Tsarin ma'auni
Tsarin ma'auni shine tsarin ma'aunin da ke daidaita saiti na raka'a na tushe da kuma nomenclature don bayyana adadi mai yawa da ƙananan adadi ta hanyar ƙaddamar da adadi mai mahimmanci. Kodayake ka'idojin da ke kula da tsarin ma'auni sun canza a tsawon lokaci, ma'anar zamani, Tsarin Ƙasashen Duniya (SI), ya bayyana ma'aunin ma'aikatar da raka'a bakwai: mita (m), kilogram (kg), na biyu (s), ampere (A), kelvin (K), mole (mol), da candela (cd). [1]
Wani SI da aka samo shi ne haɗin haɗin asali kamar su 2" href="./Hertz" id="mwMQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hertz">hertz (tsarin da aka yi a kowane dakika), Newton (kg⋅m / s2), da tesla (1 kg⋅s - 2⋅A - 1) kuma a cikin yanayin Celsius wani sikelin da aka canza daga Kelvin. An yarda da wasu raka'a a hukumance don amfani tare da SI. Wasu daga cikin wadannan suna decimalised, kamar lita da electronvolt, kuma ana daukar su "metric". Sauran, kamar na'urar astronomical ba haka ba ne. Tsohon da ba ma'auni ba amma SI-karɓa da sa'a na lokaci, minti daya awa, sune tushe 60 (sexagesimal). Hakazalika, matakin ma'auni na kusurwa da submultiples, arcminute, da arcsecond, suma sexagesimal ne kuma SI-an yarda da su.
Tsarin SI ya samo asali ne daga tsohuwar mita, kilogram, na biyu (MKS) tsarin raka'a, kodayake ma'anar raka'a ta samo asali ne a tsawon lokaci. A yau, duk sassan tushe an bayyana su ta hanyar jiki; ba ta hanyar misali ba a matsayin abubuwa na zahiri kamar yadda suke a baya.
Sauran bambance-bambance na tsarin ma'auni sun haɗa da tsarin centimetre-gram-second na raka'a, tsarin mita-ton-second-na raka'a. Kowane mutum yana da raka'a marasa alaƙa. Wasu daga cikin wadannan tsarin har yanzu ana amfani da su a cikin iyakantaccen mahallin.
Tallafawa
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An karɓi tsarin SI azaman tsarin ma'auni na hukuma na yawancin ƙasashe na duniya.
Babban abin lura shine Amurka (US). Ko da yake an yi amfani da su a wasu mahallin, Amurka ta ƙi amincewa da cikakken tallafi; ci gaba da amfani da "taron tsarin ma'auni na asali marasa daidaituwa".[2]
Maɗaukakiyar kari
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin tsarin SI kuma gabaɗaya a cikin tsofaffin tsarin awo, ana iya siffanta ɗimbin yawa da ɓangarorin raka'a ta hanyar prefix akan sunan naúrar da ke nuna ƙima (tushe-10), ma'auni mai yawa. Iyakar abin da aka keɓance shine don raka'o'in lokaci da aka yarda da SI (minti da sa'a) da kusurwa (digiri, arcminute, arcsecond) waɗanda, dangane da tsohuwar al'ada, suna amfani da masu haɓakan tushe-60.[3]
Kilo na prefix, alal misali, yana nuna adadin 1000 (103), kuma milli prefix yana nuna adadin 1/1000 (10-3). Don haka, kilo mita mita dubu ne, milligram kuma shine dubu daya na gram. Ana iya rubuta waɗannan alaƙa ta alama kamar:
1 km = 1000m
1 mg = 0.001 g
Halaye
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sauƙin koyo da amfani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An yi nufin tsarin awo don zama mai sauƙi don amfani kuma ana amfani da shi sosai, gami da raka'a dangane da duniyar halitta, ma'auni na ƙayyadaddun ƙididdiga, prefixes don masu yawa da ƙananan yawa, da tsarin tushe da raka'a da aka samo.
Tsari ne mai daidaituwa tare da raka'o'in da aka samo asali da aka gina daga raka'a ta tushe ta amfani da ma'ana maimakon alaƙa mai ma'ana kuma tare da ɗimbin yawa da ɗimbin raka'a bisa dalilai na ƙima kuma an gano su ta hanyar saitin prefixes gama-gari.
Ƙarfafawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsarin ma'auni yana da ƙarfi tunda hukumar gudanarwa ta sake dubawa, gyara da tsawaita buƙatun ta taso. Misali, katal, rukunin da aka samo don aikin motsa jiki wanda yayi daidai da mole guda a sakan daya (1 mol/s), an ƙara shi a cikin 1999.[4]
Ganewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Raka'a tushe da aka yi amfani da su a cikin tsarin ma'auni dole ne su zama abin ganewa. Don haka, ma’anar kowane rukunin tushe na SI yana tare da mis en pratique (aiki na zahiri) wanda ke bayyana aƙalla hanya ɗaya da za a iya auna naúrar.[5] Inda zai yiwu, an ƙirƙiro ma'anar sassan tushe ta yadda duk wani dakin gwaje-gwaje da aka sanye da kayan aikin da suka dace zai iya cimma ma'auni ba tare da dogaro da wani kayan tarihi na wata ƙasa ba. A aikace, irin wannan fahimtar ana yin su ne a ƙarƙashin tsarin yarda da juna.[6]
A shekara ta 1791 da farko hukumar ta ayyana mita bisa girman duniya, daidai da kashi miliyan goma na nisa daga equator zuwa Pole ta Arewa. A cikin SI, ana siffanta ma'aunin mitar yanzu a matsayin daidai 1⁄299792458 na nisan da haske ke tafiya a cikin daƙiƙa.[8][9] Ana iya gane mitar ta hanyar auna tsawon da igiyar haske ke tafiya a cikin wani lokaci, ko kuma daidai da auna tsawon hasken mitar da aka sani.[10][11][12]
Ra'ayoyin yau da kullun
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mahimman raka'a na tsarin awo koyaushe suna wakiltar yawa ko alaƙa a cikin yanayi; har ma da gyare-gyaren zamani na ma'ana da tsari. A cikin yanayin da ƙila ba za a buƙaci daidaiton dakin gwaje-gwaje ko samuwa ba, ko kuma inda kusantar ta yi kyau, ra'ayi na gama gari na iya isa.
Lokaci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Na biyu an ƙaddara shi da sauri daga lokacin jujjuyawar duniya. Ba kamar sauran raka'o'in ba, adadin lokaci ba adadi bane. Daƙiƙa shine 1/60 na minti daya, wanda shine 1/60 na awa daya, wato 1/24 na yini, don haka daƙiƙa ɗaya ne 1/86400 na yini.
Tsayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsawon ma'aunin yana kusa da 40000000 m (kokuma 40075014.2 m).[13] A gaskiya ma, Cibiyar Nazarin Faransanci ta yi amfani da girman duniyarmu a ainihin ma'anar mita.[14] Tsarin teburin cin abinci yawanci yana da tsayin mita 0.75.[15] Mutum mai tsayi sosai yana da kusan mita 2.[16]
ƙarfin zafi/sanyi (Temperature)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A kowace rana ana amfani da Celsius fiye da Kelvin, duk da haka bambancin zafin jiki na Kelvin ɗaya yayi daidai da digiri ɗaya Celsius kuma an bayyana shi da 1/100 na bambancin zafin jiki tsakanin daskarewa da wuraren tafasar ruwa a matakin teku. Zazzabi a Kelvin shine zafin jiki a Celsius da kusan 273. Zafin jikin ɗan adam yana kusan 37 ° C ko 310 K.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Juyin Juya Halin Faransa (1789-99) ya baiwa Faransa damar sake fasalin tsarinta da yawa na ma'auni daban-daban na gida. A cikin 1790, Charles Maurice de Taleyrand-Périgord ya ba da shawarar sabon tsarin da ya dogara da raka'a na halitta zuwa Majalisar Dokokin Faransa, da nufin karɓowar duniya. Tare da Burtaniya ba ta amsa bukatar ba da hadin kai wajen bunkasa tsarin, Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Faransa ta kafa hukumar aiwatar da wannan sabon tsari kadai, kuma a cikin 1799, an kaddamar da sabon tsarin a Faransa.[17]: 145-149
An ƙirƙiri tsarin ma'auni daban-daban, duk suna amfani da Mètre des Archives da Kilogram des Archives (ko zuriyarsu) azaman rukunin tushe, amma sun bambanta da ma'anar raka'o'in da aka samo daban-daban.
Karni na 19
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin 1832, Gauss ya yi amfani da na biyu na astronomical a matsayin naúrar tushe wajen ma'anar gravitation na duniya, kuma tare da milligram da millimeter, wannan ya zama tsarin farko na na'urorin inji. Ya nuna cewa ana iya ƙididdige ƙarfin magnet ɗin ta cikin waɗannan raka'o'in, ta hanyar auna jujjuyawar allurar maganadisu da gano adadin "Magnetic fluid" wanda ke haifar da hanzarin raka'a ɗaya idan aka shafa shi a kan ma'auni.[31][32]. Tsarin centimita–gram–na biyu na raka'a (CGS) shine tsarin awo na farko mai daidaitawa, wanda Maxwell da Thomson suka haɓaka a cikin 1860s kuma Maxwell da Thomson suka haɓaka. A cikin 1874, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ci gaban Kimiyya ta Biritaniya (BAAS) ta inganta wannan tsarin.[33] Halayen tsarin shine an bayyana yawa a g/cm3, ƙarfin da aka bayyana a cikin dynes da makamashin injina a cikin ergs. An bayyana makamashin thermal a cikin adadin kuzari, kalori ɗaya shine makamashin da ake buƙata don haɓaka zafin jiki na gram ɗaya na ruwa daga 15.5 ° C zuwa 16.5 ° C. Taron ya kuma gane nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan lantarki da na maganadisu - na'urorin lantarki da na'urorin lantarki.[34]
Karni na 20
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin 1901, Giovanni Giorgi ya nuna cewa ta hanyar ƙara na'urar lantarki a matsayin rukunin tushe na huɗu, ana iya warware matsaloli daban-daban a cikin tsarin lantarki. Tsarin mita-kilogram-na biyu-coulomb (MKSC) da mita-kilogram-na biyu-ampere (MKSA) sune misalan irin waɗannan tsarin.[38][21]
Tsarin mita-ton-na biyu na raka'a (MTS) ya dogara ne akan mita, tonne da na biyu - naúrar ƙarfi ita ce sthène kuma sashin matsa lamba shine pièze. An ƙirƙira shi a Faransa don amfanin masana'antu kuma daga 1933 zuwa 1955 ana amfani da shi duka a Faransa da Tarayyar Soviet.[39][40]
A halin yanxu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsarin Raka'a na Duniya shine tsarin awo na zamani. Ya dogara ne akan tsarin raka'a na mita-kilogram-na biyu-ampere (MKSA) tun farkon karni na 20.[20]. Hakanan ya haɗa da raka'o'in da aka samo madaidaici don yawan gama-gari kamar ƙarfi (watt) da rashin ƙarfi (lumen). An cire sassan lantarki daga tsarin kasa da kasa sannan ana amfani da su. Sauran raka'a kamar na makamashi (joule) an ƙirƙira su akan waɗanda suka fito daga tsohuwar tsarin CGS, amma an ƙima su zama daidai da raka'o'in MKSA. Ƙarin ƙarin raka'a guda biyu - kelvin, wanda yayi daidai da digiri Celsius don canji a cikin zafin jiki na thermodynamic amma an saita shi don 0 K ya zama sifili, da kuma candela, wanda yayi daidai da na'urar kyandir na duniya - an gabatar da su. Daga baya, an ƙara wani rukunin tushe, mole, raka'a na adadin abu daidai da adadin adadin Avogadro na ƙayyadaddun kwayoyin halitta, tare da wasu raka'o'in da aka samu.[43]
A yau, tsarin ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa ya ƙunshi raka'o'i na tushe guda 7 da raka'o'in da aka samu madaidaicin ƙididdigewa ciki har da 22 tare da sunaye na musamman. Sabuwar rukunin da aka samo na ƙarshe, katal for catalytic activary, an ƙara shi a cikin 1999. Duk rukunin tushe banda na biyu yanzu an ayyana su cikin ma'anar madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin physics ko lissafi, tare da hana waɗannan sassan ma'anar su waɗanda suka dogara da na biyun kansa. Sakamakon haka, gudun haske a yanzu ya zama daidaitaccen ma'auni, kuma yana bayyana mita a matsayin 1⁄299,792,458 na nisan da hasken ke tafiya a cikin dakika daya. An ayyana kilogram ta silinda na alloy na platinum-iridium har sai an karɓi sabon ma'anar dangane da ma'auni na zahiri a cikin 2019. Kamar yadda na 2022, an ƙaddamar da kewayon prefixes na decimal zuwa waɗanda na 1030 (quetta-) da 10−30 (quecto-).[44]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "The International System of Units (SI), 9th Edition" (PDF). Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-05-30.
- ↑ Gullberg, Jan (1997). "2.4 Decimal Position System". Mathematics from the Birth of Numbers. New York and London: W. W. Norton and Company. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-393-04002-9.
- ↑ "Non-SI units accepted for use with SI". Metric System. 26 July 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
- ↑ Dybkær, René (2002-03-01). "The Tortuous Road to the Adoption of katal for the Expression of Catalytic Activity by the General Conference on Weights and Measures". Clinical Chemistry. 48 (3): 586–590. doi:10.1093/clinchem/48.3.586. ISSN 0009-9147. PMID 11861460.
- ↑ "What is a mise en pratique?". BIPM. 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
- ↑ "OIML Mutual Acceptance Arrangement (MAA)". International Organization of Legal Metrology. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
- ↑ Alder, Ken (2002). The Measure of all Things—The Seven-Year-Odyssey That Transformed the World. London: Abacus. ISBN 978-0-349-11507-8.
- ↑ "17th General Conference on Weights and Measures (1983), Resolution 1". Retrieved 17 June 2023.
- ↑ "Mise en pratique for the definition of the metre in the SI". BIPM. 20 May 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
- ↑ "The Latest: Landmark Change to Kilogram Approved". AP News. Associated Press. 16 November 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
- ↑ "Mise en pratique for the definition of the kilogram in the SI". BIPM. 7 July 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
- ↑ Resnick, Brian (20 May 2019). "The new kilogram just debuted. It's a massive achievement". Vox. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
- ↑ Science, Tim Sharp 2017-09-15T15:47:00Z; Astronomy. "How Big Is Earth?". Space.com. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
- ↑ "Metre | measurement". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
- ↑ "Standard Table Sizes". Bassett Furniture. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
- ↑ "The Average Height of NBA Players – From Point Guards to Centers". The Hoops Geek. 9 December 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
- ↑ McGreevy, Thomas (1995). Cunningham, Peter (ed.). The Basis of Measurement: Volume 1—Historical Aspects. Chippenham: Picton Publishing. ISBN 978-0-948251-82-5.