Tsarin Omo Kibish
 Tsarin Omo Kibish | ||||
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geological formation (en)  | ||||
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| Bayanai | ||||
| Ƙasa | Habasha | |||
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Tsarin Omo Kibish ko kuma kawai Tsarin Kibish tsari ne na ilimin ƙasa a cikin Lower Omo Valley na kudu maso yammacin Habasha. An sanya masa suna ne bayan Kogin Omo da ke kusa kuma an raba shi zuwa mambobi huɗu da aka sani da Members I-IV . Ana ƙidaya membobin a cikin tsari wanda aka ajiye su kuma kwanan wata tsakanin 196 ka ~ 13-4 ka.[1] Omo Kibish da makwabta (Shungura da Usno) sun samar da rikodin paleoanthropological mai arziki tare da hominin da yawa (misali Paranthropus boisei) da kayan aikin dutse (misali kayan aikin Oldowan) da aka gano.[2] Tsarin Kibish, musamman, ya fi shahara ga aikin Richard Leakey a can a shekarar 1967 lokacin da shi da tawagarsa suka sami daya daga cikin tsofaffin ragowar Homo sapiens na zamani. An san shi da Omo Kibish 1 (Omo I), burbushin ya kasance a shekara ta 196 ± 5 ka tsoho kuma yana daga cikin wasu ragowar Omo guda biyu (Omo II da Omo III) waɗanda aka samo a cikin Member I.[3] Abubuwan burbushin Omo sun kasance kwanan nan (a cikin 2022) sun sake zuwa kimanin 233 ± 22 ka tsoho.[4] A farkon shekarun 2000 wani bincike ya wadatar da tushen ilimi game da Tsarin Kibish. Nazarin ragowar dabbobi (babban dabbobi masu shayarwa da kifi) da kayan aikin dutse sun ba da haske game da ƙungiyoyin archaeological na Homo sapiens kuma ta haka ne halayensu da kuma yanayin muhalli mai rikitarwa wanda suka rayu kuma suka samo asali.[5][6][7]
Tarin kayan kwalliya na MSA
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A lokacin binciken farko na Richard Leakey na 1967 an sami kayan aikin dutse da yawa tare da Omo 1 a shafin hominid na Kamoya (KHS) amma ba a bayyana su sosai a cikin wallafe-wallafen bincike ba. A cikin 2000s ƙarin tono ya faru a KHS ban da wasu shafuka biyu: shafin hominid na Awoke (AHS) wanda yake a cikin memba 1 da kuma Bird's Nest Site (BNS) wanda ke cikin memba 2. Bayanan tarin lithic da aka samo a lokacin binciken da aka yi kwanan nan sun kuma yi la'akari da lithics da aka samo daga binciken farko na 1967.[5]
Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su don samar da lithics da aka samu shine chert. Gabaɗaya, ingantattun kayan masarufi masu kyau na cryptocrystalline silicate kamar jasper, chert, chalcedony sun ƙunshi mafi rinjaye (60-90%) a duk shafuka.Ganin cewa duk abin da ke faruwa sai dai guda ɗaya da ba a saba gani ba za a iya samun su a cikin ajiyar dutse na zamani a cikin memba 1, an yi hasashen cewa hominins na farko sun sami ƙwayoyin dutse da suka dace don samar da kayan aikin dutse daga tushen gida. Kodayake ana iya samun dukkan kayan a cikin isasshen adadi a cikin ajiyar dutse na gida, kayan aiki masu ƙarancin inganci kamar shale, rhyolite da basalt sun fi yawa. Bugu da ƙari, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin da suka fi ƙarancin ƙwayoyin.Tare, waɗannan yanayin suna nuna cewa hominins sun kasance masu zaɓaɓɓu sosai a cikin samar da kayan aikin dutse. Kashi sittin da tara na dukkan ƙwayoyin sune ƙwayoyin levallois ko ƙwayoyin asymmetrical waɗanda ke cikin aji na rukuni da aka sani da ƙwayoyin tsari. Kodayake masana'antar Kibish tana da wasu halaye waɗanda ke tallafawa yiwuwar samar da kayan aikin dutse da nufin karɓar babban motsi na zama, akwai halaye masu saɓani. Misali, Kayan aiki da aka gyara suna da wuya amma yawan kayan aikin da ba a sauƙaƙe ba kaɗan ne. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran tarurruka MSA ƙwayoyin sun kasance ƙananan. Koyaya, an yi la'akari da cewa wannan mai yiwuwa ne sakamakon farawa daga ƙananan clasts. Duk da irin waɗannan bambance-bambance, masanin ilimin ɗan adam John Shea ya kammala cewa masana'antar Kibish tana da bambancin gida na masana'antar gabashin Afirka har yanzu ba a ambaci sunanta ba.[5]
Rashin dabbobi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dabbobi masu shayarwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Binciken da Assefa et al. suka yi ya samo dukkan mambobi amma sun sami ragowar dabbobi daga mambobi I, III, da IV kawai. Kungiyoyin da aka samu daga kowane memba suna kama da bambancin dabbobi masu shayarwa kuma galibi suna wakiltar manyan dabbobi masu sha waɗanda suka hada da al'ummar dabbobi na yanzu a yankin. Wato, galibi bovids, suids, da equids amma kuma wasu ungulates kamar hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses da dai sauransu. Samfurin burbushin dabbobi ya kasa dangane da iyakantaccen wakilci na primates (kamar guda ɗaya) da Masu cin nama; wasu nau'in shanu ba a wakilce su kwata-kwata. Sabanin haka, <i id="mwUg">Hylochoerus meinertzhageni</i> da Cephalophus an samo su ne a cikin burbushin halittu amma ba su cikin al'ummar da ke akwai ba. Kasancewar H. meinertzhageni da Cephalophus suna da ban sha'awa saboda an ruwaito su da wuya a cikin tarihin burbushin Afirka da suka faru a wasu shafuka kamar Matupi Cave.Wani sanannen binciken da aka samu a cikin burbushin halittu shine na Equus burchellii da E. grevyi saboda wannan na iya nuna cewa yankin Omo Kibish ya daɗe yana da banbanci ga kasancewar jinsunan biyu a cikin wani wurin zama.An yi hasashen cewa rashin isasshen samfurin samfurin maimakon kasancewar kawai fauna na yanzu a lokacin ƙarshen tsakiyar Pleistocene na iya bayyana rashin kowane nau'in da ya ƙare a cikin Tsarin Kibish.[6]
Dabbobi na kifi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rubuce-rubucen lissafi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Gabaɗaya, an tattara samfurori 337 na ƙashi na kifi daga membobin ƙungiyar Kibish; kamar yadda yake ga dabbobi masu shayarwa, an sami burbushin ne kawai a cikin membobin I, III da IV. Kodayake wasu daga cikin samfurori 337 na iya kasancewa na mutane iri ɗaya, an yi imanin cewa taƙaitaccen mitar haraji ba ya da tasiri sosai ta wannan gaskiyar.[7]
Tare perciforms da siluriforms (catfish) sun ƙunshi kashi 86.7 cikin dari na taron Kibish. Abu mai mahimmanci, tsari na perciform yana wakiltar gaba ɗaya ta nau'i ɗaya (Lates niloticus) yayin da kashi 76 cikin dari na siluriforms suna wakiltar Synodontis da clariids. Kodayake Kibish ichthyofauna ba ta kusanci da rubuce-rubuce na bambancin halittu na al'ummar da ke akwai (9 daga cikin 37 da aka sani), gabaɗaya yana kama da fauna na zamani a yankin. Membin III ya ƙunshi dukkan nau'ikan tara yayin da Member I ya ɓace Hydrocynus da Shilbe; duk da haka membobin biyu sun kasance iri ɗaya a cikin mitar haraji (ta hanyar tsari). Member IV ya ƙunshi manyan nau'o'i uku kawai (Lates, Synodontis da Clarias). [7]
Hominid hulɗa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kodayake babu alamomi masu nunawa a kan burbushin burbushin kanta, wasu layin shaidu sun nuna cewa kamun kifi wata hanya ce ta rayuwa ga hominids da ke zaune a Omo Turkana Basin. Babban shaidar ta haɗa da ƙashin ƙashi, kamar waɗanda ke cikin wasu rukunin yanar gizon MSA, waɗanda aka samo a cikin Member IV. A cikin shafukan MSA da aka ambata a gabashin da kudancin Afirka, an sami waɗannan ƙwayoyin ƙashi tare da kayan kifi da aka sarrafa. Bugu da ƙari, halaye na wasu daga cikin Kibish taxa, kamar girman su ko fifiko ga wuraren zama na ruwa suna nuna cewa da gaske za su buƙaci kayan aiki don a saya.
Bayanan da aka ambata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Robinson, Joshua R.; Rowan, John; Faith, J. Tyler; Fleagle, John G. (2016-05-15). "Paleoenvironmental change in the late Middle Pleistocene–Holocene Kibish Formation, southern Ethiopia: Evidence from ungulate isotopic ecology". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (in Turanci). 450: 50–59. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.02.049. ISSN 0031-0182.
- ↑ Gabbert, Echi C. (2020-03-01). "Timothy Clack and Marcus Brittain (eds): The River. Peoples and Histories of the Omo-Turkana Area". Nomadic Peoples. 24 (1): 167–170. doi:10.3197/np.2020.240108. ISSN 0822-7942. S2CID 226102439.
- ↑ Fleagle, John G.; Assefa, Zelalem; Brown, Francis H.; Shea, John J. (September 2008). "Paleoanthropology of the Kibish Formation, southern Ethiopia: Introduction". Journal of Human Evolution (in Turanci). 55 (3): 360–365. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.05.007. PMID 18617219.
- ↑ Vidal, Celine M.; Lane, Christine S.; Asfawrossen, Asrat; et al. (Jan 2022). "Age of the oldest known Homo sapiens from eastern Africa". Nature. 601 (7894): 579–583. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04275-8. PMC 8791829 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 35022610 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Shea, John J. (September 2008). "The Middle Stone Age archaeology of the Lower Omo Valley Kibish Formation: Excavations, lithic assemblages, and inferred patterns of early Homo sapiens behavior". Journal of Human Evolution (in Turanci). 55 (3): 448–485. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.05.014. PMID 18691735. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 6.0 6.1 Assefa, Zelalem; Yirga, Solomon; Reed, Kaye E. (September 2008). "The large-mammal fauna from the Kibish Formation". Journal of Human Evolution. 55 (3): 501–512. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.05.015. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 18691734. S2CID 5923387. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Trapani, Josh (September 2008). "Quaternary fossil fish from the Kibish Formation, Omo Valley, Ethiopia". Journal of Human Evolution (in Turanci). 55 (3): 521–530. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.05.017. PMID 18691738. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content