Tsarin rayuwar sakin software

software release life cycle
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	course of life (en)
Bangare na	product lifecycle management (en) da software development (en)
Product or material produced (en)	software

 Tsarin rayuwar sakin software shine tsari na haɓaka, gwaji, da rarraba samfurin software (misali, tsarin aiki). Yawanci ya kunshi matakai da yawa, kamar pre-alpha, alpha, beta, da kuma dan takarar saki, kafin a saki sigar karshe, ko "zinariya", ga jama'a.

Misali na tsarin rayuwar sakin software na asali

Pre-alpha yana nufin farkon matakan ci gaba, lokacin da ake tsara software kuma ana gina shi. Gwajin Alpha shine matakin farko na gwaji na al'ada, lokacin da ake gwada software a ciki ta amfani da dabarun fararen akwatin. Gwajin Beta shine mataki na gaba, inda babban rukuni na masu amfani ke gwada software, yawanci a waje da kungiyar da ta haɓaka shi. Sashe na beta yana mai da hankali kan rage tasirin ga masu amfani kuma yana iya haɗawa da gwajin amfani.

Bayan gwajin beta, software na iya wucewa ta hanyar fitowar matakai ɗaya ko fiye, inda aka inganta shi kuma aka gwada shi, kafin a saki sigar ƙarshe.

Wasu software, musamman a cikin masana'antun intanet da fasaha, an sake su a cikin yanayin beta na dindindin, ma'ana ana ci gaba da sabuntawa da inganta shi, kuma ba a taɓa ɗaukarsa a matsayin cikakkiyar samfurin ba. Wannan tsarin yana ba da damar tsarin ci gaba mai sauri kuma yana ba da dama ga software don a saki kuma masu amfani su yi amfani da shi a farkon tsarin ci gaba.

Matakan ci gaba

Pre-alpha refers to all activities performed during the software project before formal testing. These activities can include requirements analysis, software design, software development, and unit testing. In typical open source development, there are several types of pre-alpha versions. Milestone versions include specific sets of functions and are released as soon as the feature is complete.

Alfa

Sashe na haruffa na sake zagayowar rayuwa shine matakin farko na Gwajin software (alpha shine harafin farko na haruffan Helenanci, wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman lambar 1). A wannan matakin, masu haɓakawa gabaɗaya suna gwada software ta amfani da dabarun fararen akwatin. Ana yin ƙarin tabbatarwa ta amfani da dabarun baki ko launin toka, ta wata ƙungiyar gwaji. Motsawa zuwa gwajin akwati a cikin kungiyar an san shi da sakin alpha.

Mai haɓakawa ba ya gwada software na Alpha sosai kafin a saki shi ga abokan ciniki. Alpha software na iya ƙunsar manyan kurakurai, kuma duk wani rashin daidaituwa na iya haifar da hadari ko asarar bayanai. Alpha software bazai ƙunshi duk fasalulluka da aka shirya don sigar ƙarshe ba. Gabaɗaya, wadatar waje na software na alpha ba ta da yawa ga software mai mallaka, yayin da software mai budewa sau da yawa yana da nau'ikan alpha na jama'a. Lokaci na alpha yawanci yana ƙare tare da daskarewa na fasalin, yana nuna cewa ba za a kara wasu fasalulluka ga software ba. A wannan lokacin, an ce software ɗin ya cika. Ana gudanar da gwajin beta bayan gwajin karɓa a shafin mai ba da sabis (gwajin alpha) kuma nan da nan kafin a saki software a matsayin samfurin.

Cikakken fasalin

Cikakken fasalin (FC) na wani software yana da duk abubuwan da aka tsara ko fasalulluka na farko da aka aiwatar amma har yanzu ba su da ƙarshe saboda kwari, aiki ko matsalolin kwanciyar hankali. Wannan yana faruwa a ƙarshen gwajin alpha a ci gaba.

Yawancin lokaci, cikakken software har yanzu yana buƙatar fuskantar Gwajin beta da gyaran kwari, da kuma aiki ko ingantaccen kwanciyar hankali kafin ya iya zuwa sakin dan takara, kuma a ƙarshe matsayi na zinariya.

Beta

Beta, named after the second letter of the Greek alphabet, is the software development phase following alpha. A beta phase generally begins when the software is feature-complete but likely to contain several known or unknown bugs. Software in the beta phase will generally have many more bugs in it than completed software and speed or performance issues, and may still cause crashes or data loss. The focus of beta testing is reducing impacts on users, often incorporating usability testing. The process of delivering a beta version to the users is called beta release and is typically the first time that the software is available outside of the organization that developed it. Software beta releases can be either open or closed, depending on whether they are openly available or only available to a limited audience. Beta version software is often useful for demonstrations and previews within an organization and to prospective customers. Some developers refer to this stage as a preview, preview release, prototype, technical preview or technology preview (TP), or early access.

Masu gwajin Beta mutane ne waɗanda ke ba da rahoton batutuwan tare da software na beta. Yawanci abokan ciniki ne ko wakilan abokan ciniki na ƙungiyar da ke haɓaka software. Masu gwajin Beta suna ba da gudummawa ga ayyukansu kyauta amma galibi suna karɓar nau'ikan samfurin da suke gwadawa, rangwamen a kan sigar saki, ko wasu abubuwan motsawa.

Beta na dindindin

Ana adana wasu software a cikin abin da ake kira 'beta na dindindin, inda ake ci gaba da ƙara sabbin fasalulluka zuwa software ba tare da kafa sakin "mai ɗorewa" na ƙarshe ba. Kamar yadda Intanet ta sauƙaƙa rarraba software cikin sauri da arha, kamfanoni sun fara ɗaukar hanyar da ba ta da kyau ga amfani da kalmar beta.

Budewa da rufe beta

Masu haɓakawa na iya saki ko dai beta mai rufewa, ko beta mai buɗewa; ana saki sigar beta mai rufe ga ƙuntataccen rukuni na mutane don gwajin mai amfani ta gayyata, yayin da masu gwajin beta masu buɗewa daga babban rukuni, ko duk wanda ke da sha'awar. Beta mai zaman kansa na iya zama ya dace da software wanda ke iya isar da darajar amma ba a shirye don kowa ya yi amfani da shi ba ko dai saboda matsalolin haɓaka, rashin takardu ko har yanzu ya rasa muhimman fasalulluka. Masu gwadawa suna ba da rahoton duk wani kwari da suka samu, kuma wani lokacin suna ba da shawarar ƙarin fasalulluka da suke tunanin ya kamata su kasance a cikin sigar ƙarshe.

Open betas serve the dual purpose of demonstrating a product to potential consumers, and testing among a wide user base is likely to bring to light obscure errors that a much smaller testing team might not find.

Dan takarar saki

Microsoft Windows 2000 Server Release Candidate 2 kafofin watsa labarai

A release candidate (RC), also known as gamma testing or "going silver", is a beta version with the potential to be a stable product, which is ready to release unless significant bugs emerge. In this stage of product stabilization, all product features have been designed, coded, and tested through one or more beta cycles with no known showstopper-class bugs. A release is called code complete when the development team agrees that no entirely new source code will be added to this release. There could still be source code changes to fix defects, changes to documentation and data files, and peripheral code for test cases or utilities.

Saki mai ɗorewa

Har ila yau ana kiranta sakin samarwa, sakin da ya dace shine dan takarar saki na ƙarshe (RC) wanda ya wuce dukkan matakai na tabbatarwa da gwaje-gwaje. Duk wani sanannen kwari da ya rage ana ɗaukarsa abin karɓa. Wannan fitowar ta tafi samarwa.

Some software products (e.g. Linux distributions like Debian) also have long-term support (LTS) releases which are based on full releases that have already been tried and tested and receive only security updates.

Saki

Da zarar an sake shi, an san software a matsayin "sakewa mai ɗorewa". Kalmar al'ada sau da yawa ta dogara da hanyar saki: kafofin watsa labarai na zahiri, saki na kan layi, ko aikace-aikacen yanar gizo.

Yawancin lokaci ana ba da software ɗin da aka saki sunan hukuma ko lambar sigar. (Software kafin saki na iya ko bazai sami Sunan lambar aikin ciki daban ko lambar sigar ciki ba).

Saki zuwa masana'antu (RTM)

Satya Nadella na Microsoft tare da zinare na Gears of War 4Gears na Yaƙi 4

Kalmar "saki zuwa masana'antu" (RTM), wanda aka fi sani da "going gold", kalma ce da ake amfani da ita lokacin da samfurin software ya shirya don isar da shi. Ana iya sanya hannu kan wannan ginin ta hanyar dijital, yana bawa mai amfani na ƙarshe damar tabbatar da amincin da amincin sayan software. Ginin RTM an san shi da "maigidan zinariya" ko GM ana aika shi don kwafin taro ko kwafin faifai idan ya dace. An ɗauki kalmomin daga masana'antar yin rikodin sauti, musamman tsarin sarrafawa. RTM ya riga ya kasance gaba ɗaya (GA) lokacin da aka saki samfurin ga jama'a. Tsarin mashahuri na zinariya (GM) yawanci shine ginin karshe na wani software a cikin matakan beta don masu haɓakawa. Yawanci, ga iOS, shine ginin karshe kafin babban saki, duk da haka, akwai 'yan banbanci.

Ana amfani da RTM a wasu abubuwan da ke tattare da kayan aikin samar da kayayyaki - sabanin samar da software na musamman ko aikin a cikin samar da kasuwanci ko gwamnati da rarraba - inda ake sayar da software a matsayin wani ɓangare na kunshin a cikin sayar da kayan aikin kwamfuta mai alaƙa kuma yawanci inda software da kayan aikin da ke da alaƙa za a samu kuma ana sayar da su a kan taro / jama'a a shagunan sayar da su don nuna cewa software ya sadu da matakin inganci kuma yana shirye don rarraba kayan sayarwa. RTM na iya nufin a wasu mahallin cewa an isar da software ko kuma an saki shi ga abokin ciniki ko abokin ciniki don shigarwa ko rarraba zuwa kwamfutocin masu amfani da kayan aiki masu alaƙa ko injuna. Kalmar ba ta bayyana hanyar isar da ita ko ƙarar ba; kawai ta bayyana cewa ingancin ya isa don rarraba taro. Abin da za a iya bayarwa daga ƙungiyar injiniya sau da yawa a cikin nau'in kafofin watsa labarai na zinariya da aka yi amfani da shi don kwafi ko don samar da hoton don yanar gizo.

Samun gaba ɗaya (GA)

Abubuwan da suka faru a cikin sake zagayowar rayuwar samfurin: wadatar gaba ɗaya (GA), Sanarwar ƙarshen rayuwa (EOLA), kwanan wata na ƙarshe (LOD), da ƙarshen rayuwa (EOL)

General availability (GA) shine matakin tallace-tallace wanda aka kammala duk ayyukan Kasuwanci da ake buƙata kuma samfurin software yana samuwa don siye, dangane da, duk da haka, akan harshe, yanki, da kuma wadatar lantarki vs. kafofin watsa labarai. Ayyukan kasuwanci na iya haɗawa da gwaje-gwaje na tsaro da bin doka, da kuma yanki da wadatar duniya. Lokaci tsakanin RTM da GA na iya ɗaukar daga kwanaki zuwa watanni kafin a iya ayyana sakin da ke akwai gaba ɗaya, saboda lokacin da ake buƙata don kammala duk ayyukan kasuwanci da GA ke buƙata. A wannan matakin, software ya "tafi rayuwa".

Saki zuwa Yanar Gizo (RTW)

Saki zuwa Yanar Gizo (RTW) ko Yanar gizo hanyar isar da software ce da ke amfani da Intanet don rarrabawa. Babu kafofin watsa labarai na zahiri da aka samar a cikin wannan nau'in hanyar saki ta hanyar masana'anta. Sakin yanar gizo ya zama ruwan dare yayin da amfani da Intanet ya karu. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

Taimako

A lokacin rayuwar da ake tallafawa, software wani lokacin ana sanya shi a ƙarƙashin sakin sabis, patches ko fakitin sabis, wani lokacin ana kiransa "sakewa na wucin gadi" ko "sakewar kulawa" (MR). Misali, Microsoft ta fitar da manyan fakitin sabis guda uku don fitowar 32-bit na Windows XP da fakitin sabis biyu don fitowar 64-bit. Irin waɗannan sakonnin sabis ɗin suna ƙunshe da tarin sabuntawa, gyare-gyare, da haɓakawa, waɗanda aka kawo a cikin nau'in kunshin shigarwa guda ɗaya. Hakanan suna iya aiwatar da sabbin fasalulluka. An saki wasu software tare da tsammanin tallafi na yau da kullun. Darussan software waɗanda gabaɗaya suka haɗa da tallafi mai tsawo kamar yadda aka saba da su sun haɗa da rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta da wasannin kan layi masu yawa. Ci gaba da wannan misalin Windows XP, Microsoft ya ba da sabuntawa da aka biya na ƙarin shekaru biyar bayan ƙarshen ƙarin tallafi. Wannan yana nufin cewa tallafin ya ƙare a ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2019.

Ƙarshen rayuwa

Lokacin da ba a sayar da software ko tallafawa ba, an ce samfurin ya kai ƙarshen rayuwa, don a dakatar da shi, ya yi ritaya, ya zama mara amfani, ya watsar, ko kuma ya wuce, amma amincin mai amfani na iya ci gaba da wanzuwarsa na ɗan lokaci, koda bayan dandalinsa ya wuce - misali, Common Desktop Environment da Sinclair ZX Spectrum.

Bayan ranar ƙarshen rayuwa, mai haɓakawa yawanci ba zai aiwatar da sabbin fasalulluka ba, gyara lahani na yanzu, kwari, ko rauni (ko an san shi kafin wannan ranar ko a'a), ko samar da kowane tallafi ga samfurin. Idan mai haɓakawa yana so, suna iya sakin lambar tushe, don masu sa kai su kula da dandalin.

Tarihi

Amfani da kalmar gwajin "alpha / beta" ya samo asali ne daga IBM. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Irin waɗannan kalmomin don ci gaban software na IBM an yi amfani da su ta mutanen da ke da hannu tare da IBM daga akalla shekarun 1950 (kuma mai yiwuwa a baya). Gwajin "A" shine tabbatar da sabon samfurin kafin sanarwar jama'a. Gwajin "B" shine tabbatarwa kafin a saki samfurin da za a ƙera. Gwajin "C" shine gwajin karshe kafin samar da samfurin gaba ɗaya. Kamar yadda software ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na tayin IBM, an yi amfani da kalmar gwajin alpha don nuna gwajin sanarwar kafin kuma an yi amfani le gwajin beta don nuna shirye-shiryen samfurin don wadatar gaba ɗaya. Martin Belsky, manajan wasu ayyukan software na IBM na baya ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya ƙirƙiri kalmar. IBM ta sauke ma'anar alpha / beta a cikin shekarun 1960, amma a lokacin ta sami sanarwa mai yawa. Amfani da "gwajin beta" don komawa ga gwajin da abokan ciniki suka yi ba a yi shi a cikin IBM ba. Maimakon haka, IBM ta yi amfani da kalmar "gwajin filin".

Manyan betas na jama'a sun bunkasa daga baya, tare da abokan ciniki na farko da suka sayi "bugawa na farko" na WordVision word processor don IBM PC don $ 49.95. A shekara ta 1984, Stephen Manes ya rubuta cewa "a cikin wani gagarumin juyin mulki na tallace-tallace, Bruce da James Program Publishers sun sami nasarar samun mutane su biya don damar gwada samfurin. " A watan Satumbar 2000, an saki wani akwatin akwatin tsarin aiki na Apple na Mac OS X Public Beta. Tsakanin Satumba 2005 da Mayu 2006, Microsoft ta fitar da samfurori na fasahar al'umma (CTP) don Windows Vista. Daga 2009 zuwa 2011, Minecraft ya kasance a cikin beta na jama'a.

A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2005, ZDNet ta buga wata kasida game da abin da ya faru na sigar beta sau da yawa yana zaune na shekaru kuma ana amfani dashi kamar dai yana matakin samarwa. Ya lura cewa Gmail da Google News, alal misali, sun kasance a cikin beta na dogon lokaci kodayake ana amfani da su sosai; Google News ya bar beta a watan Janairun 2006, sannan Google Apps (yanzu ana kiransa Google Workspace), gami da Gmail, a watan Yulin 2009. Tun lokacin da aka gabatarwa da Windows 8, Microsoft ta kira software na pre-release preview maimakon beta. Dukkanin abubuwan da aka gina kafin a saki ta hanyar Shirin Windows Insider da aka ƙaddamar a cikin 2014 ana kiransu "Insider Preview builds". "Beta" na iya nuna wani abu kamar dan takarar saki, ko kuma a matsayin wani nau'i na demo mai iyakantaccen lokaci, ko dabarar talla.