Tsarkakewar Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Tarayyar Soviet
 Tsarkakewar Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Tarayyar Soviet | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | Kafarta |
| Bangare na |
political repression in the Soviet Union (en)  |
| Fuskar |
Communist Party of the Soviet Union (en) |
| Ƙasa | Kungiyar Sobiyet |
Tsarkakewar Jam'iyyar Kwaminis a Tarayyar Soviet (Russian: "Чистка партийных рядов", chistka partiynykh ryadov, "tsarkakewa na matsayi na jam'iyyar") abubuwan siyasa ne na Soviet, musamman a cikin shekarun 1920, [1] inda wasu mambobi da hukumomin tsaro suka gudanar da sake dubawa na lokaci-lokaci na membobin Jam'iyyar kwaminis don kawar da "abin da ba a so". Irin waɗannan sake dubawa za su fara da ɗan gajeren tarihin kansa daga mutumin da aka sake dubawa sannan kuma yin tambayoyi game da shi ta hanyar kwamitin tsarkakewa, da kuma masu sauraro. Kodayake mutane da yawa sun sha wahala daga tsarkakewa a cikin wannan shekaru goma, jama'ar Soviet ba su san tsarkakewar ba har zuwa 1937.[2]
Kodayake kalmar "tsarkakewa" tana da alaƙa da Stalinism saboda mafi girman tsarkakewa ya faru a lokacin Mulkin Stalin, Bolsheviks sun gudanar da babban tsarkakewar su na farko na jam'iyyar tun farkon 1921. Kimanin mambobi 220,000 an wanke su ko kuma sun bar jam'iyyar. Bolsheviks sun bayyana a matsayin hujja cewa akwai bukatar kawar da mambobin da suka shiga jam'iyyar kawai don kasancewa a gefen nasara. Manyan ka'idoji sune Asalin zamantakewa (an yarda da membobin ma'aikata ba tare da wata tambaya ba) da kuma gudummawa ga hanyar juyin juya hali.
Kashewar Jam'iyyar ta farko ta zamanin Joseph Stalin ta faru ne a cikin 1929-1930 daidai da ƙuduri na Taron Jam'iyyar na XVI.[3] Tsarkakewa ya zama mai kisa a ƙarƙashin Stalin. Fiye da kashi 10 cikin 100 na mambobin jam'iyyar an wanke su. A lokaci guda, yawancin sabbin ma'aikatan masana'antu sun shiga Jam'iyyar.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]1932 zuwa 1935
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Stalin ya ba da umarnin tsarkake jam'iyya a cikin Tarayyar Soviet a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1932, da za a yi a cikin shekara ta 1933. A wannan lokacin, an dakatar da sabbin mambobi. Wani kuduri na hadin gwiwa na Kwamitin Tsakiya na Jam'iyyar da Kwamitin Bincike na Tsakiya sun ƙayyade ka'idojin tsarkakewa kuma sun yi kira ga kafa kwamitocin tsarkakewar musamman, wanda kowane kwaminisanci ya ba da rahoto. Bugu da ƙari, wannan tsarkakewa ya shafi membobin kwamitin tsakiya da kwamitin sake dubawa na tsakiya, waɗanda a baya ba su da kariya ga tsarkakewar, saboda an zabe su a majalisun jam'iyya. Musamman, an nemi Nikolai Bukharin, Alexei Ivanovich Rykov, da Mikhail Tomsky su kare kansu a lokacin wannan tsarkakewa. Yayin da tsarkakewar ta bayyana, ya zama a bayyane cewa abin da ya fara ne a matsayin ƙoƙari na tsaftace jam'iyyar daga mambobin da ba su da kayan aiki da masu tayar da kayar baya ba zai ƙare ba tare da wani abu ba sai tsaftace membobin jam'iyya na dukkan mukamai. Wannan ya hada da manyan mambobin jam'iyyar da suka mallaki mulkin sama da shekaru goma.[4] A wannan lokacin, daga cikin mambobi miliyan 1.9, an wanke kusan kashi 18 cikin dari (watau an kore su daga jam'iyyar).
Har zuwa shekara ta 1933 ba a kama wadanda aka wanke su ba (dukkanin 800,000). (Wasu kalilan da suka zama raƙuman ruwa na farko na tsarin tilasta aiki na gulag.) Amma daga 1934 zuwa gaba, a lokacin Babban Purge, ma'anar kalmar ta canza, saboda fitar da su daga jam'iyyar ya zo tare da yiwuwar kamawa, tare da ɗaurin kurkuku ko kisa mai zuwa. Kwamitin tsakiya na jam'iyyar daga baya zai bayyana cewa hanyar da ba ta da hankali da aka yi amfani da ita ta haifar da manyan kurakurai da karkatarwa wanda ya hana aikin tsaftace jam'iyyar Daga ainihin abokan gaba.[5]
Babban Tsarkakewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mafi yawan lokacin kisa ya faru ne a lokacin Babban Tsarkakewa, daga 1936 zuwa 1938.
Kwamitin Tsakiya ya zartar da ƙuduri a 1935 yana ayyana ƙarshen tsarkakewa na 1933. [6] An kashe Sergey Kirov, shugaban sashen Leningrad na jam'iyyar Kwaminis, a shekara ta 1934. [7] A mayar da martani, Babban Purge na Stalin ya ga kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci an kashe ko kuma an yanke musu hukuncin aiki a sansanonin aiki.[8][9] Stalin ya haifar da tsoro a tsakanin jam'iyyarsa kuma ya tabbatar da shi tare da ka'idodin Marxist.[10] Wadanda aka azabtar da Babban Purge an sanya su cikin yanayin da ya ɓace ba tare da la'akari da ra'ayi da suka ɗauka ba. An buƙaci su furta laifuffukansu ga jam'iyyar da kuma kiran wadanda ke da hannu. Kodayake yawancin ba su da laifi, mutane da yawa sun zaɓi sunayen masu haɗin gwiwa ko dai da fatan samun 'yanci ko kuma kawai don dakatar da azabtar da su ta masu tambayoyin, wanda ya kasance a ko'ina a lokacin. Sau da yawa ana azabtar da fursunoni iri ɗaya ko sun musanta laifukansu, sun shigar da su kuma ba su da wani abokin tarayya, ko kuma sun shigar da shi kuma sun ba da masu haɗin gwiwa. Ya yi ɗan bambanci game da makomarsu. Ana iya bayyana wannan a matsayin harbi ɗaya, Matsalar fursunoni na n-mutum.[11] Hukuncin ya kasance iri ɗaya ba tare da la'akari da sharuddan ikirari ba.
Babban Tsarkakewa bai kasance mai haɗari ba ga waɗancan 'yan kasashen waje da suka yi ƙoƙari su shiga cikin Al'adun Soviet. A cikin wani littafi, marubucin ya tuna da wani janar na Soviet wanda ya kwatanta Babban Purges a matsayin "shekaru masu wahala don fahimta" ga 'yan ƙasa da baƙi. Wadannan baƙi an bi da su kamar yadda 'yan tsiraru na Soviet suka yi, kuma an yi la'akari da su a matsayin barazanar da za su iya zama a cikin yakin da ke gabatowa. An nuna wa Jamusawa, 'yan Poland, Finns, da sauran mutanen yamma irin wannan makomar da aka yi wa bourgeoisie bayan Ƙarshen NEP. Hukunce-hukunce sun kasance daga korar da sake komawa zuwa gajeren kisa.
Shekaru na 1950
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan mutuwar Stalin a shekara ta 1953, an kawo karshen yakin neman zaben fitar da gwani daga jam'iyyar; Bayan haka, an yi amfani da ikon siyasar cibiyar a maimakon haka ta hanyar asarar membobin jam'iyya da gatanta nomenklatura, wanda ya rage darajar mutum a cikin al'umma yadda ya kamata - duba Kungiyoyin Kwadago a Tarayyar Soviet § Role a cikin tsarin ajin Soviet, chekism, da mulkin jam'iyya. Za a iya rage shari'o'in da ba su dace ba ta hanyar sadaukar da kai ga cibiyar tabin hankali.
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Littattafan Stalinism da Tarayyar Soviet
- Shari'ar Kungiyar Sojojin Trotskyist Anti-Soviet
- Gwaje-gwaje na Moscow
- Rashin amincewa da siyasa a Tarayyar Soviet
- Cutar Sojojin Red Army a cikin 1941
- Nuna wariyar launin fata a Tarayyar Soviet
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Fitzpatrick, S. Everyday Stalinism. Oxford University Press. New-York, 1999. page 20. ISBN 0195050010
- ↑ Siegel, Ada (January 1954). "The Soviet Purge System" (PDF). Challenge. 2: 54–59 JSTOR 40716727
- ↑ Gregor, Richard, editor. Resolutions and Decisions of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Volume 2: The Early Soviet Period 1917–1929. University of Toronto Press, 1974. JSTOR 10.3138/j.ctt1vxmdr5
- ↑ Unger, A.L. (January 1969). "Stalin's Renewal of the Leading Stratum: A Note on the Great Purge" (PDF). Soviet Studies. 20: 321–330 JSTOR 149486
- ↑ "On Mistakes in the Purge" (PDF). The Slavonic and East European Review. 16: 703–713. April 1938 JSTOR 4203435
- ↑ Mcneal, Robert (October 1971). "The Decisions of the CPSU and the Great Purge" (PDF). Soviet Studies. 23: 177–185 JSTOR 150154
- ↑ Michael, Reiman (2016). About Russia, Its Revolutions, Its Development and Its Present. New York: Peter Lang AG. p. 102. ISBN 9783631671368.
- ↑ "BBC – GCSE Bitesize – Stalin – purges and praises". Retrieved 2018-01-29.
In 1934, Kirov, the leader of the Leningrad Communist Party, was murdered, probably on Stalin's orders. Stalin used this episode to order massive purges by which anybody suspected of disloyalty was murdered, sent to prison camps, or put on public show trials at which they pleaded guilty to incredible crimes they could never have done. [...] The Communist leadership was purged – 93 of the 139 Central Committee members were put to death. The armed forces were purged – 81 of the 103 generals and admirals were executed. The Communist Party was purged – about a third of its 3 million members were killed.
- ↑ "The Great Purge". History. 4 October 2022.
- ↑ Grossman, Peter (March 1994). "The Dilemma of Prisoners: Choice during Stalin's Great Terror, 1936–38" (PDF). The Journal of Conflict Resolution. 38: 43–55 doi:10.1177/0022002794038001003 JSTOR 174400
- ↑ Grossman, Peter (March 1994). "The Dilemma of Prisoners: Choice during Stalin's Great Terror". The Journal of Conflict Resolution. 38 (1): 43–55. doi:10.1177/0022002794038001003. JSTOR 174400. S2CID 144185359.