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Tsayar da kwari

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Tsayar da kwari
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na zoophily (en) Fassara
Bee yana shuka furen
Soja kwari da aka rufe da pollen


Entomophily ko pollination na kwari wani nau'i ne na pollination inda pollen na shuke-shuke, musamman amma ba kawai na shuke'o'in furanni ba, kwari ne ke rarraba shi. Fure da kwari ke shukawa yawanci suna tallata kansu da launuka masu haske, wani lokacin tare da alamu masu ban sha'awa (jagoran zuma) wanda ke haifar da lada na pollen da ruwan 'ya'yan itace; suna iya samun ƙanshin da ke da kyau wanda a wasu lokuta yana kwaikwayon pheromones na kwari. Masu shayar da kwari kamar ƙudan zuma suna da daidaitawa don rawar da suke takawa, kamar su shan ko shan bakuna don ɗaukar ruwan 'ya'yan itace, kuma a wasu nau'o'in kuma kwando a kan ƙafafunsu na baya. Wannan ya buƙaci coevolution na kwari da tsire-tsire masu fure a cikin ci gaban halayyar pollination ta kwari da hanyoyin pollination da furanni, suna amfana da kungiyoyin biyu. Dukkanin girman da yawan jama'a an san su da shafar pollination da aikin haifuwa na gaba.[1]

Juyin Halitta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

spermatophytes na farko (tsire-tsire na tsaba) sun dogara da iska don ɗaukar pollen daga wannan shuka zuwa wani. Kafin bayyanar tsire-tsire masu fure wasu gymnosperms, irin su Bennettitales, sun haɓaka tsarin furanni wanda mai yiwuwa kwari ne ya pollinated.[2] Shaidar burbushin burbushin farko na pollination na kwari don gymnosperms ya fito ne daga farkon zamanin Permian (mataki na Kungurian) wanda ya dogara da burbushin matsawa guda biyar na Tillyardembia daga Rasha, wanda ke nuna pollen na gymnosperm da ke haɗe da kawunansu, kirji, kafafu da ciki.[3] 'Yan takara don pollinators sun haɗa da ƙungiyoyin kwari masu tsawo, gami da Aneuretopsychid, Mesopsychid da Pseudopolycentropodid scorpionflies, Kalligrammatid [4] da Paradoxosisyrine [5] lacewings da Zhangsolvid flies, [4] da kuma wasu iyalai da suka ƙware a kan gymnosperms kafin su sauya zuwa Angiosperms, gami na Nemestrinid, Tabanid da Acrocerid flies.[6][7][8][9] cycads masu rai suna da alaƙa da takamaiman nau'in kwari (yawanci kwari) wanda ke shayar da su. Irin wannan dangantakar ta koma aƙalla marigayi Mesozoic, tare da duka beetles na oedemerid (wanda a yau ana samun su ne kawai a kan tsire-tsire masu fure) [2] da boganiid beetles (wanda har yanzu ke shayar da cycads a yau) daga Cretaceous ana samun su tare da adana cycad pollen.[10] Angiosperms (tsire-tsire masu fure) sun fara bayyana a lokacin Early Cretaceous, kuma a lokacin radiation na angiosperm daga 125 zuwa 90 Ma, zai kawar da yawancin zuriyar gymnosperm kuma ya haifar da lalacewar yawancin masu shuka-shuke, yayin da wasu za su sauya zuwa angiosperms kuma wasu sabbin iyalai za su samar da ƙungiyoyin shuka-huke tare da angiospermas.[2] Halaye irin su Safromyophily (bayar da ƙanshin gawa don jawo kwari) sun samo asali ne da kansu a cikin iyalai da yawa marasa alaƙa da angiosperm.

Bukatar shuka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Iska da ruwa pollination suna buƙatar samar da adadi mai yawa na pollen saboda yanayin da aka yi amfani da shi. Idan ba za su dogara da iska ko ruwa ba (don nau'ikan ruwa), tsire-tsire suna buƙatar masu shuka don motsa hatsi na pollen daga wannan shuka zuwa wani. Suna buƙatar masu shuka don koyaushe zaɓar furanni na nau'in iri ɗaya, don haka sun samo asali ne daga abubuwan da suka dace don ƙarfafa takamaiman masu shuka su ci gaba da aminci ga nau'in. Abubuwan jan hankali da aka bayar galibi nectar, pollen, turare da mai. Kyakkyawan kwari mai shuka yana da gashi (don haka pollen ya manne da shi), kuma yana ciyar da lokaci yana bincika furen don ya shiga hulɗa da tsarin haihuwa.[11]

Hanyoyin da ake amfani da su

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Mustajärvi, Kaisa; Siikamäki, Pirkko; Rytkönen, Saara; Lammi, Antti (2001). "Consequences of plant population size and density for plant-pollinator interactions and plant performance: Plant-pollinator interactions". Journal of Ecology (in Turanci). 89 (1): 80–87. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2001.00521.x.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Peris, David; Pérez-de la Fuente, Ricardo; Peñalver, Enrique; Delclòs, Xavier; Barrón, Eduardo; Labandeira, Conrad C. (March 2017). "False Blister Beetles and the Expansion of Gymnosperm-Insect Pollination Modes before Angiosperm Dominance". Current Biology. 27 (6): 897–904. Bibcode:2017CBio...27..897P. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.009. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 28262492. S2CID 3967504. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  3. ↑ Khramov, A. V.; Foraponova, T.; Węgierek, P. (2023). "The earliest pollen-loaded insects from the Lower Permian of Russia". Biology Letters. 19 (3). 20220523. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2022.0523. PMC 9975653 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 36855855 Check |pmid= value (help).
  4. ↑ Zhao, Xiangdong; Wang, Bo; Bashkuev, Alexey S.; Aria, Cédric; Zhang, Qingqing; Zhang, Haichun; et al. (March 2020). "Mouthpart homologies and life habits of Mesozoic long-proboscid scorpionflies". Science Advances. 6 (10): eaay1259. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.1259Z. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aay1259. PMC 7056314. PMID 32181343.
  5. ↑ Labandeira, Conrad C.; Yang, Qiang; Santiago-Blay, Jorge A.; Hotton, Carol L.; Monteiro, Antónia; Wang, Yong-Jie; Goreva, Yulia; Shih, ChungKun; Siljeström, Sandra; Rose, Tim R.; Dilcher, David L. (2016-02-10). "The evolutionary convergence of mid-Mesozoic lacewings and Cenozoic butterflies". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (in Turanci). 283 (1824): 20152893. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.2893. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 4760178. PMID 26842570.
  6. ↑ Liu, Qing; Lu, Xiumei; Zhang, Qingqing; Chen, Jun; Zheng, Xiaoting; Zhang, Weiwei; Liu, Xingyue; Wang, Bo (2018-09-17). "High niche diversity in Mesozoic pollinating lacewings". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 3793. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.3793L. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06120-5. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6141599. PMID 30224679.
  7. ↑ Khramov, Alexander V.; Yan, Evgeny; Kopylov, Dmitry S. (December 2019). "Nature's failed experiment: Long-proboscid Neuroptera (Sisyridae: Paradoxosisyrinae) from Upper Cretaceous amber of northern Myanmar". Cretaceous Research (in Turanci). 104: 104180. Bibcode:2019CrRes.10404180K. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.07.010. S2CID 199111088.
  8. ↑ Peñalver, Enrique; Arillo, Antonio; Pérez-de la Fuente, Ricardo; Riccio, Mark L.; Delclòs, Xavier; Barrón, Eduardo; Grimaldi, David A. (July 2015). "Long-Proboscid Flies as Pollinators of Cretaceous Gymnosperms". Current Biology (in Turanci). 25 (14): 1917–1923. Bibcode:2015CBio...25.1917P. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.062. PMID 26166781. S2CID 13022302.
  9. ↑ Khramov, Alexander V.; Lukashevich, Elena D. (2019). "A Jurassic dipteran pollinator with an extremely long proboscis". Gondwana Research. 71: 210–215. Bibcode:2019GondR..71..210K. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2019.02.004. S2CID 134847380.
  10. ↑ Cai, Chenyang; Escalona, Hermes E.; Li, Liqin; Yin, Ziwei; Huang, Diying; Engel, Michael S. (September 2018). "Beetle Pollination of Cycads in the Mesozoic". Current Biology (in Turanci). 28 (17): 2806–2812.e1. Bibcode:2018CBio...28E2806C. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.036. PMID 30122529. S2CID 52038878.
  11. ↑ Kimsey, L. "Pollinators We Never Talk About". University of California, Davis: College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. Archived from the original on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2016.

Yawancin kwari sune masu shuka, musamman ƙudan zuma, Lepidoptera (butterflies da asu), wasps, kwari, tururuwa da kwari.[1] A gefe guda, wasu tsire-tsire masu tsire-shuke ne, kwari ne ke shuka su a cikin umarni da yawa.[2] Kwayoyin tsire-tsire masu ƙwayoyin cuta sun sauya sau da yawa don yin kansu da kyau ga kwari, misali, furanni masu launi ko ƙanshi, nectar, ko siffofi da alamu masu ban sha'awa. Tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsalle masu tsire'a suna da girma fiye da tsire-shuke masu tsire (tsire-tsure masu tsire) masu tsire, wanda dole ne a samar da shi da yawa saboda irin wannan babban rabo ya lalace. Wannan yana da tsada sosai, amma akasin haka, tsire-tsire masu tsire-shuke dole ne su ɗauki farashin kuzari na samar da tsami.

Butterflies da asu suna da gashin jiki da dogon proboscides wanda zai iya bincika zurfin furanni na tubular. Butterflies galibi suna tashi da rana kuma suna janyo hankalin furanni masu ruwan hoda, mauve da purple. Furen sau da yawa suna da girma kuma suna da ƙanshi, kuma an sanya ƙwayoyin suna da matsayi don a ajiye pollen a kan kwari yayin da suke cin abinci a kan ruwan tsami. Tsuntsaye galibi suna tafiya da dare kuma suna janyo hankalin tsire-tsire masu fure da dare. Furen waɗannan sau da yawa suna da tubular, launin shuɗi kuma suna da ƙanshi ne kawai da dare. Hawkmoths sukan ziyarci manyan furanni kuma suna tashi yayin da suke cin abinci; suna canja wurin pollen ta hanyar proboscis. Sauran asu suna sauka a kan ƙananan furanni, wanda za'a iya tarawa cikin furanni. Bukatarsu ba su da yawa kamar na hawkmoths kuma ana ba su ƙaramin ruwan tsami.[3]

Inflorescences da kwari suka shuka su yawanci suna da shimfiɗa tare da corollas masu buɗewa ko ƙananan furanni da aka taru a cikin kai tare da yawa, suna nunawa waɗanda ke zubar da pollen cikin sauƙi.[1] Furen sau da yawa kore ne ko launin shuɗi, kuma suna da ƙanshi sosai, sau da yawa tare da 'ya'yan itace ko ƙanshi mai ƙanshi, amma wani lokacin tare da ƙanshin lalacewar kwayoyin halitta. Wasu, kamar giant water lily, sun haɗa da tarkon da aka tsara don riƙe beetles a cikin hulɗa tare da sassan haihuwa na dogon lokaci.

Ana samun kwari marasa ƙwarewa tare da gajeren proboscides suna ziyartar furanni na asali tare da ruwan tsami mai sauƙi. Ƙarin ƙwayoyin ƙwarewa kamar syrphids da Tabanids na iya ziyartar furanni masu ci gaba, amma manufar su ita ce ciyar da kansu, kuma duk wani canja wurin pollen daga wannan furen zuwa wani yana faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Ƙananan girman kwari da yawa galibi ana yin su ne ta hanyar yalwarsu, duk da haka ba abin dogaro ba ne saboda suna iya ɗaukar pollen mara daidaituwa, kuma rashin wuraren haifuwa masu dacewa na iya iyakance ayyukansu. Wasu orchid na Pterostylis suna yin pollinated ta hanyar midges na musamman ga kowane nau'in. Saboda ƙwarewar juna, masu shuka suna dogara sosai da bambancin furanni. Sabili da haka, asarar da aka samu a cikin bambancin shuke-shuke, kamar waɗanda aka ci gaba da su ta hanyar kara yawan amfani da ƙasa, ana iya danganta su da lalacewar masu shuka.[4] Raguwa, saboda kowane dalili, ga wani bangare na wannan haɗin gwiwa na iya zama bala'i ga ɗayan.

Fure-fure da ƙudan zuma da wasps suka shuka sun bambanta da siffar, launi da girman. Sau da yawa ana ziyartar tsire-tsire masu launin rawaya ko shuɗi, kuma furanni na iya samun jagororin ruwan 'ya'yan itace masu launin shuɗi, waɗanda ke taimaka wa kwari don samun nectary. Wasu furanni, kamar sage ko wake, suna da ƙananan leɓuna waɗanda za su buɗe ne kawai lokacin da kwari masu nauyi, kamar ƙudan zuma, suka sauka a kansu. Tare da lebe mai baƙin ciki, anthers na iya sunkuyar da kai don saka pollen a bayan kwari. Sauran furanni, kamar tumatir, na iya 'yantar da pollen din su ne kawai ta hanyar buzz pollination, wata dabara da bumblebee zai manne da furen yayin da yake girgiza tsokoki na tashi, kuma wannan yana fitar da pollen. Saboda ƙudan zuma suna kula da 'ya'yansu, suna buƙatar tattara abinci fiye da kawai don kula da kansu, sabili da haka suna da mahimmanci masu shuka. Sauran ƙudan zuma ɓarayi ne kuma suna cinye hanyarsu ta hanyar corolla don su mamaye nectary, a cikin tsari yana ƙetare tsarin haihuwa.[1]

Tsuntsaye ba su dace da pollination ba amma an nuna su don yin wannan aikin a cikin Polygonum cascadense da kuma wasu tsire-tsire na hamada tare da ƙananan furanni kusa da ƙasa tare da ɗan ƙanshi ko jan hankali na gani, ƙananan ƙwayoyin nectar da iyakantaccen adadin pollen mai mannewa.

Tsire-tsire da kwari

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
orchid na ƙudan zuma yana kwaikwayon ƙudan zomo a bayyanar da ƙanshin, yana nuna kusanci na coevolution na nau'in furen da nau'in kwari.

Wasu nau'o'in shuke-shuke sun haɗu da wani nau'in pollinator, kamar orchid na ƙudan zuma. Kusan jinsin suna yin shuka ne kawai a yankunan arewacinsa, amma ƙudan zuma mai suna Eucera ne ke shuka shi a yankin Bahar Rum. shuka kansa jan hankalin waɗannan kwari ta hanyar samar da ƙanshin da ke kwaikwayon ƙanshin ƙudan zuma. Bugu da ƙari, lebe yana aiki a matsayin yaudara, yayin da ƙudan zuma namiji ya rikice shi da mace da ke ziyartar furen ruwan hoda. Canjin pollen yana faruwa ne a lokacin pseudocopulation da ya biyo baya.[5]

Sashe na giciye na 'ya'yan itace na Ficus glomerata (fig) wanda ke nuna syconium tare da wasps masu shuka a ciki.

Figs a cikin jinsin Ficus suna da tsari na juna tare da wasu ƙananan Agaonid wasps. A cikin ɓaure na yau da kullun, inflorescence shine syconium, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar fadada, nama, rami mai zurfi tare da ovaries da yawa a cikin ciki. Wata mace ta shiga ta hanyar wani karamin rami, ta shayar da wadannan furanni, kuma ta sa qwai a wasu ovaries, tare da galls da aka kafa ta hanyar karamin larvae. A lokacin da ya dace, furanni na staminate suna tasowa a cikin syconium. Maza marasa fuka-fuki suna fitowa kuma suna yin jima'i da mata a cikin galls kafin su shiga hanyarsu daga 'ya'yan itace masu tasowa. Matan da ke da fuka-fuki, yanzu suna cike da pollen, suna tashi don neman wasu syconia masu karɓa a matakin dama na ci gaba. Yawancin nau'ikan ɓaure suna da nau'ikan wasp na musamman.

Magana

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga Girkanci: утиμο-, entomo- "yanke a cikin ɓangarori, rarraba", saboda haka "tsuntsu"; da kuma m, phile, "ƙauna".

Yankin lissafi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Pollination na iska shine dabarun haifuwa da ciyawa, sedges, rushes da tsire-tsire masu ɗauke da catkin suka karɓa. Sauran tsire-tsire masu fure galibi kwari ne (ko tsuntsaye ko jemagu), wanda da al'ada shine yanayin farko, kuma wasu tsire-shuke sun ci gaba da bunkasa iska. Wasu tsire-tsire da iska ke shuka suna da raguwa, kuma wasu tsire-shuke kamar heather na yau da kullun waɗanda kwari ke shuka su akai-akai, suna samar da girgije na pollen kuma wasu iska ba za a iya gujewa ba. Ana amfani da plantain na hoary da farko da iska ke shuka, amma kuma kwari ne ke ziyartar shi wanda ke shuka shi. Gabaɗaya, furanni masu ban sha'awa, masu launi, masu ƙanshi kamar sunflowers, orchid da Buddleja suna ƙwayoyin cuta. Tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsalle waɗanda ba tsire-shuke ba ne kawai sune dung-mosses na iyalin Splachnaceae.[6]

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Jerin shuke-shuke da ƙudan zuma suka shuka

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Samfuri:PollinationSamfuri:Insects in culture

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Kimsey, L. "Pollinators We Never Talk About". University of California, Davis: College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. Archived from the original on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
  2. ↑ Köhler, Andreas; Sühs, Rafael Barbizan; Somavilla, Alexandre (2010-11-11). "Entomofauna associated to the floration of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) in the Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil = Entomofauna associada à floração de Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil | Somavilla |". Bioscience Journal. 26 (6). Retrieved 18 April 2014.
  3. ↑ Oliveira, P.E.; Gibbs, P.E.; Barbosa, A.A. (2004). "Moth pollination of woody species in the Cerrados of Central Brazil: a case of so much owed to so few?". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 245 (1–2): 41–54. Bibcode:2004PSyEv.245...41O. doi:10.1007/s00606-003-0120-0. S2CID 21936259.
  4. ↑ Fründ, Jochen; Linsenmair, Karl Eduard; Blüthgen, Nico (2010-09-14). "Pollinator diversity and specialization in relation to flower diversity". Oikos. 119 (10): 1581–1590. Bibcode:2010Oikos.119.1581F. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18450.x. ISSN 0030-1299.
  5. ↑ Fenster, Charles B.; Marten-Rodriguez, Silvana (2007). "Reproductive Assurance And The Evolution Of Pollination Specialization" (PDF). International Journal of Plant Sciences. 168 (2): 215–228. doi:10.1086/509647. S2CID 1890083.
  6. ↑ Goffinet, Bernard; Shaw, A. Jonathan; Cox, Cymon J. (2004). "Phylogenetic inferences in the dung-moss family Splachnaceae from analyses of cpDNA sequence data and implications for the evolution of entomophily". American Journal of Botany. 91 (5): 748–759. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.5.748. PMID 21653429.
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