Tsayar da gudanarwa
 Tsayar da gudanarwa | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
detention (en)  |
| Does not have characteristic (en) | shari'a |
Tsayar da gudanarwa shine kamawa da tsare mutane ta jihar ba tare da Shari'a ba. Yawancin hukunce-hukunce suna da'awar cewa an yi shi ne saboda dalilai na tsaro. Kasashe da yawa [1] suna da'awar yin amfani da tsare-tsare na gudanarwa a matsayin hanyar yaki da ta'addanci ko tawaye, don sarrafa Shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba, ko kuma don kare mulkin mallaka. [2]
A cikin hukunce-hukunce da yawa, ba kamar ɗaurin kurkuku ba (kotu) da aka ɗora a kan hukunci bayan shari'a, tsare-tsaren gudanarwa shine hanyar da ke kallon gaba. Duk da yake shari'ar aikata laifuka tana da mayar da hankali - suna neman sanin ko wanda ake tuhuma ya aikata laifi a baya - dalilin da ke bayan tsare-tsaren gudanarwa sau da yawa ya dogara ne akan jayayya cewa wanda ake zargi zai iya haifar da barazana a nan gaba. Ana nufin ya zama rigakafi a cikin yanayi maimakon azabtarwa (duba tsare-tsare na rigakafi). Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun soki wannan aikin a matsayin keta haƙƙin jama'a da na siyasa.
A wasu hukunce-hukuncen yana da retrospective, watau, wani nau'i ne na azabtarwa ga wani nau'in laifi.
Yaki da ta'addanci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An bayyana tsare-tsaren gudanarwa a cikin dokar jihohin duniya da yawa. A cikin ƙasashe masu dimokuradiyya da ke amfani da tsare-tsare na gudanarwa a matsayin matakin yaki da ta'addanci, dalilin da masu goyon bayanta suka bayar shi ne cewa tsarin shari'a da ke akwai bai dace da magance takamaiman ƙalubalen da ta'adda ta gabatar ba. Masu goyon bayan tsare-tsare na gudanarwa sun ci gaba da cewa ba za a iya amfani da dogaro da dokar aikata laifuka kan haƙƙin wanda ake tuhuma da ƙa'idodin shaida masu tsauri don kawar da barazanar masu ta'addanci masu haɗari ba. Wasu daga cikin dalilan da ake amfani da su don tallafawa wannan da'awar sune cewa bayanan da aka yi amfani da su wajen gano 'yan ta'adda da makircin su na iya haɗawa da hanyoyin leken asiri masu mahimmanci, wanda bayyanarsu a lokacin shari'a zai lalata ayyukan yaki da ta'addanci na gaba. An kuma yi iƙirarin cewa yanayin da aka kama wasu masu zargin ta'addanci, musamman a yankunan yaƙi, ya sa ba zai yiwu a tabbatar da shari'o'in aikata laifuka ba ta amfani da ka'idojin shaida na yau da kullun.[3] Masu goyon baya sun kuma ci gaba da cewa an tsara gabatar da kara da farko don azabtar da halayyar da ta gabata, don haka an karkatar da shi da gangan don goyon bayan wanda ake tuhuma, don tabbatar da cewa kaɗan, idan akwai, ana azabtar da marasa laifi. Yaki da ta'addanci, a gefe guda, yana da niyyar hana mataki na gaba, don haka yana buƙatar tsarin da aka fi nauyi don rage yiwuwar cutarwa a nan gaba, ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa babu wani mai laifi da zai sami 'yanci.
Dokokin Yaƙi kuma masu goyon baya suna ganin ba su dace ba. Wadannan dokoki suna ba da damar kama mayakan abokan gaba, kuma suna ba da izinin riƙe su na tsawon lokacin tashin hankali ba tare da Shari'a ba. Koyaya, waɗannan dokoki sun samo asali ne daga buƙatar tsara yaƙi tsakanin dakarun ƙwararru waɗanda ke da alhakin ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta, waɗanda ke cikin yaƙi na yiwuwar dogon lokaci, amma na ƙarshe. Yin ƙoƙari ya yi amfani da waɗannan dokoki ga 'yan ta'adda waɗanda suka haɗu da fararen hula kuma ba su da lissafi ga kowa yana buɗe yiwuwar tsare-tsare ba tare da shari'a ba, tare da yiwuwar kuskure.[4]
Masu adawa da tsare-tsaren gudanarwa sun kalubalanci tunanin da ke sama. Duk da yake sun yarda da bukatar kare tushe da hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su don samun bayanan sirri, suna kula da cewa dokokin da ke akwai, kamar Dokar Kula da leken asiri ta kasashen waje (FISA) da Dokar Hanyar Bayanai ta Classified (CIPA), sun sami nasarar daidaita bukatar kare bayanai masu mahimmanci, gami da tushe da hanyar tattara bayanan sirri, tare da haƙƙin shari'ar masu tuhuma. Sun nuna tarihin masu gabatar da kara wadanda suka sami damar samun hukunci a kan 'yan ta'adda bisa ga dokokin da ke akwai.[5] Masu adawa sun ci gaba da cewa a zahiri, tsare-tsaren gudanarwa wani nau'i ne na azabtarwa. Tun da yake ba ya buƙatar hujja na laifi na mutum, yana ba da halayen ga duk membobin rukuni ayyukan 'yan kaɗan.
Kula da shige da fice
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kasashe da yawa suna amfani da tsare-tsare na gudanarwa don riƙe baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba - waɗanda suka isa kan iyakokin ƙasar ba tare da izini ba - a matsayin mataki na wucin gadi zuwa ko dai korar ko samun matsayin doka. Tsayar da shige da fice yana da rikici saboda yana gabatar da rikici tsakanin ra'ayoyin gargajiya na 'yancin mutum da ikon mallaka jihohi. Nazarin kwatankwacin ayyukan tsare-tsare na ƙasashe daban-daban sun gano cewa waɗanda ke fuskantar tasirin ƙaura ba bisa ka'ida ba ta teku (kamar Amurka da Ostiraliya) yawanci suna da tsarin mafi tsananin. Masu goyon bayan tsare-tsare na gudanarwa ga baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba suna da'awar cewa ana buƙatar tsare-tsaren tunda waɗannan baƙi ba su aikata wani laifi ba wanda za a iya gurfanar da su a ƙarƙashin dokokin da ke akwai, kuma cewa ba su damar jiran yiwuwar korar su yayin da ba a tsare su yana da haɗarin guduwar su. Masu adawa sun ci gaba da cewa akwai wasu hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su wajen tsare su, kuma irin waɗannan hanyoyin sun fi dacewa saboda ba su keta 'yancin mutum ba, tare da kasancewa ƙasa da nauyin kuɗi ga jihar. Daga cikin hanyoyin da aka ba da shawarar akwai sa ido a saki ga wata kungiya mai zaman kanta (NGO), saki a hannun wani ɗan ƙasa mai zaman kansa wanda zai tabbatar da shiga baƙo a cikin sauraron shige da fice, da cibiyoyin "buɗewa" tare da bukatun bayar da rahoto.
Kare mulkin mallaka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A yawancin ƙasashe masu zaman kansu, gwamnatin da ke mulki tana amfani da tsare-tsare na gudanarwa don murkushe masu adawa da gwamnati. A Asiya musamman, hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya da Faransa ne suka fara gabatar da tsare-tsare na gudanarwa kafin da kuma lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. An ƙirƙira shi azaman hanyar sarrafa rashin amincewar siyasa, ya tsira kuma ya shiga cikin littattafan doka na tsoffin yankuna masu zaman kansu yanzu, waɗanda suka halatta amfani da shi a kan abokan adawar siyasa a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin su.[6] A lokuta da yawa, an tsara su kuma an tsara su a matsayin "matakan gaggawa" ko ayyukan "tsaron ciki". Bangladesh, Indiya, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Singapore da Sri Lanka sanannun misalai ne na irin waɗannan tsoffin yankuna waɗanda ke riƙe da fursunonin siyasa a ƙarƙashin tsare-tsaren gudanarwa wanda ke da tushen shari'a a cikin ayyukan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya.[6] Vietnam misali ne inda hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka yi amfani da tsare-tsare na gudanarwa a cikin shekarun 1930, don kama wadanda ake zargi da ayyukan Kwaminisanci. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, hukumomin Kwaminisanci masu mulki a yanzu sun yi amfani da irin wannan hanyar don tsare wadanda ake zargi da laifuffukan "mai adawa da juyin juya hali".[7] Wasu daga cikin wadannan fursunonin siyasa, kamar su Aung San Suu Kyi a Myanmar, sun zama sanannun duniya saboda tsare-tsaren, kuma kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam ne ke tallafawa manufar su.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "ADMINISTRATIVE DETENTION OF MIGRANTS, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2007-08-09.
- ↑ Amnesty International (2012). "Starved of Justice: Palestinians detained without trial by Israel" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
- ↑ "Administrative Detention: The Integration of Strategy and Legal Process, Matthew C. Waxman, p. 9" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 16, 2010.
- ↑ "Administrative Detention: The Integration of Strategy and Legal Process, Matthew C. Waxman, p. 10" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 16, 2010.
- ↑ "Post 9-11 Terrorism Cases Show Federal Courts Bring Terrorists to Justice Without Administrative Detention, Military Commissions". Archived from the original on June 17, 2008.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Amankwah, Alex (March 3, 2003). "Rights, Emergencies and Judicial Review". James Cook University Law Review – via AustLII and NZLII.
- ↑ "VIETNAM". www.hrw.org.