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Tsarin duniya

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Tsarin duniya
type of structure (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na architectural structure (en) Fassara
Fuskar natural building (en) Fassara
Kayan haɗi ƙasa
Manifestation of (en) Fassara Earth structure (en) Fassara
Gidan da aka yi da yumbu tare da rufin da aka yi a Toteil, kusa da Kassala, Sudan

Tsarin ƙasa gini ne ko wani tsari da aka yi da ƙasa. Tun da ƙasa abu ne mai yawa, an kuma yi amfani da shi a cikin gini tun kafin tarihi. Ana iya haɗa shi da wasu kayan, matsewa da / ko yin burodi don ƙara ƙarfi.

Abubuwan tsarin ƙasa na iya zama masu sauƙi kamar laka, ko laka da aka gauraya da kara don yin cob. Ana iya gina gidaje masu ƙarfi daga sod ko turf. Za'a iya dai-daita ƙasa ta hanyar ƙara lemun tsami ko siminti, kuma ana iya haɗa shi cikin ƙasa mai laushi. Ginin yana da sauri tare da adobe ko bricks da aka riga aka kafa, tubalan ƙasa, jaka ko tubalin yumɓu. [lower-alpha 1]

Nau'o'in tsarin ƙasa sun haɗa da mafaka na ƙasa, inda aka saka gida gaba ɗaya ko kuma a wani ɓangare a cikin ƙasa ko kuma an rufe shi cikin ƙasa. Gidajen ƙasa na 'yan asalin Amurka misalai ne. Wattle da daub daub gidaje suna amfani da "wattle" na sanduna da aka haɗa tare da sanduna don samar da kwanciyar hankali ga ganuwar laka. An gina Gidajen Sod a arewa maso yammacin gabar Turai, kuma daga baya mazauna Turai a kan filayen Arewacin Amurka. Ana gina gine-ginen adobe ko bulo a duniya kuma sun haɗa da gidaje, gine-gidan gida, masallatai da majami'u. Fujian Tulous manyan gine-ginen ƙasa ne masu garu a kudu maso gabashin China waɗanda ke da mafaka ga iyalai 80. Sauran nau'ikan tsarin ƙasa sun haɗa da tuddai da pyramids da aka yi amfani da su don dalilai na addini, digues, ganuwar riƙe ƙasa mai ɗorewa, sansani, rami da madatsar ruwa.

Ƙasa

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Nau'ikan ƙasa ta hanyar yumɓu, yashi da yashi kamar yadda USDA ta yi amfani da shi

An halicci ƙasa daga dutse wanda aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar sunadarai ko ta jiki, an kai shi, an ajiye shi kuma an zubar da shi.[2] Yankin ƙasa sun haɗa da yashi, laka da yumɓu. Yankin yashi sune mafi girma a 2 zuwa 0.05 millimeters (0.0787 zuwa 0.0020 in) a diamita kuma yumbu mafi ƙanƙanta a ƙasa da 0.002 millimeters (7.9 in) a Diamita.[3] Dukkanin yashi da yashi galibi ƙwayoyin dutse ne, gami da Quartz, calcite, feldspar da Mica.[4]

Gilashin yawanci ma'adanai ne na phyllosilicate tare da tsarin takarda.[3] Ƙananan ƙwayoyin yumɓu suna hulɗa da juna ta jiki da kuma sunadarai. Ko da karamin rabo na yumɓu yana shafar kaddarorin jiki na ƙasa fiye da yadda za a iya tsammani.[4] Yumbu irin su kaolinite ba sa fadadawa ko kwangila lokacin da aka yi masa ruwa ko bushewa, kuma suna da amfani don yin tubali. Sauran, kamar su smectites, suna fadada ko yin kwangila sosai lokacin da rigar ko bushe, kuma ba su dace da gini ba.[3]

Loam cakuda ne na yashi, yashi da yumɓu wanda babu wanda ya fi yawa. Ana ba da ƙasa sunaye daban-daban dangane da rabo na yashi, yashi da yumɓu kamar "Silt Loam", "Clay Loam" da "Silty Clay".[5] Ginin Loam, batun wannan labarin, wanda ake kira adobe construction lokacin da yake amfani da tubalin yumɓu marasa wuta, tsohuwar fasahar gini ce. An yi amfani da shi a farkon wayewar Bahar Rum, Misira da Mesopotamiya, a cikin kwarin Indus, Ganges da Yellow, a Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005 kimanin mutane biliyan 1.5 ne ke zaune a cikin gidajen da aka gina da laka.[6] [lower-alpha 2]

A cikin ýan shekarun nan, sha'awar gine-ginen laka ta farfado a cikin kasashe masu tasowa. Ana kuma ganinsa a matsayin hanyar rage amfani da man fetur da gurɓataccen abu, musamman carbon dioxide, yayin ƙerawa, da kuma ƙirƙirar yanayin rayuwa mai dadi ta hanyar babban taro da babban shawo kan kayan.[1] Manyan fasahohin guda biyu an buga su ko kuma an buga su da ƙasa, yumɓu ko laka, wanda ake kira pise de terre a Faransanci, da adobe, yawanci ta amfani da tubalin da aka bushe da rana da aka yi da laka da cakuda kara.[1] [lower-alpha 1]

Kayan aiki

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Gidajen laka da ciyawa na gargajiya suna samar da gidan iyali kusa da Tamale, Ghana
Gidajen laka a Kandahar, Afghanistan

Duniya yawanci tana buƙatar wani nau'in aiki don amfani a cikin gini. Ana iya haɗa shi da ruwa don yin laka, ana iya ƙara kara kara kara, ana iya amfani da wasu nau'ikan kayan daidaitawa kamar lime ko siminti don ƙarfafa ƙasa, kuma ana iya haɗa ƙasa don ƙara ƙarfi.[7]

Mud

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Ginin laka yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin hanyoyin da za a China ganuwar. Ana samar da laka mai laushi da hannu don yin tushe na bango, kuma an ba da izinin bushewa. Ana ƙara ƙarin laka kuma an ba da izinin bushewa don samar da darussan da suka biyo baya har sai an kammala bango. Tare da laka mai laushi, ana cika nau'in laka da aka yi da hannu da laka mai rigar kuma an ba da izinin bushewa.[8] A Iran, ana kiran ganuwar laka da aka yi da laka a matsayin gine-ginen chine. Kowane hanya yana da kimanin inci 18 zuwa 24 (460 zuwa 610 kauri, kuma kimanin inci 18 ruo 24 (460 ruo 610 . Yawanci ana amfani da dabarar don ganuwar lambu amma ba don gina gida ba, mai yiwuwa saboda damuwa game da ƙarfin ganuwar da aka yi ta wannan hanyar.[9] Rashin amfani ga tsarin shi ne cewa ana iya ciyar da lokaci mai yawa yana jiran kowane hanya ya bushe.[9] Wata dabara, da aka yi amfani da ita a wuraren da itace yake da yawa, ita ce gina gidan katako da kuma cika shi da laka, da farko don samar da rufi. A wasu sassan Ingila an yi amfani da irin wannan dabarar tare da cob.[8]

Cob

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Cob bango a Harwell, Oxfordshire, Ingila, daruruwan shekaru, an rufe shi da ciyawar don kare shi daga ruwa

Cob, wani lokacin ana kiransa "monolithic adobe", kayan gini ne na halitta wanda aka yi da ƙasa wanda ya haɗa da yumɓu, yashi ko ƙananan duwatsu da kayan halitta kamar kara.[10] Ana gina ganuwar Cob a cikin darussan, ba su da haɗin dutse kuma suna buƙatar 30% ko fiye da yumɓu a cikin ƙasa. Ana iya amfani da Cob a matsayin cikawa a cikin gine-gine na post-and-beam, amma ana amfani dashi sau da yawa don ganuwar ɗaukar kaya, kuma yana iya ɗaukar har zuwa hawa biyu. Ganuwar cob ya kamata ta kasance aƙalla inci 16 (410 kauri, kuma rabo na faɗin zuwa tsawo bai kamata ya zama fiye da ɗaya zuwa goma ba.[10] Yawancin lokaci za a shafa shi a ciki da waje tare da cakuda lime, ƙasa da yashi. Cob yana da tsayayya da wuta, kuma ƙarfin zafi yana taimakawa wajen daidaita yanayin zafi na cikin gida.[10] Gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa cob yana da juriya ga aikin girgizar ƙasa. Koyaya, lambobin gini a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa bazai gane cob a matsayin kayan da aka amince da su ba.[11]

Sod ko turf

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Gilashin Sod a bangon gidan

Za'a iya amfani da tubalin yanka, wanda ake kira terrone Mutanen Espanya, don yin ganuwar da ta dace. Ana yanka sod daga ƙasa wanda ke da mat mai nauyi na tushen ciyawa, wanda za'a iya samunsa a ƙasashen kogi. An tsaya a gefen ya bushe kafin a yi amfani da shi a cikin gini.[9] Mazauna Turai a kan Filayen Arewacin Amurka sun gano cewa yaduwar da ba za ta iya lalacewa ba saboda daskarewa ko ruwan sama ya fito ne daga busassun sloughs.[12] An yi amfani da turf sau ɗaya don ganuwar gidaje a Ireland, Scotland da Iceland, inda har yanzu ana iya samun wasu gidajen turf. Gidan turf na iya zama shekaru hamsin ko fiye idan an kiyaye shi sosai a cikin yanayin sanyi.[13] Icelanders sun gano cewa Ƙarfi kyawun turf shine Strengur, saman 5 centimeters (2.0 in) na ciyawa turf.[13]

Ƙasa mai daidaitawa

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Yumbu yawanci yana da ƙarfi kuma yana da ƙarfi lokacin da ya bushe, amma ya zama mai laushi sosai lokacin da ya sha ruwa. Yumbu mai bushe yana taimakawa wajen riƙe bango na ƙasa tare, amma idan bango ya fallasa kai tsaye ga ruwan sama, ko ruwa da ke gudana daga rufin, yana iya zama mai cike.[14] Duniya na iya zama "mai tsayayya" don sa ta fi tsayayya da yanayi. Ayyukan daidaita ƙasa ta hanyar ƙara lemun tsami yana da ƙarnuka.[15] Hakanan ana iya ƙara siminti ko bitumen a cikin ƙasa da aka nufa don gini wanda ke ƙara ƙarfi, kodayake ƙasa mai ƙarfi ba ta da ƙarfi kamar yumɓu ko siminti.[15] Ana iya amfani da cakuda siminti da lime, ko pozzolana da lime, don daidaitawa.[14]

Manazarta

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  1. 1 2 Rael 2009, p. 9.
  2. ↑ USDA 1974.
  3. 1 2 3 Soil Composition and Formation, SCDNR.
  4. 1 2 Shah & Shroff 2003.
  5. ↑ Ball & Norton 2002.
  6. ↑ Koch, Koch & Seidl 2005.
  7. ↑ Watson 1993.
  8. 1 2 Cornerstones Community Partnerships 2006.
  9. 1 2 3 McHenry 1984.
  10. 1 2 3 ICAEN 2004.
  11. ↑ Goodnow 2007.
  12. ↑ Rollings-Magnusson 2012.
  13. 1 2 Berge 2009.
  14. 1 2 Jagadish 2007.
  15. 1 2 Teter, Liu & Kent 1964.
  1. ↑ Fired bricks and concrete are derived from earth, but structures built from these materials are usually not considered earth structures.[1]
  2. ↑ One source estimates that as many as three billion people live in earth buildings.[1]
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