Tsarin majalisa
 Tsarin majalisa | |
|---|---|
form of government (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | Tsarin siyasa |
tsarin majalisa, ko dimokuradiyya ta majalisa, wani nau'i ne na gwamnati inda shugaban gwamnati (babban zartarwa) ya sami halayensa na dimokuradiyar daga ikon su na ba da umurni ga goyon baya ("dogaro") na mafi yawan majalisa, wanda ake da alhakin su. Wannan shugaban gwamnati yawanci, amma ba koyaushe ba, ya bambanta da shugaban kasa na bikin. Wannan ya bambanta da tsarin shugaban kasa, wanda ke nuna shugaban kasa wanda ba shi da cikakken lissafi ga majalisa, kuma ba za a iya maye gurbinsa da kuri'un da suka fi yawa ba
Kasashen da ke da tsarin majalisa na iya zama mulkin mallaka na tsarin mulki, inda sarki shine shugaban kasa yayin da shugaban gwamnati kusan koyaushe memba ne na majalisa, ko Jamhuriyoyin majalisa, inda mafi yawan shugaban kasa shine shugaban kasa lokacin da shugaban gwamnati ya fito daga majalisa. A cikin 'yan kasashe, shugaban gwamnati shi ma shugaban kasa ne amma majalisar dokoki ce ke zabarsa. A cikin majalisun majalisa guda biyu, shugaban gwamnati gabaɗaya, ko da yake ba koyaushe ba, memba ne na ƙananan gida.
Dimokuradiyya ta majalisa ita ce babbar hanyar gwamnati a Tarayyar Turai, Oceania, da kuma ko'ina cikin tsohuwar Daular Burtaniya, tare da wasu masu amfani da suka warwatse a duk faɗin Afirka da Asiya. Irin wannan tsarin, wanda ake kira Gwamnatin manajan majalisa, gwamnatoci da yawa a Amurka suna amfani da shi.
majalisun dokoki ta farko ta samo asali ne daga Turai a Zamanin Tsakiya. Misali na farko na majalisa ana jayayya, musamman dangane da yadda aka bayyana kalmar.
Misali, Althing na Icelandic wanda ya kunshi fitattun mutane daga cikin masu mallakar ƙasa kyauta na gundumomi daban-daban na Commonwealth na Icelandico sun fara taruwa a kusa da shekara ta 930 (ya gudanar da kasuwancinsa ta baki, ba tare da rubuce-rubuce ba da izinin ainihin kwanan wata).
Rubutun farko da aka rubuta game da majalisa, musamman ma a ma'anar taron da ya bambanta da yawan mutanen da aka kira a gaban sarki shine 1188 Alfonso IX, Sarkin Leon (Spain) ya tara jihohi uku a cikin Cortes na León . [1] Kotun Catalonia sune majalisa ta farko a Turai da ta sami ikon zartar da dokoki, ban da al'ada. Misali na farko na gwamnatin majalisa ya bunkasa a cikin Netherlands da Belgium na yau a lokacin tawaye na Dutch (1581), lokacin da Amurka Janar na Netherlands ya karɓi ikon mallaka, majalisa da zartarwa daga sarki, Sarki Philip II na Spain. [ana buƙatar hujja]Babban ci gaba Masarautar Burtaniya, musamman a cikin 1707 zuwa 1800 da kuma zamani, Tsarin Majalisar Dokoki a Sweden tsakanin 1721 da 1772, kuma daga baya a Turai da sauran wurare a cikin ƙarni na 19 da 20, tare da fadada irin waɗannan cibiyoyin, da kuma bayan haka
Halaye
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsarin majalisa na iya zama ko dai bicameral, tare da majalisa biyu (ko gidaje) ko unicameral, tare da ɗakin majalisa guda ɗaya. Majalisar dokoki ta majalisa sau da yawa ta kunshi majalisar dattijai da aka zaba kai tsaye tare da ikon tantance gwamnatin zartarwa, da kuma majalisar dattijo wanda za'a iya nadawa ko zabar ta hanyar wata hanya daban daga majalisar dattijon.
Wani bita na meta-analysis na 2019 wanda ya dogara da koma baya 1,037 a cikin binciken 46 ya gano cewa tsarin shugaban kasa gabaɗaya yana nuna goyon bayan rage kudaden shiga, yayin da tsarin majalisa zai dogara da fadada kasafin kuɗi wanda ke da matsayi mafi girma na kashewa kafin zabe. [2]
Nau'o'in
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masana dimokuradiyya irin su Arend Lijphart sun bambanta nau'ikan dimokuradiyar majalisa guda biyu: tsarin Westminster da Consensus.
- ↑ "The Decreta of León of 1188 – The oldest documentary manifestation of the European parliamentary system". UNESCO Memory of the World. 2013. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
- ↑ Cazals, A.; Mandon, P. (2019). "Political Budget Cycles: Manipulation by Leaders versus Manipulation by Researchers? Evidence from a Meta-Regression Analysis". Journal of Economic Surveys. 33 (1): 274–308. doi:10.1111/joes.12263. S2CID 158322229.