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Tsarin abinci na gona

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Tsarin abinci na gona
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Ƙaramin ɓangare na economic system (en) Fassara

Tsarin abinci na gona ya ƙunshi samar da abinci na farko da kayan aikin gona marasa abinci, da kuma ajiyar abinci, tarawa, sarrafawa Bayan girbi, sufuri, sarrafawa, rarraba, tallace-tallace, zubar da amfani. A cikin Tsarin abinci na gona, tsarin abinci ya ƙunshi duk kayan abinci waɗanda suka samo asali daga amfanin gona da dabbobi, gandun daji, kamun kifi da Kiwon kifi, da kuma wasu tushe kamar ilmin halitta na roba, kuma an yi niyya ne don amfani da mutum.[1][2]

Tsarin ra'ayi don tsarin abinci na gona, daga Jihar Abinci da Aikin Gona 2021. Yin tsarin abinci na gona ya fi jurewa ga girgizar kasa da damuwa, A takaice
  1. samar da farko, wanda ya hada da abinci daga asalin noma da wadanda ba na noma ba, da kuma kayan aikin gona wadanda ba na abinci ba waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin shigarwa ga wasu masana'antu;
  2. Rarraba abinci wanda ke haɗa samarwa da amfani ta hanyar sarkar samar da abinci da hanyoyin sufuri na abinci na cikin gida.[1][2] Sashin samar da abinci sun haɗa da duk 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ayyukan da ke cikin sarrafawa bayan girbi, ajiya, tarawa, sufuri, sarrafawa, rarrabawa da tallata abinci; [1] da[2]
  3. Amfani da gida, wanda shine sakamakon tsarin abinci mai aiki, wanda ke ƙarƙashin matakai daban-daban na girgizar buƙata, kamar asarar samun kudin shiga, dangane da yawan kungiyoyin da ke cikin jama'a.[1][2] Mafi girman wannan rabo, mafi wuya shine kare lafiyar abinci da abinci mai gina jiki daga girgizar ƙasa.[1][2]

Tsarin abinci na duniya ya ƙunshi babban kamfani na duniya wanda a kowace shekara ke samar da kimanin tan biliyan 11 na abinci <sup about="#mwt23" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-3","html":"<span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cite web&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_web&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;FAO – New Food Balance Sheets&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;12 July 2021&quot;},&quot;website&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;fao.org&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwA4Q\"> </span><cite about=\"#mwt21\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwA4U\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS\" id=\"mwA4Y\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"FAOSTAT – New Food Balance Sheets\"</a>. <i id=\"mwA4c\">fao.org</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwA4g\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwA4k\">12 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite>"}}' id="cite_ref-3" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Agrifood_systems#cite_note-3 [1]] da kuma tarin kayayyakin da ba na abinci ba, gami da tan miliyan 32 na fiber na halitta da kuma m3 biliyan 4 na itace. Kimanin babban darajar aikin gona a cikin 2018 ya kasance dala tiriliyan 3.5.[3] Samar da firamare kadai yana samar da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na duk aikin yi a duniya, fiye da rabi a yankin Sahara na Afirka kuma kusan kashi 60 cikin dari a ƙasashe masu karamin karfi.[4] Ciki har da sassan tsakiya da na ƙasa - daga ajiyar abinci da sarrafawa zuwa sufuri, siyarwa da amfani - tsarin abinci na gona shine kashin baya na tattalin arziki da yawa. Ko da a cikin Tarayyar Turai, masana'antar abinci da abin sha tana daukar ma'aikata da yawa fiye da kowane bangare na masana'antu. FAO ta yi kiyasin cewa mutane biliyan 1.23 suna aiki a duniya a cikin tsarin abinci na gona, wanda ya kai kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ma'aikata na duniya.

Zaben 2024 na rahoton FAO The State of Food and Agriculture 2024 ya karɓi tsarin tsarin abinci na gona tare da nau'o'i shida - rikici mai tsawo, na gargajiya, fadadawa, bambance-bambance, tsarawa da masana'antu - don bayyana cewa tsarin daban-daban suna fuskantar ƙalubale na musamman kuma suna buƙatar tsoma baki. Nau'in yana amfani da saiti na masu canji huɗu, wanda ya haɗa da ƙimar noma da aka kara ga kowane ma'aikaci, yawan manyan kantuna ga kowane mutum, bambancin abinci, da birni.[5] Ya dogara ne akan tsarin tsarin abinci wanda Marshall et al. (2021) suka haɓaka tare da manufar bayar da rarrabuwa ta musamman na ƙasashe bisa ga fannoni daban-daban na tsarin abinci na ƙasa, yana aiki a matsayin ƙari mai mahimmanci ga takamaiman nazarin mahallin.[6] Tsarin FAO ya kara da rukuni don rikice-rikicen da aka dade don magance manyan rikice-rikice da suka haifar da rikice-sauye da rauni a cikin tsarin abinci, [7] biyo bayan ƙaddamar da aka yi a cikin "Rahoton Duniya kan Rikicin Abinci. "

Ƙalubalen

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Yunwa da rashin abinci mai gina jiki

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Yunwa tana ƙaruwa, kuma mafi yawa a cikin ƙasashen da rikici ya shafa, matsanancin yanayi da raguwar tattalin arziki, da kuma rashin daidaito. Girman da tsananin rikice-rikicen abinci sun kara muni a cikin 2020 yayin da rikice-rikice na dogon lokaci, sakamakon tattalin arziki na annobar COVID-19 da matsanancin yanayi sun kara tsananta matsalolin da suka gabata. Rashin tattalin arziki a cikin 2020, gami da waɗanda suka haifar da ƙuntatawa na COVID-19, sun ba da mummunan rauni a cikin shekarun da suka gabata ga waɗanda ke fama da yunwa, suna ƙara yawan mutanen da ba su da abinci mai gina jiki da miliyan 118 a cikin 2020 kadai kuma suna kwatanta tasirin lalacewa na firgici da ke faruwa tare da raunin da ke akwai.[8] A cewar Béné et al. (2020), akwai karancin shaidar rage samar da abinci (bayan rushewar farko saboda sayen tsoro), wanda zai iya kasancewa ga izinin gwamnati ga bangaren abinci. Koyaya, kulle-kulle da sauran ƙuntatawa na motsi sun rage motsi na mutane da kayayyaki, wanda ya shafi Rayuwa rayuwa. Rashin samun kudin shiga da ikon sayen ya rage tsaron abinci da abinci mai gina jiki na biliyoyin mutane, musamman a cikin ƙasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin karfi. An tilasta wa iyalai su sauya amfani zuwa abinci mai rahusa, mai ƙarancin abinci a lokacin da suke buƙatar karewa da ƙarfafa Tsarin rigakafi su. [9][10] Rage samun abinci mai gina jiki da kuma sauyawa zuwa abinci mai ƙarancin inganci da makamashi wanda tasirin tattalin arziki na annobar COVID-19 ya haifar, kuma yana da haɗarin kara yawan nauyin nauyi da kiba a kusan dukkanin yankuna na duniya. Girman kiba yana ƙaruwa ba tare da juyawa ba a cikin yanayin a duniya ko matakin yanki sama da shekaru 15, yana ƙara cututtukan da ba sa yaduwa da ke da alaƙa da waɗannan nau'ikan Rashin abinci mai gina jiki.[8]

Matsin yawan jama'a da muhalli

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Tsarin abinci na gona a cikin 2021

Don ciyar da yawan jama'a na duniya hasashen kaiwa biliyan 9.7 a cikin 2050, [11] FAO ta kiyasta cewa noma na iya buƙatar samar da kashi 40-54 cikin dari na abinci, abinci da kayan abinci fiye da na 2012, dangane da yanayin. Birane da wadata mafi girma suna canza abinci a yawancin ƙasashe masu karamin kuɗi da matsakaicin kuɗi zuwa ƙara yawan amfani da tushen dabbobi masu yawa da abinci mai sarrafawa.[12] Idan waɗannan yanayin sun ci gaba, nan da shekara ta 2030, farashin kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa da cututtukan da ba sa yaduwa zai wuce dala tiriliyan 1.3 a kowace shekara, yayin da farashin shekara-shekara na iskar gas (GHG) zai wuce dala biliyan 1.7 .

Wannan karuwar bukatar abinci ta kara da girgizar kasa da damuwa, gami da abubuwan da suka faru akai-akai da masu tsananin gaske da kuma jinkirin farawa saboda canjin yanayi, wanda ke barazana ga samar da aikin gona - amfanin gona, dabbobi, kiwon kifi, kifi da gandun daji - da kuma matakan tsakiya da na kasa na tsarin abinci. Amma kamar yadda tsarin abinci na gona ke shafar girgizar yanayi da damuwa, su kansu babban direba ne na canjin yanayi.

Kudin da aka ɓoye

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Nazarin da aka yi kwanan nan don auna da kuma kimanta ɓoyayyen farashin tsarin abinci na gona sun yi amfani da Asusun Farashin Gaskiya (TCA), hanyar lissafi wanda ke auna da darajar ɓoyayyun tasirin ayyukan tattalin arziki akan muhalli, al'umma da kiwon lafiya. Wadannan tasirin ana daukar su a matsayin ɓoyayyen saboda ba a nuna su a cikin farashin kasuwa na kayayyaki da aiyuka ba, watau ba a haɗa su a cikin asusun riba da asarar aiki ba.

Ƙididdigar ɓoyayyen farashin tsarin abinci na gona ta hanyar farashi (hagu) da ƙananan (dama), 2020

Matsayin waɗannan karatun ya bambanta dangane da tambayar binciken da ake magance, ɗaukar ƙasa da ɓoyayyen tasirin da za a haɗa su cikin binciken. Akwai ɓoyayyun tasirin da yawa kuma wasu suna da wuyar auna ko ƙididdigewa. Misali, abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli irin su hayakin GHG suna da sauƙin haɗawa a cikin kowane bincike na TCA saboda wadatar bayanai masu dacewa. Koyaya, ɓoyayyen tasirin da ke da alaƙa da manyan biranen ɗan adam da na zamantakewa na iya zama da wuya a samu. Misalan sun haɗa da tasirin yanayin aiki (babban birnin ɗan adam) da asalin al'adu (babban birni).

A cikin 2019, wani binciken da Bankin Duniya ya yi ya kiyasta ɓoyayyen farashin cututtukan da ke tattare da abinci (daga abinci mara lafiya) a cikin ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi da matsakaicin kuɗi kuma sun sami waɗannan sun kai dala biliyan 95.2.

Abinci mai ƙarancin hatsi da 'ya'yan itace da kuma sodium sune manyan haɗarin abinci da ke ba da gudummawa ga ɓoyayyen farashi na kiwon lafiya na duniya

Sauran binciken guda uku sun yi ƙoƙari su kiyasta ɓoyayyen farashin tsarin abinci na duniya. FOLU (2019) ya kiyasta su a dala tiriliyan 12, yayin da Hendricks et al (2023) suka kiyasta su da dala tiriliyon 19.[13][14] Koyaya, ƙarshen, ya yarda da rashin tabbas a cikin ƙididdigar kuma ya kammala cewa darajar za ta kasance tsakanin tiriliyan USD 7.2 da tiriliyan Amurka 51.8. Kimanin na uku a cikin rahoton FAO na 2023: Jihar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta kiyasta ɓoyayyen farashi na duniya daga tsarin abinci na gona ya zama dala tiriliyan 12.7. Wannan binciken ya kuma amince da rashin tabbas a cikin kimantawa. Rahoton FAO ya nuna darajar duniya na ɓoyayyen farashin yana da kashi 95 cikin dari na kasancewa aƙalla dala tiriliyan 10.8 da kuma kashi 5 cikin dari na zama aƙalla USD tiriliyan 16. Ba kamar sauran binciken biyu ba, rahoton FAO ya kimanta ɓoyayyen farashin tsarin abinci a matakin ƙasa ga ƙasashe 154. Ya bayyana cewa waɗannan lambobin ƙasa suna da daidaituwa kuma suna iya kwatanta da manyan girma (watau muhalli, kiwon lafiya da zamantakewa) na tsarin abinci mai ɓoye, yana ba da damar ba kawai kwatanta a duk faɗin ƙasashe ba, har ma a duk faɗakarwa daban-daban.

Biye da fitowar 2023 na rahoton FAO - The State of Food and Agriculture - fitowar da ta biyo baya ta ba da cikakken bayani game da ɓoyayyen farashin da ke da alaƙa da tsarin abinci mara lafiya wanda ke haifar da cututtukan da ba sa yaduwa ga ƙasashe 156. Rahoton ya gano cewa a cikin 2020, ɓoyayyen kuɗin kiwon lafiya na duniya ya kai dala biliyan 8.1 na 2020 PPP, kashi 70 cikin dari na duk ɓoyayyun farashin tsarin abinci.[5] Abinci mai ƙarancin hatsi shine babban damuwa (kashi 18 cikin dari na ɓoyayyen kuɗin kiwon lafiya na duniya), tare da abinci mai yawa a cikin sodium da ƙarancin 'ya'yan itace (kashi 16 cikin dari kowannensu), kodayake akwai bambancin da ya dace a duk ƙasashe.[5]

Resilience na tsarin abinci na gona

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Resilience na tsarin Abinci mai gina jiki yana nufin iyawa a tsawon lokaci na tsarin abinci na gona, a fuskar duk wani rushewa, don tabbatar da wadataccen wadata da samun isasshen abinci mai aminci da mai gina jiki ga kowa, da kuma ci gaba da Rayuwa 'yan wasan tsarin abinci na gari. A cewar FAO, tsarin abinci mai gina jiki mai ƙarfi dole ne ya sami ƙarfin aiki don hanawa, tsammanin, shawo kan, daidaitawa da canzawa a fuskar kowane rikici, tare da burin aiki na tabbatar da Tsaro na abinci mai gina gina jiki ga duk da kyawawan hanyoyin rayuwa da kudaden shiga ga 'yan wasan tsarin abinci. Irin wannan juriya tana magance dukkan fannoni na tsaro na abinci, amma tana mai da hankali musamman kan kwanciyar hankali da dorewa, wanda ke tabbatar da tsaro na abinci a cikin gajeren lokaci da na dogon lokaci.

Bayyana tsarin abinci na gona

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Resilience na tsarin abinci na gona ya gina a kan manufar resilience, wanda ya samo asali ne a cikin nazarin yanayin halittu [15] kuma ya samo asali sama da shekaru 50 a cikin wani abu na karatu a fadin fannoni daban-daban, gami da injiniya, noma, tattalin arziki da ilimin halayyar dan adam. Kodayake akwai ƙananan yarjejeniya a yau game da ainihin ma'anar a duk faɗin horo, a bayyane yake, ana iya bayyana juriya a matsayin ƙarfin ƙarfin ci gaba da cimma burin duk da rikice-rikice.[16]

A cikin kira ga hadin gwiwar bangarori don hanawa, tsammanin, shawo kan, daidaitawa da canzawa a fuskar girgizar ƙasa da damuwa a duk bangarorin al'umma, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta haɓaka kuma ta karɓi Jagoran Majalisar Dinkinobho kan Taimako don Gina Al'ummomin Resilient. Tunda akwai haɗari iri-iri da suka shafi fahimtar juriya, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tana ba da ma'anar da ke biyowa: "ikon mutane, gidaje, al'ummomi, birane, cibiyoyi, tsarin da al'ummomin don hanawa, shanyewa, daidaitawa, da canzawa da kyau, da inganci da inganci lokacin da suke fuskantar haɗari masu yawa, yayin da suke riƙe da kuma ba tare da cin zarafin dogon lokaci ba don Ci gaba mai ɗorewa, zaman lafiya da tsaro, haƙƙin ɗan adam da zama ga kowa. " Ginawar tsarin da yawa-hadarin haɗari.[17]

A cikin 2021, FAO ta fitar da ma'anar farko game da Tsarin abinci na gona da tsarin abinci mai gona a cikin The State of Food and Agriculture 2021 - Yin tsarin abinci na gari ya fi jurewa ga girgizar kasa da damuwa. Ma'anar juriya ta tsarin abinci na gona an daidaita ta daga ma'anar Tendall et al. na juriya ta hanyar tsarin abinci, wanda shine "ikon lokaci na tsarin abinci da raka'a a matakai da yawa, don samar da isasshen abinci, mai dacewa da kuma mai sauƙi ga kowa, a fuskar rikice-rikice daban-daban har ma da ba a tsammani ba". [16] Tsarin abinci na gona ya fi girma fiye da tsarin abinci, saboda waɗannan sun haɗa da dukan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ayyukan da suka haɗa da su a cikin samar da abinci da kayan aikin gona marasa abinci, da kuma ajiyar abinci, tarawa, sarrafawa bayan girbi, sufuri, sarrafawa, sarrafa shi, sarrafawa da rarrabawa, tallace-tallace, zubar da amfani.[1][2]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :7
  3. ↑ "FAOSTAT – Value of Agricultural Production". fao.org. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  4. ↑ "Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)". World Bank. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :11
  6. ↑ Marshall, Quinn; Fanzo, Jessica; Barrett, Christopher B.; Jones, Andrew D.; Herforth, Anna; McLaren, Rebecca (2021). "Building a Global Food Systems Typology: A New Tool for Reducing Complexity in Food Systems Analysis". Frontiers in Sustainable Agrifood Systems. 5. doi:10.3389/fsufs.2021.746512.
  7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :12
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :1
  9. ↑ Béné, C. (2020). "Resilience of local food systems and links to food security – A review of some important concepts in the context of COVID-19 and other shocks". Food Security. 12 (4): 805–822. doi:10.1007/s12571-020-01076-1. PMC 7351643. PMID 32837646 – via Springer.
  10. ↑ Iddir, M., Brito, A., Dingeo, G., Fernandez Del Campo, S.S., Samouda, H., La Frano, M.R. & Bohn, T. (2020). "Strengthening the Immune System and Reducing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress through Diet and Nutrition: Considerations during the COVID-19 Crisis". Nutrients. 12 (6): 1562. doi:10.3390/nu12061562. PMC 7352291. PMID 32471251.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ↑ "World population prospects 2019". UN. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :2
  13. ↑ "Global report". Food and Land Use Coalition (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-01-23.
  14. ↑ Kaosar Invalid |url-status=Fresco (help); Check date values in: |access-date= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  15. ↑ Holling, C.S (1973). "Resilience and stability of ecological systems". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 4 (1): 1–23. Bibcode:1973AnRES...4....1H. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245. S2CID 53309505 – via Annual Reviews.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Tendall, D.M., Joerin, J., Kopainsky, B., Edwards, P., Shreck, A., Le, Q.B., Kruetli, P., Grant, M. & Six, J. (2015). "Food system resilience: Defining the concept". Global Food Security. 6: 17–23. Bibcode:2015GlFS....6...17T. doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2015.08.001 – via Science Direct.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content
  17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :52
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