar birnin Kano an san ta da masana'antar masana'antu mai tasowa sosai da kuma rami na indigo. A Afirka ta Tsakiya, Bamileke sun sayi lu'u-lu'u don yin ado da kursiyai da tufafin bikin don haka inganta muhimmancin su. Tasirin waje, musamman addini, ya kuma shafi zane a duk faɗin Afirka. Bukatar addini don tawali'u ta karfafa karɓar tufafi. Zuwan Islama a karni na 11 a Yammacin Afirka kuma daga baya Kristanci a cikin 1450s a Cape Verde wanda ya bazu a bakin tekun Yammacin Afrịka sannan kuma a cikin ƙasa ya motsa samar da zane-zane da kuma buƙatar masana'antun da aka shigo da su. A Gabashin Afirka, Larabawa ne suka gabatar da auduga a Habasha wanda ya haifar da noman auduga da masana'antun saƙa don juya auduga zuwa masana'antu.
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Kayan ado
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A tarihi, ana amfani da masana'antu a matsayin nau'in kuɗi a Yammacin Afirka da Afirka ta Tsakiya. Akwai rubuce-rubuce na zane da ake amfani da shi azaman kudi tun daga ƙarni na sha huɗu. An sanya ɓangarori iri ɗaya a girman, ana ɗaukar su yadda ya kamata, kuma ana musayar su da yawa bisa ga darajar abu ko kasuwanci.[5]
A duk faɗin Afirka, akwai nau'ikan tufafi na gida da yawa. Mutane masu arziki da 'yan kasuwa suna buƙatar nau'ikan tufafi daban-daban na gida da kuma shigo da su don haɓaka darajarsu, suna motsa buƙatun su. Kuba a Kamaru da Kongo yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙwarewar masana'antu mafi girma a Afirka ciki har da sa tufafi daga ganyen dabino na raphia da kuma zane-zane, aikace-aikace, yankan-tushen, da kuma tsayayya da dabarun canza launi.
Ayyukan ƙarfe da zinariya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ƙarin bayani: Ghana Akan goldweights, Benin BronzesGinin tagulla na Benin
Fasaha
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ƙarin bayani Fasahar Afirka ta Farko, Abubuwan jigogi na Fasahar Afrika, tarihi da tasiri, Gidan Tarihi na Black Civilisations
Fasaha
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ƙarin bayani: Fasahar Afirka ta zamani, Nunin Fasahar Afrika ta zamani, Bikin Duniya na Black Arts, Gidan Tarihi na Black Civilisations, Gidan kayan gargajiya na Zeitz na Fasahar zamani da Fasahar X LagosArt X Lagos
Ƙarin bayani: Fasahar Afirka ta Amirka, Tasirin Fasahar Afirka akan Fasahar Yamma da Babban ra'ayi na Fasahar, Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan: Kafin jiya Za Mu Iya tashi
Tsarin gine-gine
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ƙarin bayani: Gine-gine na Afirka, David Adjaye, Bikin Fim na Afirka, Gine-gineGine-gine na Maroko
Kayan gida
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Manyan masu zanen kayan ado na Afirka na zamani sun haɗa da Bibi Seck, wanda ya kafa Birsel + Seck da mai zanen Mali Cheick Diallo wanda aka yi amfani da haɗin waya na kamun kifi da aka shimfiɗa a kan tsarin ƙarfe, ya samo asali ne daga tarkon gargajiya da masunta na Mali ke amfani da shi. An dauki kujera a matsayin cikakkiyar cakuda kayan aiki, ergonomics, da kyawawan gida a cikin wani abu mai kyau, wani abu mai siffar kayan aiki. Zane-zane na Jomo Tariku, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Habasha na Amurka kuma mai tsara masana'antu wanda ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan da ya samu game da ƙirar Afirka da al'adun Afirka daban-daban a Kenya da Habasha, an nuna su a baje kolin kayan ado na zamani na duniya na 2017 (ICFF) da kuma sanannun mujallu masu zane ciki har da Architectural Digest, Elle Decor da Dwell. Ini Archibong, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka kuma mai tsara al'adun Najeriya, ya tsara kayan ɗaki don Bernhard Design, Sé, da Knoll. Ayyukan Tariku da Archibong sun haɗa da su a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Afrofuturist a Gidan Tarihin Metropolitan (MET) a New York.[6][7] Dan Najeriya Jean Servais Somian, wanda ke ciyar da lokacinsa tsakanin Afirka da Turai suna koyar da darussan, yana ba da abubuwan da ya kirkira tare da abubuwan da suka shafi kakanninmu, wanda aka nuna a cikin zaɓin kayan (itace na kwakwa, ebony, ko acacia) da kuma abubuwan da aka sake dubawa na rayuwar Afirka ta yau da kullun kamar kwano, sponge, ko tsoffin jiragen ruwa na masunta.[8] Yinka Ilori, wanda ke zaune a Landan, ya haɗu da al'adun Burtaniya da Najeriya don ba da sababbin labaru a cikin ƙirar zamani.[9][10] Ayyukansa sun samo asali ne daga al'adun gargajiya na Najeriya da kayan ado na Yammacin Afirka da suka kewaye shi tun yana yaro. Kamfanin ƙirar Afirka ta Kudu Dokter & Misses yana haɓaka mafita ta ciki don abokan ciniki masu zaman kansu da kamfanoni da kuma cibiyoyin ilimi a duk faɗin duniya, gami da MTV, Nike, da Jami'ar Johannesburg, kuma suna ci gaba da tallafawa da inganta ƙirar Afirka Ta Kudu.[11]
Bayar da girmamawa ga alakar al'adu, zane-zanen Hamed Ouattara [12] suna nuna al'adun aikin ƙarfe na Burkina Faso kuma suna magana da masu sauraro na duniya na zamani, gami da tashoshin duniya da mahimman masu tarawa, ta hanyar sababbin abubuwa na Afirka. Kwanan nan ya mutu a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2015 yayin da yake shirya wasan kwaikwayonsa a London, Babacar M'Bodj Niang, wanda ya kafa Nulangee Studio a Senegal, ya zana kayan gida daga cikin gida, katako da aka watsar wanda yara da manya da ya yi amfani da su suka samo asali. [13][14]
Tekura Designs "[15][16] teburin gefen djembe, wanda aka yi da itace a cikin gandun daji na Ghana, ya jawo wahayi daga drum djembe na Yammacin Afirka. Masanin gine-gine da mai zane na Najeriya Tosin Oshinowo kayan ado na Ilé Ilà yana samar da kayan ado da al'adun Yoruba suka yi wahayi zuwa gare su.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Aaki Consultants designs Kenya's National Library, inspired by the Iconic African Drum". World Architecture Community (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-12.
- ↑ Hargrove, Georgia Murray,Channing. "Where To Find The Coolest African Designers Online". www.refinery29.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-12.
- ↑ "Mugendi K M'Rithaa". Design Indaba (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-12.
- ↑ "Contemporary Design Africa". atelier 55 – Contemporary African Design (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-12.
- ↑ "Cloth and Society". Adire African Textiles (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-12.
- ↑ "Jomo Tariku, Mido Chair". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2022-11-19.
- ↑ Archibong, Ini. "Search The Collection (MET Museum)". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2022-11-19.
- ↑ "SOMIAN DESIGN | Jean Servais Somian". www.somiandesign.com. Retrieved 2020-05-12.
- ↑ agency, Field-digital design and branding. "About – Yinka Ilori". Yinka Ilori Studio (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-12.
- ↑ "Yinka Ilori: Parables for Happiness review – the brighter the better". the Guardian (in Turanci). 2022-09-25. Retrieved 2022-11-19.
- ↑ Misses, Dokter and. "About". DOKTER AND MISSES (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-11-19.
- ↑ "New Recycled Design Collection by Hamed Ouattara | Out of Africa Gallery | Artsy". www.artsy.net (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-12.
- ↑ "50Golborne | African Art Gallery | London". 50golborne (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-12.
- ↑ Toromade, Samson (2017-04-06). "A tribute to Senegalese sculptor". Pulse Ghana (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-11-19.
- ↑ "Upcycled Natural Wooden Furniture Designs by Tekura's Audrey Forson". 54kibo (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-12.
- ↑ Forson, Josephine. "About Tekura". www.designtekura.com. Archived from the original on 2022-11-19. Retrieved 2022-11-19.