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Tsarin kiwon lafiya

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Tsarin kiwon lafiya
type of system (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na medical organization (en) Fassara da sociotechnical system (en) Fassara
Applies to jurisdiction (en) Fassara yankin taswira
Karatun ta health sciences (en) Fassara
Nada jerin health care systems by country (en) Fassara

'Tsarin kiwon lafiya', tsarin kiwon lafiya ko tsarin kiwon lafiyar jiki kungiya ce ta mutane, cibiyoyi, da albarkatun da ke ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya don biyan bukatun kiwon lafiya na yawan mutanen da aka yi niyya.

Akwai tsarin kiwon lafiya iri-iri a duniya, tare da tarihi da tsarin ƙungiyoyi da yawa kamar yadda akwai ƙasashe. A bayyane yake, ƙasashe dole ne su tsara da haɓaka tsarin kiwon lafiya daidai da bukatunsu da albarkatunsu, kodayake abubuwa na yau da kullun a kusan dukkanin tsarin kiwon lafiyar su ne matakan kiwon lafiya na farko da lafiyar jama'a.[1]

A wasu ƙasashe, tsarin tsarin tsarin kiwon lafiya ya rabu, tare da masu ruwa da tsaki daban-daban a kasuwa suna ɗaukar nauyin. Sabanin haka, a wasu yankuna, akwai hadin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin gwamnati, kungiyoyin kwadago, kungiyoyin agaji, cibiyoyin addini, ko wasu ƙungiyoyi masu tsari, da nufin samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya da aka tsara don takamaiman bukatun al'ummominsu. Duk da haka, abin lura ne cewa tsarin tsarin kiwon lafiya ana nuna shi akai-akai a matsayin ci gaban juyin halitta maimakon canjin juyin juya hali.[2]

Kamar yadda yake tare da sauran tsarin zamantakewar al'umma, tsarin kiwon lafiya na iya nuna tarihin, al'adu da tattalin arziki na jihohin da suka samo asali. Wadannan abubuwan da suka bambanta sun mamaye kuma sun rikitar da kwatancen kasa da kasa kuma sun hana duk wani ma'auni na duniya na aiki.

Manufofin

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A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO), ikon jagorantar da daidaitawa don kiwon lafiya a cikin tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, manufofin tsarin kiwon lafiya lafiya sune lafiya mai kyau ga 'yan ƙasa, amsawa ga tsammanin jama'a, da kuma hanyar da ta dace ta ayyukan tallafi. Ci gaba zuwa gare su ya dogara da yadda tsarin ke aiwatar da ayyuka huɗu masu mahimmanci: samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya, samar da albarkatu, kudi, da kuma kula. Sauran girma don kimanta tsarin kiwon lafiya sun haɗa da inganci, inganci, karɓa, da daidaito.[2] An kuma bayyana su a Amurka a matsayin "C guda biyar": Farashi, Rufewa, Daidaitawa, Rashin Ruwa, da Ciwon Lantarki. Har ila yau, ci gaba da kiwon lafiya babban burin ne.[3]

Ma'anar

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Sau da yawa an bayyana tsarin kiwon lafiya tare da hangen nesa. Wasu marubutan [4] sun haɓaka muhawara don fadada manufar tsarin kiwon lafiya, suna nuna ƙarin girma waɗanda ya kamata a yi la'akari da su:

  • Bai kamata a bayyana tsarin kiwon lafiya ba dangane da abubuwan da suka hada da su kawai, har ma da alakarsu.
  • Tsarin kiwon lafiya ya kamata ya hada da ba kawai bangaren ma'aikata ko wadata na tsarin kiwon lafiya ba har ma da yawan jama'a.
  • Dole ne a ga tsarin kiwon lafiya dangane da manufofin su, wanda ya haɗa da ba kawai inganta kiwon lafiya ba, har ma da daidaito, amsawa ga tsammanin da ya dace, girmama mutunci, da kuma samun kuɗi mai kyau, da sauransu.
  • Dole ne a bayyana tsarin kiwon lafiya dangane da ayyukansu, gami da samar da ayyuka kai tsaye, ko su ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya ne ko na jama'a, amma kuma "sauran ayyuka masu ba da damar, kamar kulawa, kudi, da samar da albarkatu, gami le abin da mai yiwuwa ya fi rikitarwa daga dukkan ƙalubale, ma'aikatan lafiya".[4]

Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya

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Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta bayyana tsarin kiwon lafiya kamar haka:

A health system consists of all organizations, people and actions whose primary intent is to promote, restore or maintain health. This includes efforts to influence determinants of health as well as more direct health-improving activities. A health system is, therefore, more than the pyramid of publicly owned facilities that deliver personal health services. It includes, for example, a mother caring for a sick child at home; private providers; behaviour change programmes; vector-control campaigns; health insurance organizations; occupational health and safety legislation. It includes inter-sectoral action by health staff, for example, encouraging the ministry of education to promote female education, a well-known determinant of better health.[5]

Tattalin Arziki

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Asibitin Jami'ar Norfolk da Norwich, asibitin Kula da Lafiya na Kasa a Ƙasar Ingila

Gabaɗaya akwai hanyoyi guda biyar na tsarin kiwon lafiya:

  1. haraji na gaba ɗaya ga jihar, gundumar ko karamar hukuma
  2. inshorar lafiya ta kasa
  3. inshorar kiwon lafiya ta son rai ko mai zaman kansaInshorar lafiya
  4. biyan kuɗi daga aljihu
  5. gudummawa ga kungiyoyin agajiAyyukan agaji
Misalai na kiwon lafiya
Duniya Ba na duniya ba
Mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya Mai biyan kuɗi da yawa Mai biyan kuɗi da yawa Babu inshora
Mai ba da sabis guda ɗaya Tsarin Beveridge, samfurin SemashkoMisali na Semashko
Masu ba da sabis da yawa Inshorar Lafiya ta Kasa Tsarin Bismarck Inshorar kiwon lafiya mai zaman kansa Rashin aljihu

Yawancin tsarin ƙasashe sun ƙunshi cakuɗen nau'ikan nau'ikan guda biyar. Ɗaya daga cikin binciken[1] dangane da bayanai daga OECD ya kammala cewa duk nau'ikan kuɗin kula da lafiya "sun dace da" ingantaccen tsarin kiwon lafiya. Har ila yau, binciken ya gano babu dangantaka tsakanin kudade da kula da farashi. Wani binciken da ya yi nazarin tsarin masu biyan kuɗi guda ɗaya da tsarin biyan kuɗi da yawa a cikin ƙasashen OECD ya gano cewa tsarin biyan kuɗi ɗaya yana da ƙarancin gadaje asibiti a cikin mutane 100,000 fiye da na tsarin biyan kuɗi da yawa. .[6]

kalmar inshorar kiwon lafiya ana amfani da ita gabaɗaya don bayyana nau'in inshorar da ke biyan kuɗin likita. Wani lokaci ana amfani da shi sosai don haɗa da inshora da ke rufe nakasa ko jinya na dogon lokaci ko bukatun kulawa. Ana iya bayar da ita ta tsarin inshorar zamantakewa, ko daga kamfanonin inshora masu zaman kansu. Ana iya samun shi bisa ga tsarin rukuni (misali, ta kamfani don rufe ma'aikatansa) ko kuma masu siye ɗaya suka saya. A kowane hali ƙima ko haraji suna kare masu inshora daga manyan kuɗaɗen kula da lafiya da ba zato ba tsammani.

Ta hanyar lissafin cikakken farashin kudaden kiwon lafiya, ya zama mai yiwuwa a gina tsarin kuɗi, wanda zai iya haɗawa da hanyoyin kamar firam na kowane wata ko haraji na shekara-shekara. Wannan yana tabbatar da wadatar kudade don rufe fa'idodin kiwon lafiya da aka tsara a cikin yarjejeniyar inshora. Yawanci, gudanar da waɗannan fa'idodi ana kula da su ta hanyar hukuma ta gwamnati, asusun kiwon lafiya mara riba, ko kamfani na kasuwanci.

Yawancin masu inshorar kiwon lafiya na kasuwanci suna sarrafa farashin su ta hanyar taƙaita fa'idodin da aka bayar, ta hanyoyin da za a cirewa, biyan kuɗi, inshorar haɗin gwiwa, keɓancewar manufofi, da ƙayyadaddun iyaka. Hakanan za su takaita ko ƙin ɗaukar yanayin da suka gabata. Yawancin tsarin gwamnati kuma suna da tsarin biyan haɗin gwiwa amma keɓancewa ba kasafai ba ne ko iyakance saboda matsin lamba na siyasa. Manyan tsarin inshora kuma na iya yin shawarwari tare da masu samarwa.

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Baya ga waɗannan hanyoyin samar da kudade na kiwon lafiya na gargajiya, wasu ƙasashe masu karamin kuɗi da abokan cin gaba suma suna aiwatar da hanyoyin samar da kuɗi marasa al'ada ko sababbin hanyoyin don haɓaka isar da dorewar kiwon lafiya, [7] kamar ƙananan gudummawa, Haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu, da harajin ma'amala na kuɗi na kasuwa. Misali, tun daga watan Yunin 2011, Unitaid ta tattara fiye da dala biliyan daya daga kasashe 29 membobin, gami da da yawa daga Afirka, ta hanyar harajin hadin kan tikitin iska don fadada damar samun kulawa da magani don HIV / AIDS, tarin fuka da zazzabin cizon sauro a kasashe 94.

Misalai na biyan kuɗi

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A mafi yawan ƙasashe, farashin albashi ga masu kiwon lafiya an kiyasta wakiltar tsakanin 65% da 80% na kuɗin tsarin kiwon lafiya mai sabuntawa.[8] Akwai hanyoyi uku don biyan likitoci: kuɗin sabis, capitation, da albashi. Akwai karuwar sha'awar haɗakar abubuwa na waɗannan tsarin.[9]

Kudin sabis

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Shirye-shiryen biyan kuɗi don sabis ɗin suna biyan likitoci (GPs) bisa ga sabis ɗin.[9] Har ma ana amfani da su sosai ga kwararru da ke aiki a cikin kulawa.[9]

Akwai hanyoyi guda biyu don saita matakan kuɗi: [9]

  • Daga kowane likita.
  • Tattaunawar tsakiya (kamar a Japan, Jamus, Kanada da Faransa) ko samfurin matasan (kamar Australia, sashen Faransa na 2, da New Zealand) inda GPs zasu iya cajin karin kudade a saman daidaitattun kudaden biyan bashin marasa lafiya.

A cikin tsarin biyan kuɗi, ana biyan GPs ga kowane mai haƙuri a cikin "jerin" su, yawanci tare da gyare-gyare don dalilai kamar shekaru da jinsi.[9] A cewar OECD (Kungiyar hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki da ci gaba), "an yi amfani da waɗannan tsarin a Italiya (tare da wasu kudade), a cikin ƙasashe huɗu na Ƙasar Ingila (tare da ƙarin kudade da alawus don takamaiman ayyuka), Austria (tare da kudade don takamaita ayyuka), Denmark (ɗaya bisa uku na kuɗin shiga tare da sauran kuɗin don sabis), Ireland (tun daga 1989), Netherlands (farin-don sabis ga marasa lafiya masu inshora masu zaman kansu da ma'aikatan gwamnati) da Sweden (daga 1994).[9]

A cewar OECD, "tsarin ƙididdiga na ba da damar masu ba da kuɗi don sarrafa duk matakan kashe kuɗin kiwon lafiya na farko, kuma rabon kudade tsakanin GPs yana ƙayyade ta hanyar rajistar marasa lafiya". Koyaya, a ƙarƙashin wannan tsarin, GPs na iya yin rajistar majinyata da yawa kuma su yi musu hidima, zaɓi mafi haɗari kuma su koma ga marasa lafiya waɗanda GP zai iya yi musu magani kai tsaye. 'Yancin zaɓin mabukaci akan likitoci, haɗe tare da ka'idar "kuɗin bin mara lafiya" na iya daidaita wasu haɗarin. Baya ga zaɓin, waɗannan matsalolin za su iya zama ƙasa da alama fiye da tsarin tsarin albashi.'

Shirye-shiryen albashi

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A kasashe da yawa na OECD, ana daukar ma'aikata gaba ɗaya (GPs) a kan albashi ga gwamnati.[9] A cewar OECD, "shirye-shiryen albashi yana bawa masu ba da kuɗi damar sarrafa farashin kulawa na farko kai tsaye; duk da haka, suna iya haifar da rashin samar da ayyuka (don sauƙaƙe aiki), turawa da yawa ga masu ba da sakandare da rashin kulawa ga abubuwan da marasa lafiya suka fi so. " [9] An yi motsi daga wannan tsarin.[9]

Kulawa mai mahimmanci

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A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, masu ba da sabis suna sauyawa daga tsarin biyan kuɗi don sabis zuwa tsarin biyan kuɗi na kulawa, inda ake biyan su don samar da darajar ga marasa lafiya. A cikin wannan tsarin, ana ba masu ba da gudummawa don rufe gibin kulawa da samar da kulawa mafi inganci ga marasa lafiya. [10]

Bayanai

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  Bayanin sauti yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen isar da tsarin kula da lafiya na zamani da ingantaccen tsarin kiwon lafiya. Bayanan kiwon lafiya - haɗin gwiwar kimiyyar bayanai, magani da kiwon lafiya - tana hulɗar albarkatu, na'urori, da hanyoyin da ake buƙata don haɓaka saye da amfani da bayanai a cikin lafiya da ƙwayoyin cuta. Abubuwan da ake buƙata don ƙididdige bayanan lafiya da gudanarwa sun haɗa da jagororin asibiti, ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun magani, da kwamfutoci da sauran bayanai da fasahar sadarwa. Nau'in bayanan lafiyar da aka sarrafa na iya haɗawa da bayanan likitan marasa lafiya, gudanarwar asibiti da ayyukan asibiti, da bayanan albarkatun ɗan adam[11]  

Amfani da bayanan kiwon lafiya ya kasance a tushen Manufofin da suka danganci shaida da kuma gudanar da shaida a cikin kiwon lafiya. Ana amfani da fasahar bayanai da sadarwa don inganta tsarin kiwon lafiya a kasashe masu tasowa ta hanyar: daidaita bayanan kiwon lafiya; binciken da aka yi da taimakon kwamfuta da kuma kula da magani; sanar da kungiyoyin jama'a game da kiwon lafiya da magani.[12]

Gudanarwa

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Gudanar da kowane tsarin kiwon lafiya yawanci ana jagorantar shi ta hanyar tsari da tsare-tsare da gwamnati, kasuwancin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da sauran kungiyoyi suka amince da su a fagage kamar bayarwa na kiwon lafiya da kudade, magunguna, albarkatun ɗan adam na kiwon lafiya, da lafiyar jama'a.

Kiwon lafiyar jama'a ya damu da barazana ga lafiyar al'umma gaba daya bisa nazarin lafiyar jama'a. Yawan al'ummar da ake magana a kai na iya zama ƙanƙanta kamar ƴan tsirarun mutane, ko kuma girman duk mazaunan nahiyoyi da dama (misali, a yanayin annoba). Kiwon lafiyar jama'a yawanci ya kasu kashi-kashi na annoba, kididdigar halittu da sabis na kiwon lafiya. Muhalli, zamantakewa, ɗabi'a, da lafiyar sana'a suma mahimman filayen ƙasa ne. 4

Yaro yana da rigakafi daga cutar shan innaPolio

A yau, yawancin gwamnatoci sun fahimci mahimmancin shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiyar jama'a wajen rage yawan cututtuka, nakasa, illar tsufa da rashin daidaiton lafiya, kodayake lafiyar jama'a gabaɗaya tana samun ƙarancin tallafin gwamnati idan aka kwatanta da magunguna. Misali, yawancin ƙasashe suna da manufar yin rigakafi, suna tallafawa shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiyar jama'a wajen samar da alluran rigakafi don haɓaka lafiya. Alurar riga kafi na son rai ne a wasu ƙasashe kuma wajibi ne a wasu ƙasashe. Wasu gwamnatoci suna biyan gaba ɗaya ko wani ɓangare na farashin alluran rigakafi a cikin jadawalin rigakafin ƙasa.

Fitowar cututtukan da yawa, waɗanda ke buƙatar kulawa da magani na dogon lokaci, suna sa manajojin kiwon lafiya da masu tsara manufofi da yawa su sake nazarin hanyoyin sadarwar kiwon lafiya. Wani muhimmin batun kiwon lafiya da ke fuskantar duniya a halin yanzu shine HIV / AIDS.[13] Wani babban damuwa game da lafiyar jama'a shine Ciwon sukari.[14] A shekara ta 2006, a cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, akalla mutane miliyan 171 a duk duniya suna fama da ciwon sukari. Abubuwan da ke faruwa suna ƙaruwa da sauri, kuma an kiyasta cewa nan da shekara ta 2030, wannan adadin zai ninka sau biyu. Wani bangare mai rikitarwa na lafiyar jama'a shine kula da shan taba, wanda ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji da sauran cututtukan da ba su da tsanani.[15]

Antibiotic resistance wani babban abin damuwa ne, wanda ke haifar da sake bullar cututtuka irin su tarin fuka. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, don yakin ranar Lafiya ta Duniya na 2011, ta yi kira da a kara himma a duniya don kare maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta da sauran magungunan kashe kwayoyin cuta ga tsararraki masu zuwa.

Ayyukan tsarin kiwon lafiya

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Rayuwa da kuma kashe kuɗin kiwon lafiya na kasashe masu arziki na OECD. Matsakaicin Amurka na $ 10,447 a cikin 2018.

Tun daga shekara ta 2000, an dauki karin matakai a matakin kasa da kasa da na kasa don karfafa tsarin kiwon lafiya na kasa a matsayin manyan abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin kiwon lafiyar duniya. Da yake da wannan iyaka a zuciya, yana da mahimmanci a sami bayyane, kuma ba a iyakance shi ba, hangen nesa na tsarin kiwon lafiya na kasa wanda zai iya haifar da ci gaba a cikin lafiyar duniya. Bayani da zaɓin alamun aiki hakika sun dogara ne sosai ga tsarin da aka karɓa don kimantawa aikin tsarin kiwon lafiya. Kamar yawancin tsarin zamantakewa, tsarin kiwon lafiya tsarin daidaitawa ne mai rikitarwa inda canji ba lallai ba ne ya bi tsarin gudanarwa mai tsauri.[16] A cikin tsarin tsarin da ya dogara da shi, ana ganin kaddarorin da ba na layi ba, wanda zai iya haifar da ci gaban jagororin da ba su dace ba don bunkasa tsarin kiwon lafiya mai amsawa. [17][18]

Tsarin inganci kayan aiki ne masu mahimmanci don fahimtar da inganta tsarin kiwon lafiya. Suna taimakawa wajen bayyana, ba da fifiko, da aiwatar da manufofi da ayyuka na tsarin kiwon lafiya. Daga cikin mahimman tsarin shine tsarin gine-ginen Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, wanda ke inganta ingancin kiwon lafiya ta hanyar mai da hankali kan abubuwa kamar kudi, ma'aikata, bayanai, samfuran kiwon lafiya, shugabanci, da isar da sabis. Wannan samfurin yana tasiri ga kimantawar kiwon lafiya ta duniya kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban mai nunawa da bincike.

Tsarin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta Lancet na 2018 ya gina a kan samfuran da suka gabata ta hanyar jaddada tushe na tsarin, matakai, da sakamako, wanda ke jagorantar ka'idodin inganci, juriya, daidaito, da kuma tsakiya na mutane. Wannan tsari mai zurfi yana magance ƙalubalen da ke tattare da yanayi masu rikitarwa da rikitarwa kuma yana da tasiri sosai a cikin binciken sabis na kiwon lafiya a ƙasashe masu tasowa.[19] Abu mai mahimmanci, abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan sun kuma nuna bukatar haɗa dorewar muhalli a cikin waɗannan tsarin, suna ba da shawarar haɗa shi azaman ƙa'idar jagora don haɓaka amsawar muhallar tsarin kiwon lafiya.[20]

Ana buga yawan kayan aiki da jagororin da hukumomin kasa da kasa da abokan ci gaba don taimakawa masu yanke shawara na tsarin kiwon lafiya don saka idanu da kimanta karfafa tsarin kiwon lafiyar gami da ci gaban albarkatun ɗan adam ta amfani da ma'anoni, alamomi da matakan. Dangane da jerin takardun da aka buga a cikin 2012 ta membobin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya kan Ci gaban Jagorancin Tsarin Lafiya, masu bincike daga ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiya ta gaba sun yi jayayya cewa babu isasshen mai da hankali kan 'rashin aiwatar da manufofi'. Sanin bambancin masu ruwa da tsaki da rikitarwa na tsarin kiwon lafiya yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da cewa ana gwada jagororin da suka danganci shaida tare da tawali'u kuma ba tare da bin ka'idojin da ke da iyakacin horo ba.[18][21] Ayyukan kiwon lafiya galibi suna aiwatar da Shirye-shiryen Inganta Inganci don shawo kan wannan gibin aiwatar da manufofi. Kodayake yawancin waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna ba da ingantaccen kiwon lafiya, yawancin sun kasa ci gaba. An halicci kayan aiki da tsarin da yawa don amsa wannan ƙalubalen da haɓaka tsawon rayuwa. Ɗaya daga cikin kayan aiki ya nuna bukatar waɗannan kayan aikin don amsawa ga abubuwan da mai amfani ya fi so da saituna don inganta tasiri.[22]

Manufofin Lafiya da Binciken Tsarin (HPSR) wani yanki ne mai tasowa wanda ke kalubalantar 'kama horo' ta hanyar al'adun bincike na kiwon lafiya, yana jayayya cewa waɗannan al'adun suna haifar da ma'anar da ba ta dace ba wanda ke hana maimakon inganta tsarin kiwon lafiya. HPSR yana mai da hankali kan ƙasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kuɗi kuma yana jawo hankali kan tsarin kimiyyar zamantakewa wanda ya fahimci cewa duk abubuwan da suka faru an gina su ne ta hanyar halayyar ɗan adam da fassarar. Ta hanyar amfani da wannan hanyar, HPSR tana ba da haske game da tsarin kiwon lafiya ta hanyar samar da fahimta mai rikitarwa game da mahallin don inganta koyon manufofin kiwon lafiya. HPSR ta yi kira ga mafi yawan shiga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na cikin gida, gami da masu tsara manufofi, jama'a da masu bincike, a cikin yanke shawara da aka yi game da tallafawa binciken manufofin kiwon lafiya da karfafa tsarin kiwon lafiya.

Kashi na yawan masu kiba ko masu kiba a cikin shekara ta 2010. Tushen bayanai: OECD's iLibrary, http://stats.oecd.org, wanda aka samo 2013-12 [23]
Kashi na yawan masu kiba a cikin shekara ta 2010. Tushen bayanai: OECD's iLibrary, http://stats.oecd.org, wanda aka samo 2013-12-13 [24]

Kasuwanci

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Ka faɗaɗa sigogi na OECD da ke ƙasa don ganin rushewa:

  • "Gwamnati / tilas": Kudin gwamnati da inshorar kiwon lafiya.
  • "Sakamako": Inshorar kiwon lafiya ta son rai da kudade masu zaman kansu kamar biyan kuɗi na gidaje, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.
  • Ana wakilta su da ginshiƙai da ke farawa daga sifili. Ba a tara su ba. An haɗa su 2 don samun jimlar.
  • A tushen za ku iya gudanar da cursor dinku a kan ginshiƙai don samun shekara da jimlar wannan ƙasar.
  • Danna teburin tebur a tushen don samun jerin 3 (ɗaya bayan wani) na adadin ta ƙasa: "Total", "Gwamnati / tilas", da "Jami'a".[25]
Kudin kiwon lafiya ta ƙasa. Kashi na GDP (Gross domestic product). Misali: 11.2% ga Kanada a 2022. 16.6% ga Amurka a cikin 2022.
Kudin kiwon lafiya ga kowane mutum. Kudin jama'a da masu zaman kansu. US dollar PPP. Misali: $ 6,319 ga Kanada a 2022. $ 12,555 ga Amurka a cikin 2022.

Kwatanta Duniya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Shafin da ke kwatanta kashe kuɗin kiwon lafiya na 2008 (hagu) da tsawon rayuwa (dama) a cikin ƙasashen OECD

Tsarin kiwon lafiya na iya bambanta sosai daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, kuma a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, an yi kwatanci a kan kasa da kasa. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, a cikin Rahoton Lafiya na Duniya na 2000, ta ba da matsayi na tsarin kiwon lafiya a duk duniya bisa ga ka'idojin matakin gaba ɗaya da rarraba kiwon lafiya cikin jama'a, da amsawa da kuma ingantaccen kudade na ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Manufofin tsarin kiwon lafiya, bisa ga Rahoton Lafiya na Duniya na WHO na 2000 - Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya: inganta aikin (WHO, 2000), lafiya ne mai kyau, amsawa ga tsammanin yawan jama'a, da kuma gudummawar kuɗi mai kyau. Akwai muhawara da yawa game da sakamakon wannan aikin WHO, kuma musamman bisa ga matsayi na ƙasar da ke da alaƙa da shi, gwargwadon yadda ya bayyana ya dogara da zaɓin alamun da aka riƙe.[26]

Kwatanta kai tsaye na kididdigar kiwon lafiya a duk faɗin ƙasashe suna da rikitarwa. Asusun Commonwealth, a cikin binciken shekara-shekara, "Mirror, Mirror on the Wall", ya kwatanta aikin tsarin kiwon lafiya a Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Jamus, Kanada da Amurka. Binciken da ya yi a shekara ta 2007 ya gano cewa, kodayake tsarin Amurka shine mafi tsada, yana ci gaba da yin aiki mara kyau idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashe.[27] Babban bambanci tsakanin Amurka da sauran ƙasashe a cikin binciken shine Amurka ita ce kawai ƙasa ba tare da Kula da lafiyar duniya ba. OECD kuma tana tattara ƙididdigar kwatankwacin, kuma ta buga taƙaitaccen bayanan ƙasashe.[28][29][30] Health Consumer Powerhouse yana kwatanta tsakanin tsarin kiwon lafiya na kasa a cikin Ƙididdigar masu amfani da kiwon lafiya na Yuro da takamaiman wuraren kiwon lafiya kamar ciwon sukari ko hepatitis.[31][32]

Kasar Rayuwa mai tsawo[33] Yawan Mutuwar jarirai Mutuwar da za a iya hanawa ga kowane mutum 100,000 a cikin 2007[34] Likitoci ga kowane mutum 1000 Nurses ga mutane 1000 Kudin da mutum ke kashewa akan kiwon lafiya (USD PPP) Kudin kiwon lafiya a matsayin kashi na GDP % na kudaden shiga na gwamnati da aka kashe akan kiwon lafiya % na kudin kiwon lafiya da gwamnati ta biya
Ostiraliya 83.0 4.49 57 2.8 10.1 3,353 8.5 17.7 67.5
Kanada 82.0 4.78 77[35] 2.2 9.0 3,844 10.0 16.7 70.2
Finland 79.5 2.6 2.7 15.5 3,008 8.4
Faransa 82.0 3.34 55 3.3 7.7 3,679 11.6 14.2 78.3
Jamus 81.0 3.48 76 3.5 10.5 3,724 10.4 17.6 76.4
Italiya 83.0 3.33 60 4.2 6.1 2,771 8.7 14.1 76.6
Japan 84.0 2.17 61 2.1 9.4 2,750 8.2 16.8 80.4
Norway 83.0 3.47 64 3.8 16.2 4,885 8.9 17.9 84.1
Spain 83.0 3.30 74 3.8 5.3 3,248 8.9 15.1 73.6
Sweden 82.0 2.73 61 3.6 10.8 3,432 8.9 13.6 81.4
Burtaniya 81.6 4.5 83 2.5 9.5 3,051 8.4 15.8 81.3
US 78.74 5.9 96 2.4 10.6 7,437 16.0 18.5 45.1

Likitoci da gadajen asibiti ga kowane mazauna 1000 vs Kudin Kula da Lafiya a cikin 2008 ga Kasashen OECD. Tushen bayanan shine OECD.org - OECD . [29][30] Tun daga shekara ta 2008, Amurka ta sami babban karkatarwa daga kashi 16% na GDP. A cikin shekara ta 2010, shekarar da aka kafa Dokar Kula da Lafiya, kashe kuɗin kiwon lafiya ya kai kusan kashi 17.2% na GDP na Amurka. A shekara ta 2019, kafin annobar, ta karu zuwa 17.7%. A lokacin annobar COVID-19, wannan kashi ya tsallake zuwa 18.8% a cikin 2020, galibi saboda karuwar farashin kiwon lafiya da raguwar tattalin arziki. Bayan annobar, kashe kuɗin kiwon lafiya dangane da GDP ya ragu zuwa 16.6% ta hanyar 2022.

Physicians per 1000 vs Health Care SpendingHospital beds per 1000 vs Health Care Spending

  1. ↑ White F (2015). "Primary health care and public health: foundations of universal health systems". Med Princ Pract. 24 (2): 103–116. doi:10.1159/000370197. PMC 5588212. PMID 25591411.
  2. 1 2 "Health care system". Liverpool-ha.org.uk. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
  3. ↑ Cook, R. I.; Render, M.; Woods, D. (2000). "Gaps in the continuity of care and progress on patient safety". BMJ. 320 (7237): 791–794. doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7237.791. PMC 1117777. PMID 10720370.
  4. 1 2 Frenk J (2010). "The global health system: strengthening national health systems as the next step for global progress". PLOS Med. 7 (1): e1000089. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000089. PMC 2797599. PMID 20069038.
  5. ↑ "Everybody's business. Strengthening health systems to improve health outcomes : WHO's framework for action" (PDF). WHO. 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  6. ↑ Bengali, Shawn M (April 13, 2021). "A COMPARISON OF HOSPITAL CAPACITIES BETWEEN SINGLE-PAYER AND MULTIPAYER HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS AMONG OECD NATIONS" (PDF). Retrieved 5 July 2024.
  7. ↑ Bloom, G; et al. (2008). "Markets, Information Asymmetry And Health Care: Towards New Social Contracts". Social Science and Medicine. 66 (10): 2076–2087. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.01.034. PMID 18316147. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  8. ↑ Kolehamainen-Aiken RL (1997). "Decentralization and human resources: implications and impact". Human Resources for Health Development. 2 (1): 1–14.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Elizabeth Docteur; Howard Oxley (2003). "Health-Care Systems: Lessons from the Reform Experience" (PDF). OECD. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2009.
  10. ↑ "What is Value-Based Care and How to Make the Transition - Measures Manager". Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
  11. ↑ "Records Management Code of Practice". NHS England. 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  12. ↑ Lucas, H (2008). "Information And Communications Technology For Future Health Systems In Developing Countries". Social Science and Medicine. 66 (10): 2122–2132. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.01.033. PMID 18343005. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  13. ↑ "European Union Public Health Information System – HIV/Aides page". Euphix.org. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
  14. ↑ "European Union Public Health Information System – Diabetes page". Euphix.org. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
  15. ↑ "European Union Public Health Information System – Smoking Behaviors page". Euphix.org. Archived from the original on 1 August 2011. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
  16. ↑ Wilson, Tim; Plsek, Paul E. (2001-09-29). "Complexity, leadership, and management in healthcare organisations". BMJ (in Turanci). 323 (7315): 746–749. doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7315.746. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1121291. PMID 11576986.
  17. ↑ Paina, Ligia; David Peters (5 August 2011). "Understanding pathways for scaling up health services through the lens of complex adaptive systems". Health Policy and Planning. 26 (5): 365–373. doi:10.1093/heapol/czr054. PMID 21821667. Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
  18. 1 2 Peters, David; Sara Bennet (2012). "Better Guidance Is Welcome, but without Blinders". PLOS Med. 9 (3): e1001188. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001188. PMC 3308928. PMID 22448148. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Peters 2012" defined multiple times with different content
  19. ↑ Kruk, Margaret E.; Gage, Anna D.; Arsenault, Catherine; Jordan, Keely; Leslie, Hannah H.; Roder-DeWan, Sanam; Adeyi, Olusoji; Barker, Pierre; Daelmans, Bernadette; Doubova, Svetlana V.; English, Mike; García-Elorrio, Ezequiel; Guanais, Frederico; Gureje, Oye; Hirschhorn, Lisa R. (2018). "High-quality health systems in the Sustainable Development Goals era: time for a revolution". The Lancet. Global Health. 6 (11): e1196–e1252. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30386-3. ISSN 2214-109X. PMC 7734391. PMID 30196093.
  20. ↑ Padget, Michael; Peters, Michael A.; Brunn, Matthias; Kringos, Dionne; Kruk, Margaret E. (2024-04-30). "Health systems and environmental sustainability: updating frameworks for a new era". BMJ (in Turanci). 385: e076957. doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-076957. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 38688557 Check |pmid= value (help). Archived from the original on 3 May 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  21. ↑ Hyder, A; et al. (2007). "Exploring health systems research and its influence on policy processes in low income countries". BMC Public Health. 7: 309. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-309. PMC 2213669. PMID 17974000.
  22. ↑ Lennox, Laura; Doyle, Cathal; Reed, Julie E.; Bell, Derek (1 September 2017). "What makes a sustainability tool valuable, practical and useful in real-world healthcare practice? A mixed-methods study on the development of the Long Term Success Tool in Northwest London". BMJ Open (in Turanci). 7 (9): e014417. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014417. ISSN 2044-6055. PMC 5623390. PMID 28947436.
  23. ↑ "OECD.StatExtracts, Health, Non-Medical Determinants of Health, Body weight, Overweight or obese population, self-reported and measured, Total population" (Online Statistics). stats.oecd.org. OECD's iLibrary. 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  24. ↑ "OECD.StatExtracts, Health, Non-Medical Determinants of Health, Body weight, Obese population, self-reported and measured, Total population" (Online Statistics). stats.oecd.org. OECD's iLibrary. 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  25. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named OECD-barcharts
  26. ↑ Navarro V (2000). "Assessment of the World Health Report 2000". Lancet. 356 (9241): 1598–601. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)03139-1. PMID 11075789. S2CID 18001992.
  27. ↑ "Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: An International Update on the Comparative Performance of American Health Care". The Commonwealth Fund. 15 May 2007. Archived from the original on 29 March 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
  28. ↑ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. "OECD Health Data 2008: How Does Canada Compare" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 May 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
  29. 1 2 "Updated statistics from a 2009 report". Oecd.org. Archived from the original on 5 March 2010. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
  30. 1 2 "OECD Health Data 2009 – Frequently Requested Data". Oecd.org. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
  31. ↑ "The Euro Consumer Diabetes Index 2008". Health Consumer Powerhouse. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  32. ↑ "Euro Hepatitis Care Index 2012". Health Consumer Powerhouse. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  33. ↑ "Life expectancy at birth, total (years) | Data". data.worldbank.org (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 2018-08-03.
  34. ↑ "Mortality amenable to health care" Nolte, Ellen (2011). "Variations in Amenable Mortality—Trends in 16 High-Income Nations". Health Policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands). Commonwealth Fund. 103 (1): 47–52. doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2011.08.002. PMID 21917350. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  35. ↑ data for 2003

    Nolte, Ellen (2008). "Measuring the Health of Nations: Updating an Earlier Analysis". Health Affairs. Commonwealth Fund. 27 (1): 58–71. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.27.1.58. PMID 18180480. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
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