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Tsibirin Bunce

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Tsibirin Bunce
General information
Labarin ƙasa
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Tsarin Daidaiton Labarin Kasa8°34′12″N 13°02′25″W / 8.569872°N 13.040269°W / 8.569872; -13.040269
KasaSaliyo
TerritoryWestern Area (en) Fassara
Flanked byKogin Saliyo
Hydrography (en) Fassara

Tsibirin Bunce (wanda kuma aka rubuta "Bence," "Bense," ko "Bance" a lokuta daban-daban) tsibiri ne a cikin kogin Saliyo. Tana cikin tashar jiragen ruwa na Freetown, gabar kogin Rokel da Port Loko Creek, kimanin mil 20 (kilomita 32) daga babban birnin Saliyo Freetown. Tsibirin yana da tsayin ƙafafu 1,650 (mita 502.9) da ƙafa 350 (mita 106.7) kuma ya gina wani katafaren katafaren gini da Kamfanin Royal Africa ya gina a c.1670. Dubun dubatan 'yan Afirka ne aka tura daga nan zuwa yankunan Arewacin Amurka na South Carolina da Jojiya don a tilasta musu bauta, kuma su ne kakannin Amurkawa da yawa na Amurkawa.[1] Duk da cewa tsibirin yana da kankanta, matsayinsa na dabarun da ke kan iyaka na zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa masu tafiya teku a cikin babbar tashar ruwa ta dabi'a ta Afirka ya sanya ta zama kyakkyawan tushe ga masu cinikin bayi na Turai.[2] [3] Don nuna alamar shekaru biyu na 2007-2008 na kawar da cinikin bayi na Biritaniya, wata ƙungiya a Jami'ar James Madison ta ƙirƙira wasan kwaikwayo mai girma uku na katangar kamar yadda yake a cikin 1805, da nuni a kan rukunin yanar gizon da aka nuna wa gidajen tarihi a duk faɗin Amurka wanda yanzu ke riƙe da Gidan Tarihi na Saliyo.[4]

Tarihin bauta

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Bunce Island a cikin 1726 a lokacin Kamfanin Royal African Company Bunce Island da aka fara zaunar da Bawan Ingila garu a kusa da 1670. A lokacin farkon tarihin, da castle aka sarrafa ta biyu London kamfanoni: Royal African Company da offshoot, Gambia Adventurers, na karshen a "Crown-chartered kamfani" ko parastatal tallafin da Crown. A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, 1678, a Kwalejin Gresham na karshen ya ba wa tsohon abin da ke cikin jarin su a tsibirin kan 4,644l. 4s ku. 9d.[5] gidan ba ya cin nasara a kasuwanci amma ya zama alama ce ta tasirin Ingilishi a yankin, inda aka kafa dillalan bayi na Portuguese tun daga 1500s.[6] [7] [8]

Tsibirin Bunce yana cikin SaliyoBunce

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IslandBunce Island Bunce Island a Saliyo Farkon tarihin katangar ya ƙare a shekara ta 1728 lokacin da José Lopez da Moura, ɗan kasuwar bayi ɗan Luso-Afrika ya kai hari a tsibirin Bunce. Shi ne mutumin da ya fi kowa arziki a ƙasar Saliyo a yau, jikan sarkin Mane kuma wani ɓangare na al'ummar Luso-Afrika da suka bunƙasa tare da ƙananan koguna. Wannan rukunin ya kasance a matsayin ƴan tsaka-tsaki, inda suka bijirewa yunƙurin da Kamfanin Royal African Company ke yi na sarrafa kasuwanci da shugabannin Afirka. Lopez ya jagoranci wasu wajen lalata masana'antar Bunce Island.[9] [10] [[11] [12] An yi watsi da tsibirin Bunce har zuwa tsakiyar 1740s. Daga baya wani kamfani na London Grant, Oswald & Company ne ya sarrafa shi, wanda ƴan kasuwa na Scotland Richard Oswald da Alexander Grant suka kafa, waɗanda suka karɓi mulki a cikin 1748.[13] [14] [15] [16] A cikin 1785 Bunce da wasu tsibiran dogaro da yawa an isar da su ga kamfanin John da Alexander Anderson. A cikin rabin na biyu na karni na goma sha takwas, kamfanoni sun aika da dubban bayi daga tsibirin Bunce zuwa gonaki a kan yankunan Ingila da Faransanci a yammacin Indies, da kuma yankunan Arewacin Amirka na Birtaniya.[17]1 [18] [19] [20] Bance Island House, hedkwatar ginin da Babban Wakilin ya zauna tare da manyan jami'ansa, yana tsakiyar gidan.[21] Nan da nan a bayanta akwai filin baran da ke buɗe, wanda aka raba tsakanin babban yanki na maza da ƙaramin na mata da yara. Ragowar hasumiyai biyu, wani katafaren katafaren gini mai matsuguni takwas, da kuma wata mujalla ta gunpowder tana nan a tsaye. Wasu daga cikin igwa suna ɗauke da cypher na Sarki George III. A ƙarshen kudancin tsibirin, da yawa rubuce-rubucen kaburbura suna nuna kaburburan dillalan bayi, da shugabannin jiragen ruwa na bayi, da kuma shugaban ma'aikatan Afirka.[22]

Shirin Bunce Island, 1726

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Dillalan bayi da suka yi kasuwanci a tsibirin Bunce sun fito ne daga wurare daban-daban. A lokacin farkon tarihin katangar, Afro-Portuguese - wani ɓangare na abin da ɗan tarihi Ira Berlin ya bayyana a matsayin "ƙarni na Creole Atlantic" - sayar da bayi da kayayyakin gida a can. An kafa su da kyau tare da koguna kusa da bakin teku da Dillalan bayi da suka yi kasuwanci a tsibirin Bunce sun fito ne daga wurare daban-daban. A lokacin farkon tarihin katangar, Afro-Portuguese - wani ɓangare na abin da ɗan tarihi Ira Berlin ya bayyana a matsayin "ƙarni na Creole Atlantic" - sayar da bayi da kayayyakin gida a can. An kafa su da kyau tare da koguna kusa da bakin teku kuma zuriyar maza ne na 'yan kasuwa bayi na Portuguese da aka sani da lancados da matan Afirka, kuma sau da yawa suna harsuna biyu.[23] [24]][25] a lokacin tarihin tsibirin na baya, an kafa daular Afro-Ingilishi a cikin al'ummomin da ke gabar tekun Afirka ta Yamma, tun daga karni na 17. A shekara ta 1800, akwai kusan 12,000 Afro-Ingilishi a wannan yanki.[[26] maza masu gauraya daga iyalai irin su Caulkers, Tuckers da Clevelands sun sayar da bayi da ciniki a tsibirin Bunce. Kamar zuriyar Portuguese, sun mamaye tsaka-tsaki, galibi suna yin aure cikin manyan kabilun Afirka.[27] jiragen bayin sun fito ne daga London, Liverpool da Bristol; daga Newport, tsibirin Rhode a Arewacin Amurka mazauna; kuma daga Faransa da Denmark. Sun yi jigilar bayi galibi zuwa yankunan Turai a cikin Caribbean da Kudancin Amurka.[28] [29] [30]

Tsibirin Bunce ya kasance muhimmiyar tashar kasuwanci ta Biritaniya da kuma kyakkyawar manufa a lokutan yaƙi. Sojojin ruwa na Faransa sun kai hari a gidan sau hudu (1695, 1704, 1779, da 1794), suna lalata ko lalata shi kowane lokaci. Harin na 1779 ya faru ne a lokacin yakin yancin kai na Amurka a lokacin da kawayen Faransa na Sojojin Nahiyar Turai suka yi amfani da wannan rikici wajen kai hari kan kadarorin Birtaniya a wajen Arewacin Amurka. 'Yan fashin teku, ciki har da Bartholomew Roberts ko "Black Bart", ɗan fashin teku mafi shahara na karni na 18, ya kai hari a cikin 1719 da 1720. 'Yan kasuwa na Burtaniya sun sake gina katangar bayan kowane hari, suna canza gine-ginen gine-ginen a cikin kusan shekaru 140 da aka yi amfani da shi azaman kasuwancin bayi.[31] [32]

Hanyoyin haɗi zuwa Arewacin Amurka

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Bunce Island a cikin 1805 a lokacin John & Alexander Anderson

Kayayyakin kasuwanci daga Turai ana jigilar su zuwa Afirka ana sayarwa da kuma sayar da su ga ’yan Afirka da aka bautar. An kuma kawo 'yan Afirka zuwa yankunan da aka zana da shudi, a cikin abin da aka fi sani da "Tsakiya ta Tsakiya". Bayan haka, an yi cinikin bayi na Afirka don kayan da ake amfani da su, waɗanda aka mayar da su Turai don kammala “Ciniki Uku”[33] An fi sanin tsibirin Bunce a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan wuraren sarrafa bayi da za a siyar da su ga masu shuka a Lowcountry na yankunan da Birtaniyya ta yi wa mulkin mallaka na South Carolina da Jojiya, gami da tsibiran Teku, inda suka bunkasa noman shinkafa mai yawa. Shinkafa tana buƙatar ilimin fasaha mai yawa don samun nasarar nomanta. Masu shukar Kudancin Carolina da Jojiya sun yarda su biya farashi mai ƙima don aikin bautar da aka kawo daga abin da suka kira "Rice Coast" na yammacin Afirka, yankin da ake noman shinkafa na gargajiya tun daga yankin da ake kira Senegal da Gambia a arewa har zuwa Saliyo na yanzu da Laberiya a kudancin. Har yanzu, bayanan tashar jiragen ruwa na Charleston sun nuna cewa kusan kashi 40 na bayi sun fito ne daga Angola.,[34] [35] Tsibirin Bunce ita ce gidan bauta mafi girma a Burtaniya a gabar Tekun Rice. An sace manoman Afirka da ke da fasahar noman shinkafa daga yankunan cikin gida kuma ana sayar da su a katafaren gida ko kuma a daya daga cikin “kasuwancinsa” da yawa (masu kasuwanci) da ke bakin teku kafin a kai su Arewacin Amurka. An kai bayi dubu da yawa daga tsibirin Bunce zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Charleston (South Carolina) da Savannah (Georgia) a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na sha takwas. Tallace-tallacen bayi a cikin waɗannan biranen galibi ana ba da sanarwar jigilar bayi waɗanda ke zuwa daga "Bance" ko "Bense" Island.[36] [37]

Rushewar Tsibirin Bunce

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Neman arewa zuwa Bullom Shore daga Voyages zuwa Kogin Saliyo na John Matthews, 1788 A cikin 1787 masu ba da agaji na Birtaniyya da ke da hannu tare da Kwamitin Taimakawa Baƙar fata a Landan sun kafa Garin Granville, wurin zama na ’yantattun bayi a yankin Saliyo, mil 20 (kilomita 32) ƙasa-kogin daga tsibirin Bunce. Wannan yunƙuri na farko na yin mulkin mallaka bai yi nasara ba kuma a cikin Maris 1792, an kafa matsugunin Freetown a matsayin ginshiƙi na Mallaka na biyu kuma kawai na dindindin na Saliyo.[38] Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika ya ci gaba da zama doka har tsawon shekaru ashirin masu zuwa.[39]]

A shekara ta 1807 majalisar dokokin Biritaniya ta kada kuri'ar soke cinikin bayi.[[40] shekara mai zuwa Freetown ya zama Masarautar Masarautar[41] kuma Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal ta kafa Squadron ta Afirka a can. Sun aika da sintiri akai-akai don nemo jiragen ruwa da suka karya dokar. An rufe tsibirin Bunce don cinikin bayi; Kamfanonin Biritaniya sun yi amfani da katangar a matsayin shukar auduga, wurin ciniki da kuma itacen itace. Wadannan ayyukan ba su yi nasara ba ta [42] fuskar tattalin arziki kuma an yi watsi da tsibirin a kusa da 1840, bayan haka gine-gine da ganuwar dutse sun rushe cikin rugujewa.[43]

Bincike akan Tsibirin Bunce

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Beach a kan Bunce Island Masanan Amurka uku sun yi bincike a tsibirin Bunce. Binciken da masanin ilimin dan adam Joseph Opala ya yi ya danganta tsibirin da mutanen Gullah na kasar Amurka. Ya shirya Gullah "komawa gida" wanda aka nuna a cikin fina-finai na gaskiya: Family Across the Sea (1990), The Language You Cry In (1998), da gidan yanar gizon Priscilla's Homecoming (2005).[44]. Masanin tarihi David Hancock ya rub Bunce Island a lokacin Grant, Oswald & Kamfanin a cikin bincikensa, Jama'ar Duniya (1997).[45] [46] A cikin 2006, ɗan wasan talabijin Ishaya Washington ya ziyarci tsibirin bayan ya koyi ta hanyar gwajin DNA cewa ya fito daga ƴan asalin Mende na Saliyo.[47]

Kiyayewa

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Takaitacciyar kwamitin Bunce Island don baƙi A cikin 1948, an sanya tsibirin Bunce a matsayin wurin tarihi na farko a hukumance a Saliyo. A wannan shekarar, masanin tarihi kuma likita ɗan Saliyo M.C.F. Easmon ya jagoranci wani balaguro wanda ya share ciyayi, ya tsara taswirorin da suka lalace tare da daukar hotonsu a karon farko. An fara gudanar da bincike a tsibirin tun a shekarun 1970. Wata guguwa ta afkawa a cikin 1974, tana lalata gine-gine.[48] [49]

Hukumar kula da abubuwan tarihi da kayan tarihi ta Saliyo, reshe ne na ma'aikatar yawon shakatawa da al'adu ta ƙasar, tana kiyaye tsibirin Bunce. Gwamnati na kokarin kiyaye wannan katafaren ginin a matsayin wani muhimmin wuri mai cike da tarihi da kuma matsayin wurin yawon bude ido, musamman 'yan Afirka Ba'amurke. An kira tsibirin Bunce "mafi mahimmancin wurin tarihi a Afirka ga Amurka"[50] saboda an jigilar dubban bayi daga nan zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa a Kudancin Amurka. Tsibirin Gorée a Senegal ya zama sananne fiye da Bunce kuma ya jawo hankalin baƙi Ba-Amurke da goyan baya don kiyayewa tun daga 1980s.[51] [52] [53]

A cikin Oktoba 2010, Ƙungiyar Bunce Island Coalition (US) da ƙungiyar abokanta na gida sun ba da sanarwar fara aikin kiyaye tsibirin Bunce, ƙoƙari na shekaru biyar, dalar Amurka miliyan 5 don adana rugujewar ginin a matsayin tarihin tarihi da kuma gina gidan kayan gargajiya a Freetown wanda ya keɓe tarihin tsibirin da tasirin cinikin bayi na Atlantic a Saliyo.[54]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "Bunce Island History"
  2. ↑ "'Slave trade ghost town': The dark history of Bunce Island"
  3. ↑ ."A closer look at Bunce Island"
  4. ↑ "Bunce Island: A British Slave Castle in Sierra Leone"
  5. ↑ America and West Indies: September 1690." Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies: Volume 13, 1689-1692. Ed. J W Fortescue. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1901. 317-325. British History websiteRetrieved 3 January
  6. ↑ "US Slave - Bunce Island Slavery"
  7. ↑ "Bance Island opens for Slave Trade"
  8. ↑ "Bance Island opens for Slave Trade"
  9. ↑ Bethwell A. Ogot, Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
  10. ↑ Bethwell A. Ogot, Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
  11. ↑ , Joseph (2007). Bunce Island: A British Slave Castle in Sierra Leone (Historical Summary). DeCorse.
  12. ↑ Bethwell A. Ogot, Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
  13. ↑ Faiers, Jonathan (2022). Tartan (2nd ed.). p
  14. ↑ Hochschild, Adam
  15. ↑ George, Claude (1967). The Rise of British West Africa: Comprising the Early History of the Colony of Sierra Leone, the Gambia, Lagos, Gold Coast, Etc. New York: Psychology Press
  16. ↑ Opala 2007
  17. ↑ "US Slave - Bunce Island Slavery"
  18. ↑ Opala 2007
  19. ↑ "Bance Island opens for Slave Trade"
  20. ↑ "Forgotten Island: How Sierra Leone Plans To Use Slavery Legacy To Boost Tourism"
  21. ↑ "Bunce Island". Kennesaw State University. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  22. ↑ Rough Crossings
  23. ↑ Bethwell A. Ogot, Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
  24. ↑ [Opala 2007
  25. ↑ "Bance Island opens for Slave Trade"
  26. ↑ Bethwell A. Ogot, Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
  27. ↑ Bethwell A. Ogot, Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
  28. ↑ "US Slave - Bunce Island Slavery"
  29. ↑ Opala 2007
  30. ↑ "Bance Island opens for Slave Trade"
  31. ↑ "US Slave - Bunce Island Slavery"
  32. ↑ "From Which Port Was Slave Ances Sold?"
  33. ↑ "From Which Port Was Slave Ancestor Sold?"
  34. ↑ "From Which Port Was Slave Ancestor Sold?"
  35. ↑ Joshua, Foer (2016-09-20). Atlas Obscura. Thuras, Dylan,, Morton, Ella. New York. ISBN 9780761169086. OCLC 959200507.
  36. ↑ "Bunce Island". Kennesaw State University. Retrieved
  37. ↑ "Bunce Island Slave Castle"
  38. ↑ Rough Crossings
  39. ↑ "Forgotten Island: How Sierra Leone Plans To Use Slavery Legacy To Boost Tourism"
  40. ↑ Shaw, Rosalind, Memories of the Slave Trade: Ritual and the Historical Imagination in Sierra Leone. Reconstructed by Mohamed Sheriff, Memphis
  41. ↑ Clarkson, T., History of the Rise, Progress and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave Trade by the British Parliament, London
  42. ↑ Adderley, Rosanne Marion (2006). "New negroes from Africa" slave trade abolition and free African settlement in the nineteenth-century Caribbean. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-21827-8.
  43. ↑ Joshua, Foer (2016-09-20). Atlas Obscura. Thuras, Dylan,, Morton, Ella. New York. ISBN 9780761169086. OCLC 959200507.
  44. ↑ Priscilla's Homecoming website
  45. ↑ Hancock, David (1997). Citizens of the World: London Merchants and the Integration of the British Atlantic Community, 1735-1785. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521629423
  46. ↑ "Bunce Island: A British Slave Castle in Sierra Leone"
  47. ↑ James Knight and Katrina Manson, "Sierra Leone Draws Americans Seeking Slave Roots"
  48. ↑ "Forgotten Island: How Sierra Leone Plans To Use Slavery Legacy To Boost Tourism"
  49. ↑ JAMES BROOKE, "A Slave Island Draws Descendants of Slaves"
  50. ↑ "Bunce Island: A British Slave Castle in Sierra Leone"
  51. ↑ JAMES BROOKE, "A Slave Island Draws Descendants of Slaves"
  52. ↑ "Goree and the Atlantic Slave Trade"
  53. ↑ Les Guides Bleus: Afrique de l'Ouest (1958 ed.), p.123 (in French)
  54. ↑ "'Slave trade ghost town': The dark history of Bunce Island"
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