Tsarin kirkire-kirkire na fasaha

Tsarin kirkire-kirkire na fasaha
	type of system (en)

Tsarin kirkire-kirkire na fasaha ra'ayi ne wanda aka haɓaka a cikin fannin kimiyya na nazarin kirkire-kire wanda ke aiki don bayyana yanayin da yawan Canjin fasaha. Za'a iya bayyana tsarin Innovation na Fasaha a matsayin 'cibiyar sadarwa mai ƙarfi na wakilai da ke hulɗa a cikin takamaiman yanki na tattalin arziki / masana'antu a ƙarƙashin takamaiman kayan aikin ma'aikata kuma suna da hannu a cikin ƙarni, watsawa, da amfani da fasaha". ^[1]

Ana iya amfani da wannan hanyar ga aƙalla matakai uku na bincike: ga fasaha a cikin ma'anar filin ilimi, ga samfurin ko kayan tarihi, ko ga saitin samfuran da suka danganci kayan tarihi da nufin gamsar da wani aiki (na zamantakewa). " Game da ƙarshen, tsarin ya tabbatar da kansa musamman wajen bayyana dalilin da ya sa da kuma yadda fasahar ci gaba (makamashi) ta bunkasa kuma ta bazu cikin al'umma, ko kuma ta kasa yin hakan. Fasahar tana ingantawa a cikin shekaru, haka kuma muna yin hakan.

Tarihi

An gabatar da manufar tsarin kirkire-kirkire na fasaha a matsayin wani ɓangare na makarantar ka'idoji, wanda ake kira tsarin kirkire'i. Babban ra'ayi a bayan wannan tsarin shine cewa ba za a iya samun abubuwan da ke tattare da canjin fasaha ba (kawai) a cikin kamfanoni ko a cikin cibiyoyin bincike, amma (kuma) a cikin tsarin al'umma mai zurfi wanda kamfanoni, da cibiyoyin ilimi, an saka su. Tun daga shekarun 1980s, nazarin tsarin kirkire-kirkire sun nuna tasirin tsarin al'umma akan canjin fasaha, kuma a kaikaice akan ci gaban tattalin arziki na dogon lokaci, a cikin kasashe, bangarori ko fannonin fasaha.

Manufar nazarin tsarin fasahar fasaha shine nazarin da kimanta ci gaban wani fannin fasaha dangane da tsarin da matakai da ke tallafawa ko hana shi. Baya ga mayar da hankali, akwai siffofi guda biyu, da yawa masu nazari, waɗanda suka saita tsarin fasahar fasaha ban da sauran hanyoyin tsarin kirkire-kirkire.

Da farko, manufar Sabuntawa ta Fasaha ta jaddada cewa motsawar ilimin bai isa ya haifar da canjin fasaha da aikin tattalin arziki ba. Akwai buƙatar amfani da wannan ilimin don ƙirƙirar sabbin damar kasuwanci. Wannan yana jaddada muhimmancin mutane a matsayin tushen kirkire-kirkire, wani abu wanda wani lokacin ake kula da shi a cikin tsarin kirkire-karya na kasa ko na bangarori.

Abu na biyu, tsarin Sabuntawa na Fasaha sau da yawa yana mai da hankali kan tsarin tsarin. Mai da hankali kan aikin kasuwanci ya ƙarfafa malamai suyi la'akari da Tsarin Innovation na Fasaha a matsayin wani abu da za a gina a tsawon lokaci. Carlsson da Stankiewicz sun riga sun gabatar da wannan:

'[T] an bayyana tsarin Innovation na Echnological dangane da ilimin / ƙwarewa maimakon kwararar kayayyaki da ayyuka na yau da kullun. Sun ƙunshi ilimi mai ƙarfi da cibiyoyin sadarwa masu ƙwarewa. A gaban ɗan kasuwa da isasshen taro mai mahimmanci, ana iya canza irin waɗannan cibiyoyin sadarwar zuwa tubalan ci gaba, watau ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa na kamfanoni da fasaha a cikin masana'antu ko ƙungiyar masana'antu. "

Wannan yana nufin cewa ana iya nazarin tsarin fasahar fasaha dangane da abubuwan da ke cikin tsarinsa da / ko dangane da ƙarfinsa. Za a bayyana ra'ayoyin biyu a kasa.

Tsarin

Abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin tsarin fasahar fasaha ana kiransu tsarin. Wadannan suna wakiltar bangaren tsarin, saboda suna da kwanciyar hankali a tsawon lokaci. An rarraba nau'o'i uku na asali:

'Yan wasan kwaikwayo: 'Yan wasan kwaikwayon sun haɗa da kungiyoyin da ke ba da gudummawa ga fasaha, a matsayin mai haɓaka ko mai karɓa, ko a kaikaice a matsayin mai sarrafawa, mai ba da kuɗi, da dai sauransu. 'Yan wasan ne na Tsarin Innovation na Fasaha wanda, ta hanyar zaɓuɓɓuka da ayyuka, a zahiri suna samarwa, rarrabawa da amfani da fasahar. Abubuwan da za su iya kasancewa masu dacewa suna da yawa, daga 'yan wasan kwaikwayo masu zaman kansu zuwa' yan wasan kwaikwayo na jama'a, da kuma daga masu haɓaka fasaha zuwa masu amfani da fasaha. Ci gaban tsarin fasahar fasaha zai dogara da alaƙar da ke tsakanin dukkan wadannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. Misali, 'yan kasuwa ba za su iya fara saka hannun jari a cikin kasuwancin su ba idan gwamnatoci ba sa son tallafa musu da kudi. Visa-verse, gwamnatoci ba su da wata alama inda tallafin kudi ya zama dole idan 'yan kasuwa ba su ba su bayanai da muhawara da suke bukata don ingantaccen tallafin manufofi ba.^[2]
Cibiyoyin: Tsarin cibiyoyin suna cikin mahimmancin tsarin kirkire-kirkire. Ya zama ruwan dare a yi la'akari da cibiyoyi a matsayin 'dokokin wasan a cikin al'umma, ko, a hukumance, (...) ƙuntatawa da ɗan adam ya kirkira wanda ke tsara hulɗar ɗan adam.' Za'a iya yin bambanci tsakanin cibiyoyin da ba na al'ada ba, tare da cibiyoyin al'ada su ne ka'idojin da wasu hukumomi suka tsara kuma suka tilasta su, kuma cibiyoyin ba na al-ada ba sun fi dacewa da kuma tsara su ta hanyar hulɗar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. Cibiyoyin da ba na al'ada ba na iya zama na al'adu ko na fahimta. Dokokin ka'idoji sune ka'idojin zamantakewa da dabi'u tare da muhimmancin ɗabi'a, yayin da za'a iya ɗaukar ka'idoorin fahimta a matsayin tsarin tunani na rukuni, ko tsarin zamantakewa. Misalan cibiyoyin da aka tsara sune dokokin gwamnati da yanke shawara na manufofi; umarni ko kwangila suma suna cikin wannan rukuni. Misali na doka mai mahimmanci shine alhakin da kamfani ke ji don hanawa ko tsaftace sharar gida. Misalan ka'idojin fahimta sune binciken bincike ko hanyoyin warware matsaloli. Har ila yau, sun haɗa da wahayin da aka fi sani da kuma tsammanin da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo suka yi.
Abubuwan fasaha: Tsarin fasaha ya ƙunshi kayan tarihi da kayan aikin fasaha waɗanda aka haɗa su. Har ila yau, sun haɗa da aikin fasaha da tattalin arziki na irin waɗannan kayan tarihi, gami da farashi, aminci, amintacce. Wadannan fasalulluka suna da mahimmanci don fahimtar hanyoyin ra'ayoyi tsakanin canjin fasaha da canjin ma'aikata. Misali, idan tsarin tallafin R&D da ke tallafawa ci gaban fasaha ya kamata ya haifar da ci gaba dangane da aminci da amincin aikace-aikace, wannan zai shirya hanya don ƙarin tsarin tallafi, gami da zanga-zangar da ta dace. Wadannan na iya amfana da ci gaban fasaha har ma da yawa. Ya kamata, duk da haka, a lura a nan cewa mahimmancin fasahar fasaha sau da yawa masana sun yi watsi da ita.

Abubuwan da ke cikin tsari sune kawai abubuwan da suka hada da tsarin. A cikin ainihin tsarin, waɗannan abubuwan duk suna da alaƙa da juna. Idan sun samar da tsari mai yawa ana kiransu cibiyoyin sadarwa. Misali zai zama hadin gwiwar kamfanoni tare da aiki a kan aikace-aikacen sel na man fetur, wanda ke jagorantar saiti na warware matsaloli kuma yana tallafawa ta hanyar shirin tallafi. Hakazalika, ƙungiyoyin masana'antu, al'ummomin bincike, cibiyoyin sadarwar manufofi, alaƙar mai amfani da mai ba da sabis da sauransu duk misalai ne na cibiyoyin sadarwa.

Binciken tsarin yawanci yana ba da haske game da fasalulluka na tsarin - hadin kai da rikice-rikice - waɗanda suka zama direbobi da shingen don yaduwar fasaha a wani lokaci ko a cikin wani lokaci.

Ƙarfin hali

Tsarin ya haɗa da abubuwa waɗanda ke da ɗan kwanciyar hankali a tsawon lokaci. Duk da haka, ga fasahohi da yawa, musamman sabbin masu tasowa, waɗannan tsarin ba su riga sun kasance (cikakke) a wuri ba. Saboda wannan dalili, galibi, masana kwanan nan sun wadatar da wallafe-wallafen kan Tsarin Fasaha tare da nazarin da ke mai da hankali kan gina tsarin a tsawon lokaci. Babban ra'ayin wannan tsarin shine a yi la'akari da duk ayyukan da ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba, watsawa, da amfani da sababbin abubuwa a matsayin ayyukan tsarin.[1] Wadannan ayyukan tsarin za a fahimta a matsayin nau'ikan ayyukan da ke tasiri ga gina tsarin fasahar fasaha. Kowane aikin tsarin na iya cikawa ta hanyoyi da yawa. Ma'anar ita ce, don bunkasa yadda ya kamata, tsarin ya kamata ya cika dukkan ayyukan tsarin. An gina 'jerin' daban-daban na ayyukan tsarin. Marubutan kamar Bergek et al., Hekkert et al., [2] Negro [3] da Suurs [4] suna ba da bayyani masu amfani.[5] Wadannan jerin sunayen suna nuna haɗuwa da yawa kuma bambance-bambance sun fi zama a cikin takamaiman hanyar ayyukan tarwatsawa. An ba da misali na irin wannan jerin a ƙasa.

Lura cewa yana yiwuwa ayyukan da ba su da kyau ga aikin tsarin. Wadannan gudummawa marasa kyau suna nuna lalacewar tsarin (ƙananan). Musamman, an nuna rashin kwanciyar hankali na cikin gida don yin matsin lamba a kan tsarin kirkire-kirkire, yayin da barazanar kasa da kasa da kawancen tsaro na kasa suna da tasiri mai kyau a kan aikin kirkire-kire na kasa.

Ayyuka bakwai na tsarin

A matsayin misali, ayyukan tsarin bakwai da Hekkert ya bayyana a nan:

F1. Ayyukan kasuwanci: Matsayin da ɗan kasuwa ke takawa shine fassara ilimi zuwa damar kasuwanci, kuma a ƙarshe sababbin abubuwa. Dan kasuwa yana yin hakan ta hanyar yin gwaje-gwaje na kasuwa wanda ke haifar da canji, ga fasahar da ke tasowa da kuma cibiyoyin da ke kewaye da shi. Ayyukan Kasuwanci sun haɗa da ayyukan da aka tsara don tabbatar da amfanin fasahar da ke tasowa a cikin yanayin aiki da / ko kasuwanci. Irin waɗannan ayyukan yawanci suna ɗaukar nau'ikan gwaje-gwaje da zanga-zangar.
F2. Ci gaban ilimi: Ayyukan Ci gaban Ilimin ya haɗa da ayyukan ilmantarwa, galibi akan fasahar da ke tasowa, amma kuma a kasuwanni, cibiyoyin sadarwa, masu amfani da sauransu. Akwai nau'ikan ayyukan ilmantarka daban-daban, mafi mahimmancin rukunoni shine ilmantarwa-ta hanyar bincike da ilmantarwa. Tsohon ya damu da ayyukan R & D a cikin kimiyya ta asali, yayin da ƙarshen ya haɗa da ayyukan ilmantarwa a cikin mahallin da ya dace, misali a cikin nau'ikan gwaje-gwaje na dakin gwaje-gaje ko gwajin tallafi.
F3. Bayar da ilimi / musayar ilimi ta hanyar cibiyoyin sadarwa: Tsarin tsarin tsarin tsarin fasahar fasaha shine na cibiyar sadarwa. Babban aikin cibiyoyin sadarwa shine don sauƙaƙe musayar ilimi tsakanin duk 'yan wasan da ke ciki. Ayyukan Bayar da Ilimi sun haɗa da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, misali masu haɓaka fasaha, amma kuma tarurruka kamar bita da tarurruka. Muhimmin rawar da Ilimi Yaduwa ya taka ya samo asali ne daga ra'ayin Lundvall na ilmantarwa mai ma'amala a matsayin dalilin-d"zama kowane tsarin kirkire-kirkire. Tsarin kirkire-kirkire yana jaddada cewa kirkire-kire yana faruwa ne kawai inda 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na asali daban-daban ke hulɗa. Wani nau'i na musamman na ilmantarwa mai ma'amala shine ilmantarwa ta amfani, wanda ya haɗa da ayyukan ilmantarwa bisa ga kwarewar masu amfani da sababbin fasahohi, misali ta hanyar hulɗar mai amfani da mai samarwa.
F4. Jagoran bincike: Jagoran aikin Bincike yana nufin ayyukan da ke tsara buƙatu, buƙatu da tsammanin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo dangane da goyon bayansu (ƙarin) ga fasahar da ke tasowa. Jagoran Bincike yana nufin zaɓin mutum da ke da alaƙa da fasaha amma kuma yana iya ɗaukar nau'ikan cibiyoyi masu wuya, misali manufofi. Har ila yau, yana nufin alkawura da tsammanin kamar yadda 'yan wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban a cikin al'umma suka bayyana. Jagoran Bincike na iya zama mai kyau ko mara kyau. Jagora mai kyau na Bincike yana nufin haɗuwa da sigina masu kyau - tsammanin, alkawura, jagororin manufofi - a cikin wani bangare na ci gaban fasaha. Idan ba daidai ba ne, za a sami raguwa, ko, mafi muni, ƙin ci gaba gaba gaba gaba ɗaya. Wannan haɗuwa tana da mahimmanci tunda, yawanci, zaɓuɓɓukan fasaha daban-daban suna cikin wani fannin fasaha mai tasowa, dukansu suna buƙatar saka hannun jari don ci gaba. Tunda albarkatun yawanci suna da iyaka, yana da mahimmanci a zaɓi takamaiman wuraren. Bayan haka, ba tare da wani mayar da hankali ba za a sami narkewar albarkatu, hana duk zaɓuɓɓuka daga bunƙasa. A gefe guda, mai da hankali sosai na iya haifar da asarar iri-iri. Tsarin Innovation na Fasaha mai lafiya zai sami daidaituwa tsakanin ƙirƙirar da rage iri-iri.
F5. Tsarin kasuwa: Ba za a iya sa ran sabbin fasahohi don yin gasa da fasahar da ke aiki ba. Don motsa sababbin abubuwa, yawanci ya zama dole a ƙirƙiri kasuwanni na wucin gadi. Ayyukan Kasuwancin Kasuwanci sun haɗa da ayyukan da ke ba da gudummawa ga ƙirƙirar buƙatun fasahar da ke tasowa, misali ta hanyar tallafawa amfani da fasahar da ta fito, ko ta hanyar haraji ga amfani da fasahohin da ke gasa. Tsarin Kasuwanci yana da mahimmanci musamman a fagen fasahar makamashi mai ɗorewa, tunda, a wannan yanayin, yawanci akwai ƙa'idodi masu ƙarfi don shiga tsakani a cikin ƙarfin kasuwa.
F6. Tattara albarkatu: Tattara masu amfani yana nufin rabon kuɗi, kayan aiki da kuma mutum. Samun damar samun irin waɗannan abubuwan babban birnin ya zama dole ga duk sauran ci gaba. Ayyukan da ke cikin wannan aikin tsarin sune saka hannun jari da tallafi. Hakanan suna iya haɗawa da tura kayan aikin yau da kullun kamar tsarin ilimi, manyan wuraren R&D ko kayan aikin mai. A wasu lokuta, tattara albarkatun kasa, kamar su biomass, mai ko iskar gas yana da mahimmanci. Ayyukan Motsawa na Ma'aikata suna wakiltar canjin tattalin arziki na asali. Muhimmancinsa a bayyane yake: ba za a iya tallafawa fasahar da ke tasowa ta kowace hanya ba idan babu hanyar kudi ko ta halitta, ko kuma idan babu 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ke da ƙwarewa da ƙwarewar da ta dace.
F7. Tallafi daga hadin gwiwar bayar da shawarwari: Tallafin fasahar da ke tasowa sau da yawa yana haifar da juriya daga 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ke da sha'awa a cikin tsarin makamashi mai ci gaba. Don tsarin fasahar fasaha ya bunkasa, wasu 'yan wasan kwaikwayo dole ne su magance wannan rashin daidaituwa. Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar yin kira ga hukumomi da su sake tsara tsarin tsarin tsarin. Ayyukan Taimako daga Advocacy Coalitions sun haɗa da ƙungiyoyin siyasa da ayyukan ba da shawara a madadin ƙungiyoyin masu sha'awa. Ana iya ɗaukar wannan aikin tsarin a matsayin nau'i na musamman na Jagoran Bincike. Bayan haka, masu fafutuka da shawarwari sune roƙo don tallafawa wasu fasahohi. Muhimmin fasalin da ke raba wannan rukuni shine cewa hadin gwiwar bayar da shawarwari ba su da iko, kamar misali gwamnatoci, don canza cibiyoyin da aka tsara kai tsaye. Maimakon haka, suna amfani da ikon rinjaye. Tunanin hadin gwiwar bayar da shawarwari ya dogara ne akan aikin Sabatier, wanda ya gabatar da ra'ayin a cikin mahallin kimiyyar siyasa.^[3] Manufar tana jaddada ra'ayin cewa canjin tsari a cikin tsarin shine sakamakon kungiyoyin masu fafatawa, kowannensu yana wakiltar tsarin dabi'u da ra'ayoyi daban. Sakamakon ya ƙayyade ta ikon siyasa.

Dubi kuma

Sabon fasahar
Babban birnin
Canjin fasaha

Manazarta

↑ Shubbak, Mahmood H. (2019-05-01). "The technological system of production and innovation: The case of photovoltaic technology in China" (PDF). Research Policy. New Frontiers in Science, Technology and Innovation Research from SPRU’s 50th Anniversary Conference (in Turanci). 48 (4): 993–1015. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2018.10.003. ISSN 0048-7333. S2CID 158742469.
↑ R.E.H.M. Smits, Innovation studies in the 21st century, Technological Forecasting and Social Change 69 (2002) 861-883.
↑ Shubbak, Mahmood H. (2019-05-01). "The technological system of production and innovation: The case of photovoltaic technology in China" (PDF). Research Policy. New Frontiers in Science, Technology and Innovation Research from SPRU’s 50th Anniversary Conference (in Turanci). 48 (4): 993–1015. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2018.10.003. ISSN 0048-7333. S2CID 158742469.

[1] Shubbak, Mahmood H. (2019-05-01). "The technological system of production and innovation: The case of photovoltaic technology in China" (PDF). Research Policy. New Frontiers in Science, Technology and Innovation Research from SPRU’s 50th Anniversary Conference (in Turanci). 48 (4): 993–1015. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2018.10.003. ISSN 0048-7333. S2CID 158742469.

[2] R.E.H.M. Smits, Innovation studies in the 21st century, Technological Forecasting and Social Change 69 (2002) 861-883.

[3] Shubbak, Mahmood H. (2019-05-01). "The technological system of production and innovation: The case of photovoltaic technology in China" (PDF). Research Policy. New Frontiers in Science, Technology and Innovation Research from SPRU’s 50th Anniversary Conference (in Turanci). 48 (4): 993–1015. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2018.10.003. ISSN 0048-7333. S2CID 158742469.

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