Tsarin shari'ar matasa na Ghana
 Tsarin shari'ar matasa na Ghana | |
|---|---|
juvenile justice system (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙasa | Ghana |
Tsarin shari'ar yara na Ghana ya ƙunshi matakai don kula da yara da ke rikici da doka ko waɗanda ke buƙatar kulawa da kariya.[1] An kirkiro Tsarin shari'ar matasa na Ghana a karkashin mulkin mallaka kuma ya samo asali sosai tun farkon shekarun 1900. Canje-canje guda uku ga tsarin suna cikin lokacin mulkin mallaka, farkon 'yancin kai da Dokar Shari'a ta 1960 (Dokar 30), da sabuwar Dokar Shari'ar Yara (Dokar 653) (JJA). [1]
Tsarin adalci ya fara fitowa ne a mulkin mallaka na Ghana tsakanin 1906 da 1911. [2] Kodayake tsarin ya kasance karami sosai kuma an gano sama da yara 1,000 da ke rikici da doka a cikin shekarun 1950, cibiyoyin da masu mulkin mallaka suka kirkira sun yi amfani da Ghana mai zaman kanta.[2] Dokta Stacey Hynd ya yi jayayya cewa tsarin shari'ar matasa na mulkin mallaka ya yi amfani da wuraren kula da yara masu laifi don sake fasalin matasa zuwa zama mafi kyawun batutuwan mulkin mallaka.[2] Ghana ta sami babban gyare-gyare na gaba bayan Dokar 'Yancin Ghana ta 1957. [3] Sun kirkiro Dokar Shari'a ta 1960.[3] An yi amfani da wannan lambar a matsayin babbar doka don magance matasa masu laifi.[1] Kotun Yara ce kawai ta magance waɗannan batutuwan wanda babban burinsa shine ya tantance laifin kowane yaro da aka kawo gare ta.[1] Wannan tsarin ya sake sake fasalin ta hanyar Dokar Shari'a ta Yara ta 2003 (JJA). [3] JJA ta yi ƙoƙari ta sake fasalin ka'idar da ta gabata ta hanyar yin amfani da ka'idojin jin dadin jama'a, da ka'idodin kasa da kasa waɗanda ke riƙe da haƙƙin ɗan adam da adalci mai maidowa.[1]
Tarihi da Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Adalci na yara a Ghana kafin mulkin mallaka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsarin adalci a cikin mulkin mallaka ba a raba shi da tsarin manya ba.[4] Ba kamar mulkin mallaka da kuma bayan mulkin mallaka na Ghana ba, ba a bayyana aikata laifuka ta hanyar karya dokoki ba.[4] Babu wani tsari na al'ada, a cikin laifin Ghana kafin mulkin mallaka an bayyana shi azaman zunubai ga al'umma, kabila, ko iyali.[4] Manya da yara da suka aikata zunubai galibi ana bi da su iri ɗaya.[4] Shugaban ƙauyen da majalisarsa na dattawa sune manyan masu kula da zamantakewar Ghana kafin mulkin mallaka, a ƙarshe suna ƙayyade yadda za a magance batutuwan aikata laifuka.[4] Wadannan batutuwan kuma an magance su ne ta hanyar dangin da ake tuhuma da takwarorinsu.[4]
Matasa da ke rikici da doka a mulkin mallaka na Ghana
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Birtaniya sun fara mamaye Ghana, abin da suka kira Gold Coast, a cikin 1821.[5] Tattaunawar da aka yi game da yadda za a magance laifin yara a karkashin mulkin mallaka na Ghana, ya fito ne tsakanin 1906 da 1911.[2] A wannan lokacin kusan an sanya yara 30-70 a wuraren tsare-tsare a kowace shekara.[2] Gwamna Guggisberg ya kafa wannan tsarin tsare-tsare mai tasowa akan tsarin Ingilishi.[2] Hanyoyin farko na tsare yara sun cika da sauri tare da karuwar yawan masu laifi.[2] Daga wannan an kafa tsarin shari'a na yara a Gold Coast, wanda aka kirkira a 1928.[2] Wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka raba matasa da suka karya dokar Gold Coast daga manya da suka aikata laifuka, a duk tarihin Ghana.[1] Alƙalai suna da ikon aika yara maza zuwa Makarantar Yara a Ada, wanda Sojojin Ceto ke kula da shi.[3] An tuhumi wannan makarantar da kulawa da kuma kula da matasa masu laifi.[3] A karkashin wannan tsarin, an bayyana yaro a matsayin mutum a ƙarƙashin shekaru 16.[2] Birtaniya ta kafa cibiyoyin shari'a na yara da yawa.[1] Bayan an kafa Makarantar Yara a Ada a 1929 an sake masa suna kuma ya koma sau uku tsakanin 1936 da 1947. [2] An sauya kulawar makarantar daga Sojojin Ceto zuwa Ma'aikatar Ilimi, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1945.[2] A shekara ta 1945 an kafa makarantar masana'antu ta farko don magance matasa tsakanin shekaru 16 zuwa 21.[2] An ba makarantar masana'antu aiki tare da magance matasa waɗanda ke buƙatar horo mai tsanani.[2] Ikon mulkin mallaka sun fara fadada tsarin shari'ar yara da sauri.[1] Wasu sun kalli wannan a matsayin nuni na ƙarfin horo na mulkin mallaka, wanda ake jayayya da ƙoƙarin nuna jajircewar Burtaniya ga jin dadin da sake fasalin.[2] Sun kafa makarantar masana'antu ta maza ta biyu a Tamale, makarantar masana'anta ta mata a Accra da sauran gidajen tsare-tsare da gwaji.[2] Wadannan cibiyoyin sun ci gaba da amfani da su a matsayin tushe don tsarin shari'ar yara na Ghana mai zaman kanta.[3] Yanayin laifukan masu laifi a Ghana ya canza. A farkon kafa kusan kashi 80% na matasa masu laifi a Gold Coast an tuhume su da sata.[2] Koyaya, a cikin shekarun 1950 da yawa daga cikin masu laifi sun kasance wani ɓangare na al'adun matasa da ƙungiyoyin birane.[2] Bugu da kari, gano masu aikata laifuka na matasa ya karu sosai a tsawon shekaru, yana tsalle daga kimanin 200 zuwa 300 a kowace shekara a cikin 1920s-1930s zuwa sama da 1,000 a kowace shekara. [2]
Hynd ya yi jayayya cewa a karkashin mulkin mallaka ana ganin yara a matsayin barazana, suna wakiltar makomar da ba a sani ba, da kuma asarar iko.[6] Hynd ya yi jayayya cewa ikon mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ya yi amfani da magani da kulawa da matasa masu laifi don sake fasalin zamantakewar matasa zuwa zama batutuwan mulkin mallaka.[6] Ta bayyana cewa, masu mulkin mallaka sun yi ƙoƙari su sake fasalin masu laifi ta hanyar jiki da tunani.[6] Wannan ya haɗa da horo na jiki, da aiki da ilimi.[6] Ta kuma bayyana cewa an tsara shi ne don sake fasalin matasa masu laifi zuwa zama masu fa'ida da ɗabi'a.[6]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Hoffmann, Stephanie; Baerg, Corinne (2011). Nalule, Caroline (ed.). "Juvenile Justice in Ghana: A Study to Assess the Status of Juvenile Justice in Ghana" (PDF). Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI), Africa Office: 29. ISBN 978-9988-1-5958-0. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 Hynd, Stacey (2018). "Pickpockets, Pilot Boys, and Prostitutes: The Construction of Juvenile Delinquency in the Gold Coast [Colonial Ghana], c. 1929–57". Journal of West African History. 4: 47–74. doi:10.14321/jwestafrihist.4.2.0047. JSTOR 10.14321/jwestafrihist.4.2.0047. S2CID 158787666.
|hdl-access=requires|hdl=(help) Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Kumi, Beatrice Adumea (December 2015). "A critical review of policy responses to Juvenile Delinquency in Ghana". University of Ghana Digital Collections. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Ame, Robert (2018). "The Origins of the Contemporary Juvenile Justice System in Ghana". Journal of Family History. 43 (4): 394–408. doi:10.1177/0363199018798099. S2CID 149484880 – via Sage.
- ↑ Ahuma, Rev. S. R. B. Attah (2013). "The Gold Coast Nation and National Consciousness". Africana Modern Library. doi:10.4324/9781315033044-11.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Hynd, Stacey (2018). "Pickpockets, Pilot Boys, and Prostitutes: The Construction of Juvenile Delinquency in the Gold Coast [Colonial Ghana], c. 1929–57". Journal of West African History. 4: 47–74. doi:10.14321/jwestafrihist.4.2.0047. JSTOR 10.14321/jwestafrihist.4.2.0047. S2CID 158787666.
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