Tsarin mulki
 Tsarin mulki | |
|---|---|
social science concept (en)  , type of process (en) da type of regulation and control (en) | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
process (en) da legal act (en) |
| Bangare na | siyasa |
| Fuskar |
control (en) |
| Has characteristic (en) |
type of regulation and control (en) |
| Uses (en) |
rule (en) da control (en) |
| WordLift URL (en) | http://data.thenextweb.com/tnw/entity/regulation |
| Hannun riga da |
deregulation (en) |
Tsarin mulki shine gudanar da tsarin rikitarwa bisa ga ka'idoji da abubuwan da ke faruwa. A cikin ka'idar tsarin, waɗannan nau'ikan dokoki suna cikin fannoni daban-daban na ilmin halitta da al'umma, amma kalmar tana da ma'anoni daban-ара dangane da mahallin. Misali:
Hanyoyi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Gudanarwa a cikin zamantakewa, siyasa, tunanin mutum, da kuma tattalin arziki yankuna na iya ɗaukar nau'o'i da yawa: ƙuntatawa na doka da hukuma ta gwamnati ta gabatar, wajibai na kwangila (alal misali, kwangila tsakanin masu inshora da masu inshora ), sarrafa kai a cikin ilimin halayyar mutum, Tsarin zamantakewa (misali ka'idoji), hadin gwiwa, tsarin ɓangare na uku, takaddun shari'a, izini ko tsarin kasuwa.
Tsarin da aka ba da umarni na Jiha shine shigar gwamnati a cikin kasuwar masu zaman kansu a cikin ƙoƙari na aiwatar da manufofi da samar da sakamako wanda bazai faru ba, daga kariya ga mabukaci zuwa saurin ci gaba ko ci gaban fasaha.
Dokokin na iya ba da umarni ko hana halayyar ("tsarin umarni da sarrafawa"), daidaita abubuwan da ke motsawa ("tsarin karfafawa"), ko canza abubuwan da aka fi so ("tsarin da aka fi son tsara"). Misalai na yau da kullun na ka'idoji sun haɗa da iyakoki kan gurɓata muhalli, dokoki game da aiki yara ko wasu ka'idojin aiki, dokokin mafi ƙarancin albashi, ka'idojojin da ke buƙatar lakabin gaskiya na sinadaran a cikin abinci da magunguna, da ka'idocin aminci na abinci da magungunan da ke kafa mafi ƙaranci na gwaji da inganci ga abin da za'a iya siyarwa, da kuma ka'idowar yanki da amincewa da ci gaba. Abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba sune sarrafawa akan shigar kasuwa, ko tsarin farashi.
Ɗaya daga cikin tambaya mai mahimmanci a cikin tsari shine ko mai kula ko gwamnati yana da isasshen bayani don yin ƙa'idar da ta gabata ta fi dacewa da alhakin da ta gabata don lahani da kuma ko ƙa'idar masana'antu na iya zama mafi kyau.[1][2][3] Ana nazarin tattalin arziki tilasta ko cire ka'idojin da suka shafi kasuwanni a cikin nazarin shari'a, doka da tattalin arziki, kimiyyar siyasa, kimiyyyar muhalli, tattalin arzikin lafiya, da tattalin arzikin tsari.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Gudanar da kasuwanci ya kasance a farkon wayewar Masar, Indiya, Girka, da Romawa. Matsakaicin ma'auni da ma'aunin sun kasance har zuwa wani lokaci a duniyar d ̄ a, kuma zinariya na iya aiki har zuwa wani mataki a matsayin kudin duniya. A kasar Sin, akwai tsarin kudin kasa kuma an kirkiro kudin takarda. Dokar da ta dace ta wanzu a Tsohon Roma. A Farkon Zamanin Tsakiya na Turai, doka da daidaitawa sun ƙi tare da Daular Roma, amma ka'idoji sun wanzu ta hanyar ka'idojin, al'adu, da gata; wannan ka'idocin ya sami taimako daga asalin Kirista da kuma girmamawa game da kwangila.:5
Za'a iya gano tsarin masana'antu na zamani zuwa Dokar Dokar Dokar Jirgin ƙasa ta 1844 a Ƙasar Ingila, da kuma ayyukan da suka biyo baya. Da farko a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da 20, yawancin ka'idoji a Amurka an gudanar da su kuma hukumomin da ke da iko waɗanda suka samar da nasu <a href="./Dokar_Gudanarwa" rel="mw:WikiLink" data-linkid="272" data-cx="{&quot;adapted&quot;:true,&quot;sourceTitle&quot;:{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Administrative law&quot;,&quot;description&quot;:&quot;Branch of law governing administrative agencies&quot;,&quot;pageprops&quot;:{&quot;wikibase_item&quot;:&quot;Q171251&quot;},&quot;pagelanguage&quot;:&quot;en&quot;},&quot;targetTitle&quot;:{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Dokar Gudanarwa&quot;,&quot;thumbnail&quot;:{&quot;source&quot;:&quot;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Montesquieu_1.png/120px-Montesquieu_1.png&quot;,&quot;width&quot;:80,&quot;height&quot;:98},&quot;pageprops&quot;:{&quot;wikibase_item&quot;:&quot;Q171251&quot;},&quot;pagelanguage&quot;:&quot;ha&quot;},&quot;targetFrom&quot;:&quot;link&quot;}">Dokar gudanarwa</a> da hanyoyin da ke ƙarƙashin ikon dokoki. 'Yan majalisa sun kirkiro wadannan hukumomi don buƙatar masana a cikin masana'antar su mai da hankali kan batun. A matakin tarayya, daya daga cikin cibiyoyin farko shine Hukumar Kasuwanci ta Interstate wacce ta samo asali ne daga kwamitocin da hukumomin da suka gabata. Daga baya hukumomi sun hada da <a href="./Federal_Trade_Commission" rel="mw:WikiLink" data-linkid="277" data-cx="{&quot;adapted&quot;:false,&quot;sourceTitle&quot;:{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Federal Trade Commission&quot;,&quot;thumbnail&quot;:{&quot;source&quot;:&quot;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Seal_of_the_United_States_Federal_Trade_Commission.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Federal_Trade_Commission.svg.png&quot;,&quot;width&quot;:80,&quot;height&quot;:80},&quot;description&quot;:&quot;United States government agency&quot;,&quot;pageprops&quot;:{&quot;wikibase_item&quot;:&quot;Q786713&quot;},&quot;pagelanguage&quot;:&quot;en&quot;},&quot;targetFrom&quot;:&quot;source&quot;}">Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya</a>, <a href="./Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" rel="mw:WikiLink" data-linkid="278" data-cx="{&quot;adapted&quot;:false,&quot;sourceTitle&quot;:{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;United States Securities and Exchange Commission&quot;,&quot;thumbnail&quot;:{&quot;source&quot;:&quot;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Seal_of_the_United_States_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission.svg.png&quot;,&quot;width&quot;:80,&quot;height&quot;:80},&quot;description&quot;:&quot;Government agency overseeing stock exchanges&quot;,&quot;pageprops&quot;:{&quot;wikibase_item&quot;:&quot;Q953944&quot;},&quot;pagelanguage&quot;:&quot;en&quot;},&quot;targetFrom&quot;:&quot;source&quot;}">Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar</a>, Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama, da sauran cibiyoyi daban-daban. Wadannan cibiyoyin sun bambanta daga masana'antu zuwa masana'antu da kuma matakin tarayya da na jihar. Kowane hukuma ba lallai bane su sami cikakkun hanyoyin rayuwa ko alamu na halayyarsu, kuma jagorancin su da ma'aikatan su da kuma dokar halitta da ta kirkiro hukumar suna rinjayar su sosai. A cikin shekarun 1930, 'yan majalisa sun yi imanin cewa kasuwancin da ba a tsara shi ba sau da yawa yakan haifar da rashin adalci da rashin inganci; a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, damuwa ta sauya zuwa kamawa, wanda ya haifar da cikakkun dokoki da suka kirkiro <a href="./United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" rel="mw:WikiLink" data-linkid="286" data-cx="{&quot;adapted&quot;:false,&quot;sourceTitle&quot;:{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;United States Environmental Protection Agency&quot;,&quot;thumbnail&quot;:{&quot;source&quot;:&quot;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seal_of_the_United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency.svg.png&quot;,&quot;width&quot;:80,&quot;height&quot;:80},&quot;description&quot;:&quot;U.S. federal government agency&quot;,&quot;pageprops&quot;:{&quot;wikibase_item&quot;:&quot;Q460173&quot;},&quot;pagelanguage&quot;:&quot;en&quot;},&quot;targetFrom&quot;:&quot;source&quot;}">Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka</a> da Hukumar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Aiki.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Sim, Michael (2018). "Limited Liability and the Known Unknown". Duke Law Journal. 68: 275–332. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3121519. ISSN 1556-5068. S2CID 44186028 – via SSRN.
- ↑ Schwarcz, Steven L. (2011). "Keynote & Chapman Dialogue Address: Ex Ante Versus Ex Post Approaches to Financial Regulation". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1748007. ISSN 1556-5068. S2CID 154354509.
- ↑ Shavell, Steven (October 1983). "Liability for Harm Versus Regulation of Safety". doi:10.3386/w1218.