Tsarin muhalli na masana'antar makamashi

Tsarin muhalli na masana'antar makamashi
environmental effects (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	environmental effects (en)
Facet of (en)	Energy industry

Amfanin duniya na makamashi na farko ta nau'in makamashi.

Amfanin makamashi ga kowane mutum a kowace ƙasa (2001). Jajayen launuka suna nuna karuwa, koren launuka suna raguwar amfani yayin 1990s.

Tasirin muhalli na masana'antar makamashi yana da mahimmanci, saboda makamashi da amfani da albarkatun ƙasa suna da alaƙar. Samar da, sufuri, ko cinye makamashi duk suna da tasirin muhalli. ’Yan Adam suna yin amfani da makamashi tsawon shekaru aru-aru. Da farko ya kasance tare da amfani da wuta don haske, zafi, dafa abinci da dai sauransu., kuma ana iya gano amfani da shi aƙalla shekaru miliyan 1.9. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan an sami ci gaba zuwa karuwar tallace-tallace na hanyoyin samar da makamashi daban-daban . Yarjejeniya ta kimiyya akan wasu manyan ayyukan ɗan adam waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ɗumamar duniya ana ɗaukar su ƙara haɓakar iskar gas, haifar da sakamako mai zafi, sauye-sauye na duniya zuwa farfajiyar ƙasa, irin su sare gandun daji, don tasirin dumamar yanayi, haɓaka haɓakar aerosols, galibi. don sakamako mai sanyaya.

Fasaha na ci gaba da sauri na iya samun yuwuwar samun canjin samar da makamashi, sarrafa ruwa da sharar gida, da samar da abinci zuwa ingantattun hanyoyin amfani da muhalli da Kuma makamashi ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin ilimin halittu na tsarin da muhallin masana'antu .

Batutuwa

Canjin yanayi

Matsakaicin kididdigar yanayin zafi a duniya daga ƙungiyoyin kimiyya daban-daban sun nuna ci gaba da girman ɗumamar yanayi .

Tasirin dumamar yanayi (wanda ake kira radiative tilasta ) na iskar gas na tsawon rai ya kusan ninka sau biyu a cikin shekaru 40, tare da carbon dioxide da methane sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da dumamar yanayi .

Yarjejeniyar kimiyya game da ɗumamar yanayi da sauyin yanayi shine cewa yana faruwa ne ta hanyar fitar da iskar iskar gas na ɗan adam, mafi yawan abin da ke fitowa daga kona albarkatun mai tare da sare gandun daji da kuma wasu ayyukan noma su ma sun kasance manyan masu ba da gudummawa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2013 ya nuna cewa kashi biyu bisa uku na gurɓacewar iskar gas da masana'antu ke fitarwa ya samo asali ne daga burbushin man fetur (da siminti) da kamfanoni casa'in ke samarwa a duniya (tsakanin shekarun 1751 da 2010, tare da fitar da rabi tun 1986).

Ko da yake akwai musantawa da yawa game da canjin yanayi, yawancin masana kimiyya da ke aiki a cikin ilimin yanayi sun yarda cewa yana faruwa ne saboda ayyukan ɗan adam. Rahoton na IPCC Canjin Yanayi na shekarata 2007: Canjin Yanayi da Tasirin Canjin Yanayi, Daidaitawa da Ragewa ya yi hasashen cewa sauyin yanayi zai haifar da ƙarancin abinci da ruwa da kuma ƙara haɗarin ambaliya da zai shafi biliyoyin mutane, musamman waɗanda ke fama da talauci.

Ana iya samun ma'auni ɗaya na alaƙar iskar gas da sauran kwatancen waje tsakanin hanyoyin samar da makamashi a cikin aikin ExternE na Cibiyar Paul Scherrer da Jami'ar Stuttgart wacce Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da tallafi. Bisa ga wannan binciken, wutar lantarki mai amfani da wutar lantarki yana samar da mafi ƙarancin hayaƙin CO2, iska tana samar da mafi ƙasƙanci na biyu, makamashin nukiliya yana samar da mafi ƙasƙanci na uku kuma hasken rana photovoltaic yana samar da mafi ƙasƙanci na huɗu.

Hakazalika, irin wannan binciken (ExternE, Externalities of Energy), da aka gudanar daga shekarar 1995 zuwa 2005, ya nuna cewa farashin samar da wutar lantarki daga kwal ko mai zai rubanya fiye da yadda yake a halin yanzu, kuma farashin wutar da ake samarwa daga iskar gas zai karu da kusan kashi 30%. idan farashin waje kamar lalacewa ga muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam, daga abubuwan da ke cikin iska, nitrogen oxides, chromium VI da iskar arsenic da waɗannan kafofin suka samar, an yi la'akari da su. An yi kiyasin a cikin binciken cewa wadannan farashin man fetur na waje, na kasa, sun kai kashi 1 – 2% na daukacin GDP na kungiyar EU, kuma wannan ya kasance kafin a hada kudin waje na dumamar yanayi daga wadannan hanyoyin. Har ila yau, binciken ya gano cewa farashin muhalli da lafiya na makamashin nukiliya, a kowace naúrar makamashin da aka bayar, ya kasance € 0.0019 / kWh, wanda aka gano ya kasance ƙasa da na yawancin hanyoyin da za a iya sabuntawa ciki har da abin da ya haifar da biomass da photovoltaic solar panels, kuma ya kasance. sau talatin kasa da kwal a €0.06/kWh, ko 6 cents/kWh, kuma tare da tushen makamashi na mafi ƙanƙanta muhalli da kiwon lafiya na waje da ke da alaƙa da kasancewar wutar lantarki a €0.0009/kWh.

Amfani da Biofuel

Biofuel an ayyana shi azaman mai ƙarfi, ruwa ko gaseous man fetur da aka samu daga ɗan kwanan nan mara rai ko kayan halitta mai rai kuma ya bambanta da burbushin mai, Duk waɗanda aka samo daga kayan halitta da suka mutu da dadewa. Ana amfani da tsire-tsire iri-iri da kayan da aka samo daga shuka don kera man fetur.

Bio-dizal

Yawan amfani da man dizal yana haifar da sauye-sauyen amfani da ƙasa gami da sare itatuwa .

Itacen wuta

Unsustainable firewood harvesting can lead to loss of biodiversity and erosion due to loss of forest cover. An example of this is a 40-year study done by the University of Leeds of African forests, which account for a third of the world's total tropical forest which demonstrates that Africa is a significant carbon sink. A climate change expert, Lee White states that "To get an idea of the value of the sink, the removal of nearly 5 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by intact tropical forests is at issue.

A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, nahiyar Afirka na asarar gandun daji sau biyu fiye da sauran kasashen duniya. "A kuma wani lokaci, Afirka tana alfahari da gandun daji mai fadin murabba'in kilomita miliyan bakwai amma kashi uku na wannan an yi hasarar, yawancinsa ga gawayi ."

Amfanin mai

Kasusuwan kasusuwa na duniya da nau'in mai, 1800-2007 AD.

Nau'o'in burbushin mai guda uku sune gawayi, man fetur da iskar gas . Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta yi kiyasin cewa a shekarar 2006 tushen makamashi na farko ya kunshi man fetur 36.8%, kwal 26.6%, iskar gas 22.9%, wanda ya kai kashi 86% na albarkatun mai a samar da makamashi na farko a duniya.

A shekara ta 2013 konewar albarkatun mai ya samar da kusan tan biliyan 32 ( gigaton 32) na carbon dioxide da ƙarin gurɓataccen iska . Wannan ya haifar da mummunan waje na dala tiriliyan 4.9 saboda dumamar yanayi da matsalolin lafiya (> 150 $/ton carbon dioxide). Carbon dioxide daya ne daga cikin iskar gas da ke kara kuzari da kuma taimakawa wajen dumamar yanayi, yana haifar da matsakaitan zafin jiki na saman duniya ya tashi a matsayin martani, Kuma duk wanda masana kimiyyar yanayi suka yarda zai haifar da mummunar illa .

Kwal

Tasirin muhalli na hakar ma'adinan kwal da ƙonawa ya bambanta. Dokokin da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar a shekarar 1990 sun bukaci Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta fitar da wani shiri na kawar da gurbacewar iska daga masana'antar sarrafa kwal. Bayan jinkiri da shari'a, EPA yanzu tana da wa'adin da kotu ta kayyade na ranar 16 ga Maris, a shekarata 2011, don fitar da rahotonta.

Man fetur

A bakin teku bayan malalar mai .

Tasirin muhalli na man fetur sau da yawa mara kyau ne saboda yana da guba ga kusan kowane nau'in rayuwa. Yiwuwar canjin yanayi ya wanzu. Kuma Man fetur, wanda aka fi sani da man fetur, yana da alaƙa ta kut-da-kut da kusan dukkanin al'amuran al'ummar yanzu, musamman na sufuri da dumama gidaje da kuma harkokin kasuwanci.

Gas

Ana bayyana iskar gas sau da yawa a matsayin mafi tsaftataccen mai, wanda ke samar da ƙarancin carbon dioxide a kowace joule da ake bayarwa fiye da ko dai gawayi ko mai, da ƙarancin ƙazanta masu ƙazanta fiye da sauran albarkatun mai. Koyaya, a cikin cikakkiyar ma'auni, yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga hayaƙin carbon a duniya, kuma ana hasashen wannan gudummawar za ta yi girma. Bisa ga rahoton kimantawa na huɗu na IPCC, a cikin 2004 iskar gas ta samar da kusan 5,300 Mt / yr CO ₂ hayaki, yayin da kwal da mai suka samar da 10,600 da 10,200 bi da bi (Hoto 4.4); amma nan da shekarar 2030, bisa ga wani sabon salo na yanayin fitar da hayaki na SRES B2, iskar gas zai zama tushen 11,000 Mt/yr, tare da kwal da mai yanzu 8,400 da 17,200 bi da bi. (An kiyasta jimlar fitar da hayaƙin duniya na shekarata 2004 sama da 27,200 Mt. )

Bugu da kari, iskar gas ita kanta iskar gas ce da ke da karfi fiye da carbon dioxide idan aka fito da ita cikin sararin samaniya amma ana fitar da shi da kadan. Tasirin muhalli na iskar gas shima ya bambanta sosai akan hanyoyin hako su, iskar gas da yawa sakamakon hakar mai mai gurbatar yanayi ne kuma sabbin fasahohin fasahohin na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa sun sanya ajiyar iskar gas wanda a baya ba a iya tuhumar su, to amma tare da sauran munanan muhalli da lafiya. yana tasiri da hakar iskar gas na gargajiya .

Samar da wutar lantarki

Tasirin muhalli na samar da wutar lantarki yana da matukar muhimmanci saboda al'ummar zamani na amfani da wutar lantarki da yawa. Kuma Ana samar da wannan wutar ne a masana'antar wutar lantarki waɗanda ke canza wani nau'in makamashi zuwa wutar lantarki. Kowane irin wannan tsarin yana da fa'ida da rashin amfani, amma yawancin su suna haifar da matsalolin muhalli.

Tafkunan ruwa

Tasirin muhalli na tafkunan tafkunan tana zuwa a koyaushe ana ci gaba da bincike yayin da duniya ke ƙaruwa da buƙatar ruwa da makamashi da adadin da girman tafki. Sannan kuma Za a iya amfani da madatsun ruwa da tafkunan don samar da ruwan sha, samar da wutar lantarki, ƙara yawan ruwan sha don ban ruwa, samar da damammaki na nishaɗi da kuma kula da ambaliyar ruwa. Koyaya, an gano munanan tasirin muhalli da ilimin zamantakewa yayin da bayan ginin tafki da yawa. Ko ayyukan tafki na da fa'ida ko lahani - ga mahalli da kewayen jama'a - an yi ta muhawara tun a shekarun 1960 kuma mai yiwuwa tun kafin hakan. A cikin shekarar 1960 gina Llyn Celyn da ambaliya na Capel Celyn sun haifar da hazo na siyasa wanda ke ci gaba har yau. Kwanan nan, gina madatsar ruwa ta Gorges guda uku da sauran ayyuka makamantan su a duk fadin Asiya, Afirka da Latin Amurka sun haifar da muhawara mai yawa game da muhalli da siyasa.

Makaman nukiliya

Ayyukan makamashin nukiliya da suka shafi muhalli; hakar ma'adinai, wadata, tsarawa da zubar da ƙasa.

Tasirin muhalli na makamashin nukiliya yana haifar da sake zagayowar makamashin nukiliya, aiki, da kuma tasirin haɗarin nukiliya .

Hatsarin kiwon lafiya na yau da kullun da hayaƙin iskar gas daga ƙarfin fission na nukiliya sun yi ƙanƙanta fiye da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da kwal, mai da iskar gas. Sannan Koyaya, akwai yuwuwar "mummunan haɗari" idan abun ciki ya gaza, wanda a cikin injinan nukiliya za a iya haifar da shi ta hanyar narkewar mai mai zafi fiye da kima da fitar da samfuran fission masu yawa a cikin muhalli. Sharar gida mafi dadewa da suka hada da makamashin nukiliya da aka kashe, dole ne a ƙunshe su kuma a keɓe su daga mutane da muhalli na dubban ɗaruruwan shekaru. Jama'a suna kula da waɗannan haɗarin kuma an sami babban adawar jama'a game da ikon nukiliya . Sannan Kuma Duk da wannan yuwuwar afkuwar bala'i, gurɓataccen mai da ke da alaƙa da mai na yau da kullun yana da illa sosai fiye da kowane bala'in nukiliya da ya gabata.

Hatsarin tsibirin Mile Uku na shekarata 1979 da bala'in Chernobyl na shekarar 1986, tare da tsadar gine-gine, ya kawo ƙarshen saurin haɓaka ƙarfin ikon nukiliya na duniya. Wani ƙarin mummunan sakin kayan aikin rediyo ya biyo bayan tsunami na Japan na shekarar 2011 wanda ya lalata tashar makamashin nukiliya ta Fukushima I, wanda ya haifar da fashewar iskar hydrogen da fashewar wani yanki da aka lasafta a matsayin matakin mataki na 7 . Yawaitar sakin aikin rediyo ya haifar da korar mutane daga 20 yankin keɓe kilomita da aka kafa a kusa da tashar wutar lantarki, mai kama da 30 km radius Chernobyl Exclusion Zone har yanzu yana aiki.

Ikon iska

Dabbobi suna kiwo kusa da injin turbin iska.

Tasirin muhalli na wutar lantarki idan aka kwatanta da tasirin muhalli na burbushin mai, yana da ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi. Bisa ga IPCC, a cikin kima na rayuwa-zagayowar duniya dumamar yanayi m makamashi kafofin, iska turbines da matsakaici darajar tsakanin 12 da kuma 11 ( g CO eq / kWh ) dangane, bi da bi, a kan idan a cikin teku ko kan teku turbines ana kasancewa. kimanta. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙananan hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki, injin turbin iska suna da mafi ƙarancin yuwuwar dumamar yanayi a kowace naúrar makamashin lantarki da aka samar.

Yayin da tashar iska na iya rufe babban yanki na ƙasa, yawancin amfani da ƙasa kamar aikin noma sun dace da shi, Kuma saboda ƙananan wuraren tushe na turbine da kayayyakin more rayuwa ba su da amfani.

Akwai rahotannin mace-macen tsuntsaye da jemagu a injin injina kamar yadda ake samu a kusa da wasu gine-gine na wucin gadi. Ma'auni na tasirin muhalli yana iya ko ba zai zama mai mahimmanci ba, Kuma ya danganta da takamaiman yanayi. Rigakafi da rage yawan asarar namun daji, da kuma kariya ga peat bogs, yana shafar wurin zama da aiki na injin injin iska.

Akwai rahotannin anecdotal na mummunan tasirin lafiya daga hayaniya akan mutanen da ke zaune kusa da injin turbin iska. Binciken da aka yi bita na tsara gabaɗaya bai goyi bayan waɗannan da'awar ba.

Abubuwan kyawawa na injin turbin iska da sakamakon canje-canje na yanayin gani suna da mahimmanci. Rikice-rikice na tasowa musamman a yanayi na ban mamaki da kariyar gado.

Ragewa

Kiyaye makamashi

Kiyaye makamashi yana nufin ƙoƙarin da aka yi don rage yawan amfani da makamashi. Ana iya samun adana makamashi ta hanyar ƙara ingantaccen amfani da makamashi, tare da kuma rage yawan amfani da makamashi da/ko rage amfani daga tushen makamashi na al'ada.

Kiyaye makamashi na iya haifar da ƙara yawan kuɗin kuɗi, ingancin muhalli, tsaron ƙasa, tsaro na sirri, da ta'aziyyar ɗan adam . Mutane da kungiyoyi waɗanda ke amfani da makamashi kai tsaye sun zaɓi adana makamashi don rage farashin makamashi da haɓaka tsaro na tattalin arziki . Duk da Masu amfani da masana'antu da na kasuwanci na iya ƙara ƙarfin amfani da makamashi don haɓaka riba .

Hakanan za'a iya rage yawan amfani da makamashin duniya ta hanyar magance karuwar yawan mutane, kuma ta hanyar amfani da matakan da ba na tilastawa ba kamar samar da ayyukan tsara iyali da kuma karfafa (ilmantarwa) mata a kasashe masu tasowa.

Manufar makamashi

Manufar makamashi ita ce hanyar da wani abu da aka ba (sau da yawa na gwamnati) ya yanke shawarar magance matsalolin ci gaban makamashi ciki har da samar da makamashi, rarrabawa da amfani . Kuma Halayen manufofin makamashi na iya haɗawa da dokoki, yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, abubuwan ƙarfafawa ga saka hannun jari, jagororin kiyaye makamashi, haraji da sauran dabarun manufofin jama'a.

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

• Shirin Raya Majalisar Dinkin Duniya - Muhalli da Makamashi don Ci gaba mai dorewa
• Tattaunawa game da farashin muhalli na samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa - Tasirin muhalli na fasahar makamashi mai sabuntawa