Tsayawa kadai
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| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
cell (en)  da hukuntarwa |
Gidan kurkuku (wanda aka taƙaita zuwa kadaici) wani nau'i ne na ɗaurin kurkuku wanda mutum da aka tsare yake zaune a cikin tantanin halitta guda tare da ƙarancin ko babu hulɗa da wasu mutane. Kayan aiki ne na azabtarwa da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin tsarin kurkuku don horo ko raba mutanen da aka tsare waɗanda ake la'akari da haɗarin tsaro ga wasu mutanen da aka ɗaure ko ma'aikatan kurkuku, da kuma waɗanda suka keta dokokin wurin ko kuma an dauke su masu rushewa.[1][2] Koyaya, ana iya amfani da shi azaman kariya ga mutanen da ke kurkuku waɗanda wasu fursunoni ke barazana ga lafiyarsu. Ana amfani da wannan don raba su daga yawan fursunoni da kuma hana rauni ko mutuwa.
Kyakkyawan bincike ya nuna cewa tsare-tsare yana da mummunar tasirin tunani, jiki, da jijiyoyin jiki ga waɗanda ke fuskantar shi, sau da yawa yana wuce lokacin mutum a cikin kansa.[3] Duk da yake jami'an gyare-gyare sun bayyana cewa tsare-tsare na kaɗaici kayan aiki ne mai mahimmanci don kiyaye aminci da tsaro na kurkuku da kurkuku, [4] yawancin kungiyoyin likitoci, lafiyar kwakwalwa, da masu sana'a sun soki aikin kuma suna riƙe da ra'ayi cewa ya kamata a rage shi sosai. [5] [6][7]
Nelson Mandela, Mai fafutukar adawa da wariyar launin fata na Afirka ta Kudu, ya bayyana tsare-tsare a matsayin "mafi hana rayuwar kurkuku". Masana kare hakkin dan adam sun bayyana cewa tsare-tsaren zaman kansa na dogon lokaci na iya zama azabtarwa, [8] kuma an sake fasalin Dokokin Ƙananan Dokokin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Kula da Fursunoni (wanda aka sani da Dokokin Mandela) a cikin 2015 don hana sanyawa a cikin kaɗai fiye da kwanaki 15.[9]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ayyukan tsare-tsare a Amurka sun samo asali ne daga ƙarshen karni na 18, lokacin da Quakers a Pennsylvania suka yi amfani da hanyar a matsayin maye gurbin azabtarwar jama'a. Binciken da ke kewaye da yiwuwar tasirin tunani da na jiki na mutum ɗaya ya samo asali ne daga shekarun 1830. Lokacin da aka gabatar da sabon horo na kurkuku na rarrabewa a gidan yarin Jihar Gabas a matsayin wani ɓangare na "Pennsylvania" ko tsarin rarrabewa cikin 1829, masu sharhi sun danganta babban adadin lalacewar hankali ga tsarin ware fursunoni a cikin sel ɗin su. Charles Dickens, wanda ya ziyarci gidan yarin Philadelphia yayin tafiye-tafiyensa zuwa Amurka, ya bayyana "sannu a hankali da kuma yau da kullun tare da asirin kwakwalwa ya zama mafi muni fiye da kowane azabtarwa na jiki".
Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yi sharhi na farko game da mummunar tasirin tsare-tsare a cikin 1890, tana mai lura da cewa amfani da mutum ɗaya ya haifar da rage ƙarfin tunani da na jiki (In re Medley 134 US 160).[10][11] Rubuce-rubuce daga kurkuku na Danish tsakanin 1870 da 1920 sun nuna cewa mutane da ke cikin kurkuku a can sun kuma sami alamun matsanancin damuwa, gami da damuwa, paranoia, da hallucinations.[12]
Amfani da tsare-tsare ya karu sosai a lokacin annobar COVID-19 don mayar da martani ga karuwar yaduwar kwayar cutar a cikin kurkuku da kurkuku.[13] An kulle wurare da yawa na gyarawa har zuwa awanni 23 a rana, suna kulle mutane a cikin sel ɗin su ba tare da shirye-shirye ba, damar wayar, ko hulɗar mutum. A Amurka kadai, an tsare mutane sama da 300,000 da aka tsare a cikin kulle-kulle da suka shafi kwayar cuta a farkon watanni na annobar.[14]
Manufar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Cire ikirari
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sau da yawa ana amfani da tsare-tsare don haifar da ikirari daga fursuna a tsare-tsaren kafin shari'a.[15][16] Wannan al'ada ta fi yawa a Denmark da sauran ƙasashen Scandinavia a ƙarni na ashirin da ɗaya.[15]
Tsaro na kariya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana amfani da tsare-tsare a kan mutanen da ke kurkuku lokacin da aka dauke su haɗari ga kansu ko wasu. Hakanan ana amfani dashi akan mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin cutar da wasu, misali saboda su ma'aurata ne, sun yi aiki a matsayin shaida wani laifi, ko kuma an yanke musu hukunci kan laifuka kamar cin zarafi yara ko cin zarafin su. Wannan nau'in keɓewa na ƙarshe an san shi da kulawa mai kariya, kuma yana iya zama na son rai ko ba da son rai ba.
Kodayake masu goyon bayan zaman kansu sau da yawa sun nuna imanin cewa tsare-tsare yana inganta aminci a wuraren gyarawa, akwai shaidar da ke nuna akasin haka.[17] A shekara ta 2002, Hukumar Tsaro da Cin zarafi a Amurka, karkashin jagorancin John Joseph Gibbons da Nicholas Katzenbach, sun gano cewa "ƙaruwar amfani da rarrabewar tsaro ba ta da amfani, sau da yawa tana haifar da tashin hankali a cikin wurare kuma tana ba da gudummawa ga sake aikata laifuka bayan an sake shi".[18]
Shira E. Gordon ya yi jayayya cewa tsare-tsare "ba ta kusa warware matsalar da aka nufa ta rage ba: tashin hankali na kurkuku. " Don tallafawa wannan ra'ayi, Gordon ya ambaci binciken 2012 wanda ya nuna cewa yawan tashin hankali a cikin kurkuku na California ya fi kashi 20 cikin dari fiye da yadda yake a 1989, lokacin da aka bude kurkuku na farko na California. Gordon ya kuma ambaci kotun Gundumar Arewacin California a cikin Toussaint v. McCarthy, wanda ya gano cewa tsare-tsare na zaman kansa "ya kara[d] maimakon rage[d] halin rashin zaman lafiya tsakanin fursunoni" a Folsom da San Quentin State Prisons a California[19]
Hukunce-hukunce
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana kuma amfani da tsare-tsare a matsayin horo ga waɗanda suka keta dokokin kurkuku ko kuma suka aikata wasu laifuka na horo.[1][2] Wannan aikin shine al'ada a cikin kurkuku masu tsaron gida (supermax), inda ake gudanar da mutanen da ake ganin suna da haɗari ko haɗari sosai.[2]
Cire zanga-zangar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masu sukar sun yi zargin cewa an yi amfani da tsare-tsare don azabtarwa da kuma hana shirya, gwagwarmaya, da sauran ayyukan siyasa a cikin kurkuku.[20] A Cibiyoyin tsare shige da fice, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa ana sanya fursunonin baƙi a matsayin su kaɗai don kiyaye waɗanda suka san game da hakkinsu daga sauran fursunoni.[21] Mutanen da ke yajin aikin yunwa don nuna rashin amincewa da yanayin da ba shi da kyau a wuraren shige da fice ana sanya su a cikin su kaɗai. Kodayake jami'an shige da fice sun yi iƙirarin cewa manufofin su na ware masu yajin aikin yunwa shine don kare mutumin da aka tsare, masana kiwon lafiya da shari'a sun nuna cewa babu wani tushen kiwon lafiya a bayan manufofin, kuma, a Amurka, ya zama keta haƙƙin Kwaskwarimar Farko na wanda aka tsare. [20]
Ta hanyar ƙasa ko yanki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Turai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Duk da yake tsare-tsare ba a saba gani ba a Turai fiye da sauran sassan duniya ciki har da Amurka, har yanzu ana amfani da shi sosai a kasashe da yawa na Turai a yau.[22]
Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta bambanta tsakanin cikakkiyar keɓewa ta ji, cikakkiyar ke warewa ta zamantakewa da keɓewar zamantakewa kuma ta lura cewa "cikakken keɓewa na ji, haɗe da cikakkiyar kewaye ta zamantakewa na iya lalata mutum kuma ya zama wani nau'i na rashin mutunci wanda ba za a iya tabbatar da shi ta hanyar bukatun tsaro ko wani dalili ba. A gefe guda, haramtacciyar hulɗa tare da wasu fursunoni don tsaro, horo ko dalilai na kariya ba ya kai ga rashin mutunci ko hukunci ba.
Kwamitin Turai don Rigakafin azabtarwa, ko CPT, ya bayyana tsare-tsare a matsayin "duk lokacin da aka umarci fursunoni da za a tsare shi daban daga wasu fursunoni, alal misali, sakamakon yanke shawara na kotu, a matsayin horo da aka sanya a cikin tsarin kurkuku, a matsayin matakan kariya na gudanarwa ko don kare fursunoni. " CPT "ya yi la'akari da cewa ya kamata a sanya tsare-tsaren kaɗaici ne kawai a yanayi na musamman, a matsayin mafita ta ƙarshe kuma mafi ƙanƙanta".[23]
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Rashin zazzabi na gida
- Keɓewa don sauƙaƙe cin zarafi
- Kurkuku #Sashe na sarrafawa
- Yunkurin kawar da kurkuku
- Kwayar halitta guda ɗaya
- Tsarin rabuwa
- Akwatin (nau'in azabtarwa wanda ya haɗa da tsare-tsare a cikin ɗaki mai zafi)
- Tsaro Mai Zaman Kanta
- Tsaro na kashe kansa
- Horarwa da Hukunce-hukunce
- Taɓawa yunwa
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 (Peter Scharff ed.). Missing or empty
|title=(help) Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "Lobel29" defined multiple times with different content - 1 2 3 Browne, Angela; Cambier, Alissa; Agha, Suzanne (1 October 2011). "Prisons Within Prisons: The Use of Segregation in the United States". Federal Sentencing Reporter. 24 (1): 46–49. doi:10.1525/fsr.2011.24.1.46. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Browne2011" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Haney, Craig (2018). "Restricting the Use of Solitary Confinement". Annual Review of Criminology. 1: 285–310. doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-032317-092326. ISSN 2572-4568.
- ↑ Mears, Daniel; Hughes, Vivian; Pesta, George B. (November 2021). "Managing Prisons Through Extended Solitary Confinement: A Necessary Approach or a Signal of Prison System Failure?". International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. 68 (1): 62–84. doi:10.1177/0306624X211058948. PMID 34784829 Check
|pmid=value (help). S2CID 244390888 Check|s2cid=value (help). - ↑ "Position Statement on Segregation of Prisoners with Mental Illness" (PDF). American Psychiatric Association. December 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- ↑ "Solitary Confinement as a Public Health Issue". American Public Health Organization. 5 November 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- ↑ Rawles, Lee (5 February 2018). "ABA House passes measure urging curbs on solitary confinement: 'This is inhumane'". ABAJournal. American Bar Association. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- ↑ Gilmour, Andrew. "The Nelson Mandela Rules: Protecting the Rights of Persons Deprived of Liberty". UN Chronicle. United Nations. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- ↑ Section, United Nations News Service (18 October 2011). "UN News - Solitary confinement should be banned in most cases, UN expert says". UN News Service Section. Archived from the original on 24 June 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
- ↑ "In re Medley/Opinion of the Court - Wikisource, the free online library". Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
- ↑ Arrigo, Bruce A.; Bullock, Jennifer Leslie (December 2008). "The Psychological Effects of Solitary Confinement on Prisoners in Supermax Units". International Journal of Offender Therapy & Comparative Criminology. 52 (6): 622–640. doi:10.1177/0306624X07309720. PMID 18025074. S2CID 10433547.
- ↑ Smith, Peter Scharff (August 2008). "'Degenerate Criminals': Mental Health and Psychiatric Studies of Danish Prisoners in Solitary Confinement, 1870–1920". Criminal Justice and Behavior. 35: 1048–1064. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.559.5564. doi:10.1177/0093854808318782. S2CID 220593357.
- ↑ Cloud, David H.; Ahalt, Cyrus; Augustine, Dallas; Sears, David; Williams, Brie (6 July 2020). "Medical Isolation and Solitary Confinement: Balancing Health and Humanity in US Jails and Prisons During COVID-19". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 35 (9): 2738–2742. doi:10.1007/s11606-020-05968-y. ISSN 0884-8734. PMC 7338113. PMID 32632787.
- ↑ "Solitary Confinement Is Never the Answer: A Special Report on the COVID-19 Pandemic in Prisons and Jails, the Use of Solitary Confinement, and Best Practices for Saving the Lives of Incarcerated People and Correctional Staff" (PDF). Solitary Watch and Unlock the Box. June 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
- 1 2 Smith, Peter Scharff (January 2006). "The Effects of Solitary Confinement on Prison Inmates: A Brief History and Review of the Literature". Crime and Justice. 34 (1): 441–528. doi:10.1086/500626. S2CID 144809478.
- ↑ Shalev, Sharon (2015). "Solitary Confinement: The View from Europe". Canadian Journal of Human Rights. 4: 143.
- ↑ Rain Tree, Sara (2023). "Solitary Confinement and Prison Safety" (PDF). Solitary Watch. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
- ↑ John J. Gibbons; Nicholas de B. Katzenbach (8 June 2006). "Confronting Confinement: A Report of The Commission on Safety and Abuse in America's Prisons" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
- ↑ Gordon, Shira E. "Testimony Presented to the Senate Judiciary Committee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights 'Reassessing Solitary Confinement II: The Human Rights, Fiscal, and Public Safety Consequences'" (PDF). Retrieved 28 June 2023.
- 1 2 "Behind Closed Doors: Abuse and Retaliation Against Hunger Strikers in U.S. Immigration Detention" (PDF). ACLU and Physicians for Human Rights. 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
- ↑ Venters, Homer; Dasch-Goldberg, Dana; Rasmussen, Andrew; Keller, Allen S. (May 2009). "Into the Abyss: Mortality and Morbidity Among Detained Immigrants". Human Rights Quarterly. 31: 474–495. doi:10.1353/hrq.0.0074. S2CID 143979116.
- ↑ Shalev, Sharon (2015). "Solitary confinement: the view from Europe". Canadian Journal of Human Rights. 4 (1). Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- ↑ CPT Report 2011.