Tsayar da 'yan Japan na Kanada
 Tsayar da 'yan Japan na Kanada | |
|---|---|
internment (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙasa | Kanada |
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Japanese Canadians (en) |
Daga 1942 zuwa 1949, Kanada ta sake komawa da karfi kuma ta tsare sama da 'yan Japan 22,000 - wanda ya kunshi sama da 90% na yawan jama'ar Japan na Kanada - daga British Columbia da sunan "tsaron kasa". Yawancin su 'Yan ƙasar Kanada ne ta hanyar haihuwa kuma an yi niyya ne bisa ga kakanninsu.[1] Wannan yanke shawara ya biyo bayan abubuwan da suka faru na Daular Japan ta yaƙi a cikin Pacific da Yammacin Allies, kamar mamayewar Hong Kong, harin Pearl Harbor a Hawaii, da Fall of Singapore wanda ya haifar da Sanarwar yaki ta Kanada a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu . Kamar yadda aka dauka a kan Jafananci na Amurka a makwabta Amurka, wannan tilasta ƙaura ya sanya yawancin Jafananci da Kanada ga dokar hana fita da tambayoyi da gwamnati, asarar aiki da dukiya, da kuma tilasta komawa Japan.
Daga jim kadan bayan harin da aka kai a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1941 a Pearl Harbor har zuwa shekara ta 1949, an kwace 'yan Japan daga gidajensu da kasuwancinsu, sannan aka tura su sansanonin fursunoni da gonaki a British Columbia da kuma wasu sassan Kanada, galibi zuwa ciki. Tsayawa a Kanada ya haɗa da sata, kwace, da siyar da dukiyar da ke cikin wannan yawan mutanen da aka yi ƙaura da karfi, wanda ya haɗa da jiragen kamun kifi, motoci, gidaje, gonaki, kasuwanci, da kayan mutum. An tilasta wa 'yan Japan na Kanada yin amfani da kudaden da aka samu daga tilasta tallace-tallace don biyan bukatunsu na asali yayin zaman.
A watan Agustan 1944, Firayim Minista Mackenzie King ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a tura 'yan Japan daga gabas daga cikin British Columbia. Manufofin hukuma sun bayyana cewa dole ne 'yan Japan na Kanada su matsa zuwa gabas na Dutsen Rocky ko kuma a kore su zuwa Japan bayan karshen yakin. A shekara ta 1947, an ba da 'yan Japan da yawa ga wannan yankin da ba a shigar da shi ba. Duk da haka ba har zuwa Afrilu 1, 1949, ba da 'yancin Jafananci na Kanada ba kuma za su iya sake shiga cikin "yanki mai kariya" tare da bakin tekun BC.
A ranar 22 ga Satumba, 1988, Firayim Minista Brian Mulroney ya nemi gafara, kuma gwamnatin Kanada ta ba da sanarwar kunshin diyya, wata daya bayan Shugaba Ronald Reagan ya yi irin wannan alama a Amurka bayan da aka tsare Amurkawa. Kunshin don 'yan Japan na Kanada sun hada da $ 21,000 ga kowane mai zaman kansa, da kuma dawo da' yan asalin Kanada ga waɗanda aka kore su zuwa Japan. Bayan neman gafara na Mulroney, an kafa Yarjejeniyar Gyara ta Kanada ta Japan a cikin 1988, tare da Gidauniyar Gyara da Kanada ta Japan (JCRF; 1988-2002), don bayar da biyan kuɗi ga wadanda ke fama da fursunoni, tare da niyyar tallafawa ilimi.[2]
Tarihin kafin yaƙin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Daidaitawa na farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rikicin tsakanin 'yan Kanada da Baƙi na Japan zuwa Kanada ya wanzu tun kafin barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na II. Farawa tun farkon 1858 tare da kwararar baƙi na Asiya a lokacin Fraser Canyon Gold Rush, imani da tsoro game da baƙi na Asiyya sun fara shafar jama'a a British Columbia (BC).
Masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Kanada Forrest La Violette ya ba da rahoton a cikin shekarun 1940 cewa waɗannan ra'ayoyin farko galibi an "shirya su ne game da tsoron rashin daidaituwa na rayuwa [kuma] saboda tsoron bambancin al'adu da launin fata na Gabas. " Tunanin nuna bambanci ne na yau da kullun a cikin British Columbia cewa duka baƙi na Japan da na Sin suna satar ayyuka daga fararen Kanada.[and] Masanin kimiyya na Kanada Charles H. Young ya kammala cewa yawancin 'yan Kanada sun yi jayayya bisa ga wannan tsoro cewa "Aikin Gabas yana rage yanayin rayuwa na kungiyoyin White. " An kuma yi jayayya cewa baƙi na Asiya sun gamsu da ƙananan yanayin rayuwa. Tattaunawar ita ce yawancin baƙi na kasar Sin da na Japan a BC sun zauna a cikin yanayin da ba shi da tsabta kuma ba su da niyyar inganta wurin zama, don haka suna tabbatar da ƙasƙanci da rashin son zama Kanada da gaske. Violette ta karyata wannan da'awar ta hanyar bayyana cewa, yayin da baƙi na Jafananci da Sinawa galibi suna da yanayin rayuwa mara kyau, duka kungiyoyin biyu sun sami cikas a ƙoƙarin su na daidaitawa saboda wahalar da suke da ita wajen samun aiki mai ɗorewa a daidai albashi.
Da yake magana game da 'yan Kanada na Japan musamman, Masanin ilimin ƙasa na ɗan adam Audrey Kobayashi ya yi jayayya cewa kafin yaƙin, wariyar launin fata "ya bayyana al'ummominsu tun lokacin da baƙi na farko suka isa a cikin shekarun 1870. " [3] Farawa a 1877 tare da Manzo Nagano - ɗan jirgin ruwa mai shekaru 19 wanda shine mutumin Japan na farko da ya yi ƙaura zuwa Kanada, kuma ya shiga kasuwancin fitar da salmon - Jafananci sun yi saurin haɗa kansu cikin Masana'antu Kanada. Wasu 'yan Kanada na Turai sun ji cewa, yayin da Sinawa suka gamsu da kasancewa "ƙuntata ga wasu masana'antu", Jafananci suna shiga duk bangarorin masana'antu kuma suna gasa da ma'aikatan fari. Wannan rashin jin daɗi tsakanin fararen Kanada ya kara muni ta hanyar karuwar masunta na Japan a farkon shekarun 1900.
An kuma zargi baƙi na Japan da tsayayya da daidaitawa cikin al'ummar Burtaniya ta Kanada, saboda makarantun yaren Jafananci, haikalin Buddha, da ƙananan ƙimar aure, da sauran misalai. An tabbatar da cewa Jafananci suna da nasu salon rayuwa, kuma da yawa da suka zama 'yan asalin Kanada sun yi hakan don samun lasisin kamun kifi maimakon daga sha'awar zama Kanada. Wadannan muhawara sun karfafa ra'ayin cewa Jafananci sun kasance masu aminci ga Japan.
Rikicin 1907
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yanayin ya kara tsanantawa lokacin da, a cikin 1907, Amurka ta fara hana baƙi na Japan shiga Ƙasar Amurka ta hanyar Hawaii, wanda ya haifar da babban kwararar (sama da 7,000 idan aka kwatanta da 2,042 a cikin 1906) na baƙi na Jafananci zuwa British Columbia. Gabaɗaya a sakamakon haka, a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta a wannan shekarar, ƙungiyar ma'aikatan Vancouver ta kafa ƙungiyar adawa da Asiya, da aka sani da Asian Exclusion League, tare da membobinta "fiye da ɗari biyar".[4] A ranar 7 ga watan Satumba, kimanin mutane 5,000 ne suka yi tafiya a kan Vancouver City Hall don tallafawa kungiyar, inda suka shirya taro tare da gabatarwa daga masu magana da na gida da na Amurka. A lokacin taron, an kiyasta cewa akalla mutane 25,000 sun isa Babban Birnin kuma, bayan masu magana, taron sun tashi cikin tashin hankali, suna tafiya zuwa Chinatown da Japantown.
Masu tayar da kayar baya sun shiga cikin Chinatown da farko, sun karya windows kuma sun ragargaza gaban shaguna. Bayan haka, masu tayar da kayar baya sun juya zuwa unguwar Jafananci da Kanada. Da aka yi gargadi da tashin hankali na baya, 'yan Japan na Kanada a Little Tokyo sun sami damar fatattakar taron ba tare da wani mummunan rauni ko asarar rayuka ba. Bayan tashin hankali, League da sauran kungiyoyin 'yan asalin sun yi amfani da tasirin su don tura gwamnati cikin tsari mai kama da Yarjejeniyar Maza ta Amurka, ta iyakance yawan fasfo da aka ba wa mazajen Japan zuwa 400 a kowace shekara.[5] Ba a ƙidaya mata zuwa ga adadin ba, don haka "amarar aure", matan da suka yi aure ta hanyar wakili kuma suka yi hijira zuwa Kanada don shiga (kuma a lokuta da yawa, saduwa a karo na farko) sababbin mazajensu, sun zama ruwan dare bayan 1908. Hawan mata masu ƙaura - kuma ba da daɗewa ba, yara da aka haifa a Kanada - sun sauya yawan jama'a daga ma'aikata na wucin gadi zuwa kasancewar dindindin, kuma ƙungiyoyin iyalai na Jafananci sun zauna a ko'ina cikin British Columbia da kudancin Alberta.[5]
Yaƙin Duniya na I (1914-18)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na ya kasance abokin tarayya na Ƙasar Ingila kuma ra'ayoyin 'yan Japan na Kanada sun inganta dan kadan. Wasu 'yan Japan na Kanada sun shiga cikin Sojojin Kanada. a gaban gida, kamfanoni da yawa sun fara hayar kungiyoyin da ba su da wakilci a cikin ma'aikata (ciki har da mata, baƙi na Japan, da 'yan gudun hijira Yugoslavian da Italiya waɗanda suka gudu zuwa Kanada a lokacin yakin) don taimakawa wajen cika buƙatun da ke ƙaruwa na Burtaniya da abokanta a ƙasashen waje. Kasuwancin da a baya suka yi tsayayya da yin hakan yanzu sun fi farin ciki da hayar 'yan Japan na Kanada saboda akwai "fiye da isasshen aiki ga kowa". Koyaya, a ƙarshen yaƙin, sojoji da suka dawo gida don samun ayyukansu da wasu suka cika, gami da baƙi na Japan, sun yi fushi. Yayinda suke fada a Turai, Jafananci sun kafa kansu cikin aminci a cikin kasuwanci da yawa kuma yanzu, fiye da kowane lokaci, an dauke su barazana ga ma'aikatan fari. "'Patriotism' da 'Exclusion' sun zama kalmomin tsaro na ranar". [6]
Shekaru tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe (1919-39)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin 1919, baƙi 3,267 na Japan suna da lasisin kamun kifi kuma an ba da kashi 50% na jimlar lasisin da aka bayar a wannan shekarar ga masunta na Japan. Wadannan lambobi sun kasance masu ban tsoro ga masunta na Kanada waɗanda suka ji barazanar karuwar yawan masu fafatawa na Japan.
Duk da yake kungiyoyi kamar Asian Exclusion League da White Canada Association sun kalli Jafananci Kanada a matsayin barazanar al'adu da tattalin arziki, a cikin shekarun 1920, wasu kungiyoyi sun fara zuwa gaba don kare Jafananci na Kanada, kamar Japan Society. Ya bambanta da membobin kungiyoyin masu hamayya waɗanda suka kunshi mafi yawan ma'aikata, manoma, da masunta, Ƙungiyar Japan ta ƙunshi manyan 'yan kasuwa masu arziki waɗanda burinsu shine inganta dangantakar da ke tsakanin Jafananci da Kanada a gida da waje. Shugabannin kungiyar sun hada da "mashahurin banki na Vancouver" da kuma "manajan wasu manyan kamfanonin katako a British Columbia". Sun ga 'yan Japan Kanada a matsayin muhimman abokan tarayya wajen taimakawa wajen bude kasuwannin Japan ga kasuwanci a British Columbia.
Duk da aikin kungiyoyi kamar Japan Society, kungiyoyi da yawa har yanzu suna adawa da shige da fice na Japan zuwa Kanada, musamman a Masana'antar kamun kifi ta BC a cikin shekarun 1920 da 1930. Kafin shekarun 1920, an yi amfani da ma'aikatan Japan da yawa a matsayin masu janyewa, aikin da ke buƙatar su taimaka wa mutanen da ke cikin jirgin ruwa don kamun kifi. Aikin bai buƙaci lasisi ba, don haka yana ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan kaɗan ga baƙi na Jafananci na ƙarni na farko waɗanda ba 'yan ƙasar Kanada ba. A cikin 1923, duk da haka, gwamnati ta ɗaga haramtacciyar amfani da jiragen ruwa kuma ta buƙaci a ba da lasisi ga masu janyewa. Wannan yana nufin cewa baƙi na ƙarni na farko, wanda aka sani da Issei, ba su iya samun aiki a masana'antar kamun kifi ba, wanda ya haifar da rashin aikin yi tsakanin waɗannan Issei. Jafananci na ƙarni na biyu, wanda aka sani da Nisei, kuma waɗanda aka haife su a Kanada, sun fara shiga masana'antar kamun kifi tun suna ƙarami don biyan wannan, amma har ma an hana su yayin da karuwar amfani da jiragen ruwa ya haifar da ƙarancin buƙata ga masu janyewa kuma an ba da ƙananan lasisin kamun kifin ga Jafananci.
Wannan halin ya kara tsanantawa a watan Mayu 1938, lokacin da Gwamna Janar ya soke lasisin janyewa gaba ɗaya duk da zanga-zangar Japan da Kanada. Wannan ya haifar da tilasta wa matasa 'yan Japan da yawa daga masana'antar kamun kifi, suna barin mazajen Japan da Kanada su kula da kansu. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, a watan Agusta, canji ga iyakokin gundumomin kamun kifi a yankin ya haifar da asarar lasisi ga masunta da yawa na Japan da Kanada, waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa ba a sanar da su game da canjin ba. Duk da yake waɗannan abubuwan sun haifar da rage gasa daga 'yan Japan a masana'antar kamun kifi, ya haifar da ƙarin tashin hankali a wasu wurare.
Jafananci na Kanada sun riga sun sami damar kafa matsayi mai aminci a cikin kasuwancin da yawa a lokacin yakin duniya na farko, amma lambobin su sun kasance kaɗan kamar yadda mutane da yawa suka kasance a cikin masana'antar kamun kifi. Yayin da aka fara fitar da 'yan Japan daga masana'antar kamun kifi, sun fara aiki a gonaki da ƙananan kasuwanni. Wannan yunkuri na waje zuwa aikin gona da kasuwanci an kalli shi a matsayin ƙarin shaida game da barazanar tattalin arziki na Jafananci da suka kawo wa fararen Kanada, wanda ya haifar da karuwar tashin hankali na launin fata.
A cikin shekarun da suka kai ga Yaƙin Duniya na II, kimanin mutane 29,000 na kakannin Jafananci sun zauna a British Columbia; 80% daga cikin waɗannan 'yan ƙasar Kanada ne. A lokacin, an hana su damar yin zabe kuma doka ta hana su daga sana'o'i daban-daban. Rikicin launin fata sau da yawa ya samo asali ne daga imanin da yawancin 'yan Kanada suka yi cewa duk baƙi na Japan, duka Issei na farko da Nisei na biyu, sun kasance masu aminci ga Japan kadai. A cikin Maclean's Magazine, wani farfesa a Jami'ar British Columbia ya bayyana cewa "Jafananci a BC suna da aminci ga [Japan] kamar Jafananci a ko'ina cikin duniya. " Sauran 'yan Kanada sun ji cewa tashin hankali, a British Columbia musamman, ya samo asali ne daga gaskiyar cewa Jafananci sun taru tare kusan gaba ɗaya a ciki da kewaye da Vancouver. A sakamakon haka, tun farkon 1938, an yi magana game da ƙarfafa 'yan Japan na Kanada su fara motsawa a gabashin Dutsen Rocky.
Ayyukan Japan da suka kai ga yakin duniya na biyu an kuma gan su a matsayin abin damuwa. Japan ta janye daga Kungiyar Kasashe a 1933, ta yi watsi da rabon sojan ruwa da aka kafa ta Taron Sojan Ruwa na Washington na 1922, ta ki bin Yarjejeniyar Sojan Rukunin London ta Biyu a 1936, kuma ta haɗa kai da Jamus tare da Yarjejeniyar Anti-Comintern. Saboda yawancin 'yan Kanada sun yi imanin cewa mazauna baƙi na Japan za su kasance masu aminci ga ƙasarsu, Jafananci a British Columbia, har ma da waɗanda aka haifa kuma suka girma a Kanada, galibi ana hukunta su saboda waɗannan ayyukan yaƙi da gidan kakanninsu ya ɗauka.
Yaƙin Duniya na II
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Lokacin da Yaƙin Pacific ya fara, nuna bambanci ga 'yan Japan na Kanada ya karu. Bayan harin da aka kai a Pearl Harbor a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1941, an rarraba 'yan Japan na Kanada, ba tare da la'akari da zama ba, a matsayin' yan kasashen waje na abokan gaba a karkashin Dokar Matakan Yaƙi, duk da haka wurin zama a lokacin barkewar yakin ya shafi cire hakkinsu na sirri.[7]
Farawa a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 1941, an jiragen kamun kifi 1,200 na Japan da Kanada a matsayin "mataki na tsaro". A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1942, gwamnatin tarayya ta ba da umarni da ke kira ga cire mazajen kasar Japan masu shekaru tsakanin 18 zuwa 45 daga wani yanki mai kariya na mil 100 (kilomita 160) daga cikin yankin British Columbia Coast. Har ila yau, gwamnatin tarayya ta kafa haramtacciyar haramtacciya kan kamun kifi na Japan da Kanada a lokacin yakin, ta haramta rediyo na gajeren lokaci, kuma ta sarrafa sayar da man fetur da dinamite ga 'yan Japan. An tura 'yan kasar Japan da aka cire daga bakin tekun bayan umarnin Janairu 14 zuwa sansanonin hanya a kusa da Jasper, Alberta. A ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 1942, Shugaban Amurka Franklin D. Roosevelt ya sanya hannu kan Dokar zartarwa 9066, wanda ya yi kira ga cire mutane 110,000 na kakannin Jafananci daga bakin tekun Amurka. Anne Sunahara, masanin tarihin fursunoni, ta yi jayayya cewa "aikin Amurka ya rufe makomar 'yan Kanada na Japan. " A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, gwamnatin Kanada ta ba da umarni a cikin majalisa PC 1486, wanda ya ba da izinin cire "duk mutanen asalin Jafananci ". Wannan umarni a cikin majalisa ya ba Ministan shari'a iko mai zurfi na cire mutane daga kowane yanki mai kariya a Kanada, amma an yi niyya ne ga 'yan Japan na Kanada a bakin tekun Pacific musamman. A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, gwamnatin tarayya ta ba da sanarwar cewa ana motsa 'yan Japan na Kanada saboda dalilai na tsaron kasa. A cikin duka, an tsare mutane 27,000 ba tare da tuhuma ko shari'a ba, kuma an kwace dukiyarsu. An kori wasu zuwa Japan.
Tallafawa ga 'yan Japan na Kanada
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Koyaya, ba duk 'yan Kanada ba ne suka yi imanin cewa' yan Kanada na Japan sun haifar da barazana ga tsaron ƙasa, gami da zaɓaɓɓun manyan jami'an Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), Royal Canadian Navy, da Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Kifi. Shahararrun mutane a gefen 'yan Kanada na Japan sun hada da Hugh Llewellyn Keenleyside, Mataimakin Mataimakin Sakatare a Harkokin waje a lokacin da aka tsare' yan Kanada na Japan. Sunahara ya yi jayayya cewa Keenleyside mai gudanarwa ne mai tausayi wanda ya yi kira sosai game da cire 'yan Japan daga bakin tekun BC. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya tunatar da sauran jami'an gwamnati game da bambancin da ke tsakanin 'yan kasashen waje na Japan da' yan ƙasar Kanada game da haƙƙin mutum da na jama'a.
Frederick J. Mead, Mataimakin Kwamishinan RCMP, ya kuma yi amfani da matsayinsa don ba da shawara ga 'yan Kanada na Japan da kuma rage ayyukan gwamnati. An ba Mead aikin aiwatar da manufofi da yawa na tarayya, gami da cire 'yan Japan na Kanada daga "yanki mai kariya" a bakin tekun a 1942. Mead ya yi ƙoƙari ya rage aikin, yana ba da damar mutane da iyalai ƙarin lokaci don shirya ta hanyar bin ainihin harafin doka, wanda ke buƙatar rikitarwa na izini daga ministocin gwamnati masu aiki, maimakon ruhun saurin cirewa da ya yi niyya.
Koyaya, ba kawai jami'an gwamnati ba ne, har ma da 'yan ƙasa masu zaman kansu, waɗanda ke jin tausayi ga manufar Jafananci da Kanada. Da yake rubuta wasikar farko a watan Janairun 1941, Kyaftin V.C. Best, mazaunin Tsibirin Salt Spring, ya yi kira game da cin zarafin 'yan Japan na sama da shekaru biyu. Best ya rubuta wa Keenleyside kai tsaye don yawancin wannan lokacin, yana nuna rashin amincewa da Jafananci a cikin manema labarai, yana ba da shawara ga shiga Jafananci da Kanada a cikin sojojin, kuma, lokacin da aka tilasta cirewa da kuma tsare Jafananci na Kanada, yanayin Jafananci sun fuskanci sansanonin fursunoni.
Wuraren da aka tilasta ƙaura
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An tilasta wa 'yan Japan na Kanada a yammacin gabar zuwa sansanonin hanya, gonakin sukari, ko sansanin fursunoni. Kafin a kore su, an aiwatar da yawancin maza da iyalansu ta hanyar Hastings Park a Vancouver; an tura wasu nan da nan zuwa wurare daban-daban zuwa gabas. Yawancin maza a wurin shakatawa an raba su da iyalansu kuma an tura su cikin British Columbia Interior ko wasu wurare a Kanada, amma yawancin mata da yara sun zauna a wurin shakata har sai an tura su zuwa sansanonin Internment a cikin ciki ko kuma sun yanke shawarar a matsayin iyali don shiga gonakin sukari a cikin Prairies.[8]
Cire mutane da yawa na Jafananci da Kanada don zama ma'aikata a wasu wurare a Kanada ya haifar da rikice-rikice da tsoro tsakanin iyalai, wanda ya sa wasu maza su ƙi umarni su aika zuwa sansanonin aiki. A ranar 23 ga Maris, 1942, wani rukuni na Nisei ya ki a fitar da su don haka aka tura su sansanonin fursunoni a Ontario don a tsare su. An kafa kungiyar Nisei Mass Evacuation Group don nuna rashin amincewa da rabuwar iyali da kuma yin kira ga kungiyoyin gwamnati a kan batun. Koyaya, an yi watsi da yunkurin su kuma membobin kungiyar sun fara shiga karkashin kasa, sun fi son a kwantar da su ko a aika su zuwa Ontario maimakon shiga kungiyoyin ma'aikata.
Yanayin sansanin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yawancin 'yan Kanada ba su san yanayin rayuwa a sansanonin fursunoni ba. An sanya 'yan Kanada na Japan da ke zaune a cikin sansanin a Hastings Park a cikin ɗakunan ajiya da barnyards, inda suka zauna ba tare da sirri ba a cikin yanayin da ba shi da tsabta. Kimiko, tsohuwar mai kula da asibiti, ta tabbatar da "tsananin sanyi a lokacin hunturu" kuma tushen zafi kawai ya fito ne daga "kayan kwalliya" a cikin bargo. Yanayi na gaba ɗaya sun kasance marasa kyau sosai har Red Cross ta canja kayan abinci na asali daga fararen hula da yaƙin ya shafa ga waɗanda aka tsare.
Obasan gyarawa, an kara ilimi a cikin tsarin ilimin jama'a game da tsare-tsare.[10] Ta hanyar amfani da wannan hanyar, 'yan Kanada sun sami damar fuskantar rashin adalci na zamantakewar jama'a na Gidan Gida na Japan ta hanyar da ke karɓar waɗanda abin ya shafa kuma yana taimakawa wajen ƙirƙirar al'umma da ke darajar sake gina zamantakewa, daidaito, da adalci.[10] Ilimi na jama'a yana ba da hanyar fita ga mutanen da aka yi wa laifi don raba labarun su kuma su fara warkarwa, wanda shine tsari mai mahimmanci don gyara amincewarsu ga gwamnati da za ta iya kula da kare hakkinsu na mutum da na al'adu.[10] "Mataki na farko don amincewa da gyaran Jafananci da Kanada a matsayin batun ga duk 'yan Kanada shine amincewa da cewa batun ne ga dukkan' yan Japan na Kanada, ba don biyan 'tseren' ba, ko kuma kawai don amfanin adalci, amma don amincewa ga bukatar tabbatar da ka'idojin haƙƙin ɗan adam don a kalubalanci wariyar launin fata da sauran nau'ikan nuna bambanci. " Tambayar ko Kanada da Jafananci za su iya ci gaba da gaske daga baya an bincika shi a cikin asusun farko da wallafe-wallafen, kamar Joy Kogawa's.[11]
Cibiyar Tunawa da Nikkei a New Denver, British Columbia, Cibiyar fassara ce da ke girmama tarihin 'yan Japan na Kanada, da yawa daga cikinsu an tsare su a kusa.[12]
Bayanan al'adu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsayar da 'yan Kanada na Japan shine batun waƙar gargajiya "Kiri's Piano" a cikin kundin My Skies na James Keelaghan .
Marubuciya Joy Kogawa ita ce mafi shahara kuma sanannen marubucin tarihin al'adu game da tsare-tsaren 'yan Kanada na Japan, bayan da ta rubuta game da lokacin a cikin ayyukan da suka hada da litattafan Obasan da Itsuka, da kuma ingantaccen aikace-aikacen gaskiya na Gabashin Rockies .
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Marsh, James. "Japanese Canadian Internment: Prisoners in their own Country". thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ↑ Wood, Alexandra L. (2014). "Rebuild Or Reconcile: American and Canadian Approaches to Redress for World War II Confinementl". American Review of Canadian Studies. 44 (3): 352. doi:10.1080/02722011.2014.943585. S2CID 146577353 – via Scholars Portal Journals.
- ↑ Kobayashi, Audrey (Fall 2005). "The Uprooting of Japanese Canadians and Japanese Americans during the 1940s: SECURITY OF WHOM?". Canadian Issues: 28–30. ProQuest 208679255.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedYoung 1938 8-9 - 1 2 Izumi, Masumi. "Japanese Canadian exclusion and incarceration". Densho Encyclopedia. Retrieved September 16, 2014.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedYoung 1938 13 - ↑ Fujiwara, Aya (April 13, 2024). "Japanese-Canadian Internally Displaced Persons: Labour Relations and Ethno-Religious Identity in Southern Alberta, 1942–1953". Labour / Le Travail. 69 (Spring 2012): 63–89. JSTOR 24243926. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:5 - ↑ Suga, K. "Reference photograph of Lemon Creek". Discover Nikkei. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
- 1 2 3 Wood, Alexandra L. (2012). "Challenging History: Public Education and Reluctance to Remember the Japanese Canadian Experience in British Columbia". Historical Studies in Education. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
- ↑ Davis, Laura K. (2012). "Joy Kogawa's Obasan: Canadian Multiculturalism and Japanese-Canadian Internment". British Journal of Canadian Studies. 25 (1): 57–76. doi:10.3828/bjcs.2012.04. ProQuest 1011059731.
- ↑ Gagnon, Monika K. (2006). "Tender Research: Field Notes from the Nikkei Internment Memorial Centre, New Denver, BC". Canadian Journal of Communication. 31 (1): 215–225. doi:10.22230/cjc.2006v31n1a1758. ProQuest 219608218.