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Tsarin Keeling

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Tsarin Keeling
plot (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Suna saboda Charles David Keeling (en) Fassara
Ƙasa Tarayyar Amurka
Wuri
Map
 19°32′10″N 155°34′37″W / 19.536193°N 155.5769536°W / 19.536193; -155.5769536
Ƴantacciyar ƙasaTarayyar Amurka
Jihar Tarayyar AmurikaHawaii
County of Hawaii (en) FassaraHawaii County (en) Fassara

Keeling Curve hoto ne na bambancin shekara-shekara da tarin carbon dioxide a cikin yanayin duniya bisa ga ci gaba da ma'auni da aka dauka a Mauna Loa Observatory a tsibirin Hawaii daga 1958 zuwa yau. An sanya sunan layin ne ga masanin kimiyya Charles David Keeling, wanda ya fara shirin saka idanu kuma ya kula da shi har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 2005.

Tarihi

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Kafin shekarun 1950, an dauki ma'auni na ma'auninCO na yanayi a wurare daban-daban. A cikin 1938, injiniya kuma masanin yanayin yanayi Guy Stewart Callendar ya kwatanta bayanan CO2 na yanayi daga Kew a cikin 1898-1901, wanda ya kai matsakaicin kashi 274 a kowace miliyan ta hanyar girma (ppm), [1] kuma daga gabashin Amurka a cikin 1936-1938, wanda ya kai kimanin 310 ppm, kuma ya kammala cewa yawan CO2 yana ƙaruwa saboda fitar da hayaki. [2] Koyaya, binciken Callendar ba a yarda da shi ba ta hanyar masana kimiyya saboda yanayin ma'aunin.[3]

Charles David Keeling, na Scripps Institution of Oceanography a UC San Diego, shi ne mutum na farko da ya fara yin ma'auni akai-akai na yanayi CO 2 a Antarctica, da kuma Mauna Loa, Hawaii daga Maris 1958 zuwa gaba. [4] Keeling ya gwada a baya kuma ya yi amfani da dabarun aunawa a wurare da suka hada da Big Sur kusa da Monterey, dazuzzukan ruwan sama na tsibirin Olympics a jihar Washington, da dazuzzukan tsaunuka masu tsayi a Arizona . [5] Ya lura da halayen CO 2 mai ƙarfi na diurnal, tare da wuce haddi na CO 2 da dare saboda shakar da tsire-tsire da ƙasa, da ƙimar rana mai wakiltar "yanayin 'yanci" a kan Arewacin Arewa . [5]

Mauna Loa ma'auni

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Cibiyar Kula da Mauna Loa

A cikin shekara ta 1957-1958, Shekarar Geophysical ta Duniya, Keeling ta sami kudade daga Ofishin Yanayi don shigar da Masu nazarin iskar infrared a wurare masu nisa, gami da Kudancin Kudancin da kuma dutsen Mauna Loa a tsibirin Hawaii. An zaɓi Mauna Loa a matsayin wurin sa ido na dogon lokaci saboda wurin da yake da nisa daga nahiyoyi da rashin ciyayi. Keeling da abokan aikinsa sun auna iska mai shigowa a saman layin juyawa na zafi don rage gurɓataccen gida daga hanyoyin dutsen wuta.[4] An daidaita bayanan don cire duk wani tasiri daga gurɓataccen gida. Saboda raguwar kudade a tsakiyar shekarun 1960, an tilasta wa Keeling ya bar ci gaba da sa ido a Kudancin Pole, amma ya tara isasshen kuɗi don kula da ayyukan a Mauna Loa Observatory, wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa yau.[6]

Keeling's labarin na 1960 ya gabatar da rikodin na farko na kowane wata daga Mauna Loa da Antarctica (1957 zuwa 1960), gano "babban sake zagayowar yanayi... kuma mai yiwuwa, hauhawar duniya a cikin CO2 daga shekara zuwa shekara. " [7]: 41-42 A cikin shekarun 1970s, an tabbatar da cewa karuwar carbon dioxide na yanayi yana ci gaba kuma saboda fitar da mutane. [6][8][9]

Ana yin ma'aunin carbon dioxide a Mauna Loa Observatory a Hawaii tare da nau'in infrared spectrophotometer, wanda a yanzu aka sani da firikwensin infrared mara lahani, wanda aka daidaita ta amfani da ka'idodin Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya . [10] Wannan nau'in kayan aiki, wanda asalin ake kira capnograph, John Tyndall ne ya fara ƙirƙira shi a cikin 1864, kuma an rubuta shi ta hanyar alamar alƙalami akan na'urar rakodin zane. A halin yanzu, ana ƙara na'urori masu amfani da Laser da yawa don yin aiki tare tare da infrared spectrophotometer a Cibiyar Scripps na Oceanography, yayin da ma'aunin NOAA a Mauna Loa har yanzu yana amfani da firikwensin infrared mara kyau .

Sakamakon da fassarar

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Ma'aunin da aka tattara a Mauna Loa Observatory yana nuna ci gaba mai girma a cikin ma'anar yanayi CO 2 maida hankali daga 313 sassa da miliyan ta girma ( ppm ) a cikin Maris 1958 zuwa 406 ppm a watan Nuwamba 2018, [11] tare da karuwa na yanzu na 2.48 ± 0.26 (ma'anar ± 2 std CO a kowace shekara ) . [12] Wannan karuwa a cikin yanayi CO 2 ya faru ne saboda konewar man fetur, kuma yana karuwa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Tunda CO 2 iskar gas ce, wannan yana da matukar tasiri ga dumamar yanayi . Ma'auni na CO 2 a cikin kumfa na daɗaɗɗen iska da aka makale a cikin nau'ikan kankara na polar sun nuna cewa ma'anar yanayi CO 2 maida hankali ne tsakanin 275 da 285 ppm a lokacin Holocene zamanin (9,000 KZ a gaba), amma ya fara tashi sosai a farkon karni na sha tara. [13]

Har ila yau, Keeling Curve yana nuna bambancin cyclic na kimanin 6 a kowace shekara wanda ya dace da canjin yanayi a cikin ɗaukar CO ta hanyar ciyayi na duniya. Yawancin wannan ciyayi shuka cikin Arewacin Hemisphere inda yawancin ƙasar ke. Daga matsakaicin watan Mayu, matakin yana raguwa a lokacin bazara da rani yayin da sabon tsire-tsire ke ɗaukar CO2 daga yanayi ta hanyar photosynthesis. Bayan ya kai mafi ƙaranci a watan Satumba, matakin ya sake tashi a arewacin kaka da hunturu yayin da tsire-tsire da ganye suka mutu kuma suka lalace, suna saki CO2 a cikin yanayi.[14][15]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Brown, Horace Tabberer; Escombe, F. (1905). "On the variations in the amount of carbon dioxide in the air of Kew during the years 1898-1901". Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B (in Turanci). 76 (507): 118–121. Bibcode:1905RSPSB..76..118B. doi:10.1098/rspb.1905.0004. ISSN 0950-1193. S2CID 97664092.
  2. ↑ Callendar, Guy Stewart (1938). "The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature" (PDF). Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 64 (275): 223–240. Bibcode:1938QJRMS..64..223C. doi:10.1002/qj.49706427503. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
  3. ↑ "The Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effect". history.aip.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-11-24.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Harris, Daniel C. (2010). "Charles David Keeling and the Story of Atmospheric CO2 Measurements". Analytical Chemistry. 82 (19): 7865–7870. doi:10.1021/ac1001492. ISSN 0003-2700. PMID 20536268. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "The Early Keeling Curve | Scripps CO2 Program". scrippsco2.ucsd.edu (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-11-24.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Keeling, Charles D. (1998). "Rewards and Penalties of Monitoring the Earth". Annual Review of Energy and the Environment. 23: 25–82. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.173.2051. doi:10.1146/annurev.energy.23.1.25. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "rewards" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ Keeling, Charles D. (1960). "The concentration and isotopic abundances of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere" (PDF). Tellus. 12 (2): 200–203. Bibcode:1960Tell...12..200K. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v12i2.9366.
  8. ↑ Pales, Jack C.; Keeling, Charles David (1965). "The Concentration of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide in Hawaii". Journal of Geophysical Research. 70 (24): 6053–6076. Bibcode:1965JGR....70.6053P. doi:10.1029/JZ070i024p06053.
  9. ↑ Keeling, Charles D.; Bacastow, Robert B.; Bainbridge, Arnold E.; Ekdahl Jr., Carl A.; Guenther, Peter R.; Waterman, Lee S.; Chin, John F. S. (1976). "Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii". Tellus (in Turanci). 28 (6): 538–551. Bibcode:1976Tell...28..538K. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v28i6.11322. ISSN 0040-2826.
  10. ↑ Tans, Pieter; Thoning, Kirk (March 2018). "How we measure background CO2 levels on Mauna Loa" (PDF).
  11. ↑ "Recent Monthly Average Mauna Loa CO2". Earth System Research Laboratory. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
  12. ↑ Rasmussen, Carl Edward. "Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Growth Rate".
  13. ↑ Neftel, A.; Moor, E.; Oeschger, H.; Stauffer, B. (1985). "Evidence from polar ice cores for the increase in atmospheric CO2 in the past two centuries". Nature. 315 (6014): 45–47. Bibcode:1985Natur.315...45N. doi:10.1038/315045a0. S2CID 4321970.
  14. ↑ Keeling, Charles D. (1960). "The concentration and isotopic abundances of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere" (PDF). Tellus. 12 (2): 200–203. Bibcode:1960Tell...12..200K. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v12i2.9366.
  15. ↑ Keeling, Charles D.; Bacastow, Robert B.; Bainbridge, Arnold E.; Ekdahl Jr., Carl A.; Guenther, Peter R.; Waterman, Lee S.; Chin, John F. S. (1976). "Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii". Tellus (in Turanci). 28 (6): 538–551. Bibcode:1976Tell...28..538K. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v28i6.11322. ISSN 0040-2826.
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