Tsibirin Kuril

Kundin taswirar tsibiran tsakanin Kamchatka Peninsula da Nemuro Peninsula, hade taswirar Sabis na Taswirar Sojojin Amurka goma sha biyu da aka harhada a farkon shekarun 1950.

Tsibirin Kuril ko Tsibirin Kurile tsibiran tsibiri ne mai aman wuta da ake gudanarwa a matsayin wani yanki na yankin Sakhalin a Gabas mai Nisa na Rasha . Tsibirin sun shimfiɗa kusan 1,300 km (810 mi) arewa maso gabas daga Hokkaido a Japan zuwa Kamchatka Peninsula a Rasha, ya raba Tekun Okhotsk daga arewacin Tekun Pacific . Akwai tsibirai 56 da ƙananan tsibirai da yawa. Tsibirin Kuril sun ƙunshi Babban Sarkar Kuril kuma, a ƙarshen kudu maso yamma, daidaitaccen Sarkar Kuril Karamin . Ƙungiya mai suna 'Kuril Kudu' ta ƙunshi na Ƙarƙashin Kuril Sarkar tare da Kunashir da Iturup a cikin Babban Kuril Sarkar. Mashigin Vries tsakanin Iturup da Urup shine layin Miyabe wanda ke raba Kuril Arewa da Kudu. Tsibirin Kuril sun mamaye fadin fadin kasa 10,503.2 square kilometres (4,055.3 sq mi), tare da yawan jama'a kusan 20,000.

Tsibirin na karkashin gwamnatin Rasha ne tun bayan mamayewar da Tarayyar Soviet ta yi a shekarar 1945 a kusa da karshen yakin duniya na biyu . Kasar Japan ta yi ikirarin tsibirai hudu na kudu, wadanda suka hada da biyu daga cikin manyan uku ( Iturup da Kunashir ), a matsayin wani bangare na yankinta, da Shikotan da tsibiran Habomai da ba su da yawan jama'a, wanda ya haifar da takaddamar tsibirin Kuril . An san tsibiran da ake takaddama a kai a Japan da sunan "Yankunan Arewa".

Etymology

Sunan Kuril ya samo asali ne daga sunan da ɗan asalin Ainu ya yi amfani da shi ga tsibiran, kur, ma'ana 'mutum'. Hakanan yana iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da sunaye na wasu tsibiran waɗanda mutanen Ainu suke zama kamar Kuyi ko Kuye na Sakhalin da Kai na Hokkaido . A cikin Jafananci, ana kiran tsibirin Kuril da tsibiran Chishima ( Kanji :千島列島Chishima Rettō, lit. ' ), da kuma a matsayin tsibirin Kuriru ( Katakana da Kanji:クリル列島 Kuriru Rettō ). Da 'yan Rasha suka gano tsibiran a ƙarni na 18, sai suka ƙirƙiri wani ƙa'idar ƙa'idar da aka samo daga kurit′ na Rasha. курить 'don shan taba' saboda dawwamammen tulu masu aman wuta da ke fitowa daga tsibiran' volcanoes masu kama da hayaki.

Geography da yanayi

Caldera na tsibirin Ushishir

Tsibirin Kuril sun kasance wani ɓangare na zoben rashin kwanciyar hankali na tectonic da ke kewaye da Tekun Fasifik da ake kira Zoben Wuta . Tsibiran da kansu manyan kololu ne na manyan tukwane da ke faruwa kai tsaye sakamakon rugujewar Tekun Pasifik a karkashin Plate Okhotsk, wanda ya zama mashigar Kuril mai nisan 200 kilometres (124 mi) gabas na tsibiran. Sarkar tana da kusan tsaunuka 100, wasu 40 daga cikinsu suna aiki, da maɓuɓɓugan zafi da yawa da fumaroles . Ana yawan gudanar da girgizar ƙasa, gami da girgizar ƙasa mai girman awo 8.5 a 1963 da ma'aunin ma'aunin 8.3 da aka rubuta a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2006, wanda ya haifar da igiyar igiyar ruwa ta tsunami har zuwa 5 feet (1.5 m) isa gabar tekun California . Tsibirin Raikoke, kusa da tsakiyar tsibiran, yana da wani dutse mai ƙarfi wanda ya sake fashe a watan Yunin 2019, wanda hayaƙi ya kai 13,000 m (42,651 ft) .

Tarihi

Mutanen Kuril Ainu kusa da mazauninsu na gargajiya

Taswirar tsibirin Kuril daga littafin Gisuke Sasamori na 1893 Chishima Tanken

Tarihin farko

Tarihin Ainu

Mutanen Ainu sun zauna a tsibirin Kuril tun daga farko, ko da yake 'yan rubuce-rubuce sun kasance kafin karni na 17. Daga zamanin Kamakura zuwa zamanin Muromachi, akwai mutanen Ezo (Ainu) da ake kira Hinomoto daga Tekun Pacific na Hokkaido zuwa yankin Kuril, kuma Mista Ando, Ezo Sateshiku da Ezo Kanrei, ne ke kula da wannan ("Suwa Daimyojin Ekotoba"). An ce lokacin da rikici ya barke a Ezogashima, ya tura sojoji daga Tsugaru. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da Kanto Gomensen, wanda ke kiran kansa da Ando Suigun, kuma yana da tushe a Jusanminato ("Kaisen Shikimoku"), yana ba da kayayyakin Japan ga Ezo da kuma sayen kayayyaki masu yawa na arewa tare da jigilar su a cikin ƙasa. ("Tituna Goma sha Uku").Ƙabilar Matsumae, mai mulkin ƙasar Japan, ta sami 'yancin kai daga dangin Ando (iyalin Goro Ando). Gwamnatin Jafananci ta fara ɗaukar ikon mallakar tsibiran ne a lokacin Edo (1603-1868) ta hanyar da'awar dangin Matsumae . Taswirar Shōhō Era na Japan ( Shōhō kuni ezu ), taswirar Japan da Tokugawa Shogunate ya yi a 1644 ^{, [ ]} manyan tsibirai 39 a arewa maso gabashin Hokkaido's Shiretoko Peninsula da Cape Nosappu . Wani balaguro na Dutch karkashin Maarten Gerritsz Vries ya binciko tsibiran a 1643. Fedot Alekseyevich Popov ya shiga cikin yankin c. 1649 . Cossacks na Rasha sun sauka a Shumshu a cikin 1711.

Jerin manyan tsibiran

Duk da yake a cikin tushen Rasha An ambaci tsibiran a karo na farko a cikin 1646, mai binciken Vladimir Atlasov ya ba da cikakken bayani game da su a cikin 1697. A cikin ƙarni ^{na 18} da farkon ^19th, an bincika tsibirin Kuril: Danila Antsiferov, I. Kozyrevsky, Ivan Yevreinov , Fyon Span, Fyo, da Kuril Islands. Krusenstern, Vasily Golovnin, da Henry James Snow.

• 
  Yuzhno-Kurilsk, Kunashir
• 
  Severo-Kurilsk, Paramushir
• 
  Atlasov
• 
  Duban dutsen mai aman wuta Bogdan Khmelnitsky a tsibirin Iturup
• 
  Mendeleyeva a kudancin yankin Kunashir
• 
  Yuzhno-Kurilsky gundumar
• 
  Ebeko volcano, Paramushir
• 
  White Rocks, Iturup

Teburin mai zuwa ya jera bayanai kan manyan tsibiran daga arewa zuwa kudu:

Island	Russian name	Japanese name	Ainu name	Island Group	Administrative centre / Landing point	Other settlements	Area	Pop.
Severo-Kurilsky District				North Kurils (Kita-chishima / 北千島)	Severo-Kurilsk	Shelikovo, Podgorny, Baikovo	3,504 km2 (1,353 sq mi)	2,560
Shumshu	Шумшу	Shumushu-tō	*Sumusu	North Kurils	Baikovo		388 km2 (150 sq mi)	20
Atlasov	Атласова	Araido-tō	Oyakopa [Oyakoba]		Alaidskaya Bay		150 km2 (58 sq mi)	0
Paramushir	Парамушир	Paramushiru-tō, Horomushiro-tō	Paramusir		Severo-Kurilsk	Shelikovo, Podgorny	2,053 km2 (793 sq mi)	2,540
Antsiferov	Анциферова	Shirinki-tō	Sirinki		Antsiferov beach	Cape Terkut	7 km2 (2.7 sq mi)	0
Makanrushi	Маканруши	Makanru-tō	[uncertain]		Zakat		50 km2 (19 sq mi)	0
Awos	Авось Avosʹ	Hokake-iwa	Hainoko				0.1 km2 (0.039 sq mi)	0
Onekotan	Онекотан	Onwakotan-tō	Onekotan		Mussel	Kuroisi, Nemo, Shestakov	425 km2 (164 sq mi)	0
Harimkotan	Харимкотан Kharimkotan	Harimukotan-tō, Harumukotan-tō	Harimkotan, Haruomakotan, Karinkotan		Sunazhma	Severgin Bay	70 km2 (27 sq mi)	0
Ekarma	Экарма	Ekaruma-tō	Ekarmausi		Kruglyy		30 km2 (12 sq mi)	0
Chirinkotan	Чиринкотан		Cirinkotan		Cape Ptichy		6 km2 (2.3 sq mi)	0
Shiashkotan	Шиашкотан	Shasukotan-tō	*Siaskotan		Makarovka		122 km2 (47 sq mi)	0
Lowuschki Rocks (Lowuschki-Felsen)	Ловушки Lovushki	Mushiru-retsugan	Musir				1.5 km2 (0.58 sq mi)	0
Raikoke	Райкоке	Raikoke-tō	Raikoke		Raikoke		4.6 km2 (1.8 sq mi)	0
Matua	Матуа	Matsuwa-tō	Matua		Sarychevo		52 km2 (20 sq mi)	0
Rasshua	Расшуа	Rashowa-tō	uncertain; thought to be Rusoa and Ruskorke		Arches Point		67 km2 (26 sq mi)	0
Srednii	Среднего Srednego	Suride-iwa	Kankan-kaipe				0.02 km2 (0.0077 sq mi)	0
Ushishir	Ушишир	Ushishiru-tō	Ushishir		Kraternya	Ryponkicha	5 km2 (1.9 sq mi)	0
Ketoy	Кетой	Ketoi-tō	uncertain; possibly Keutoi		Storozheva		73 km2 (28 sq mi)	0
Kurilsky District				Middle Kurils (Naka-chishima / 中千島), split between the island groups	Kurilsk	Reidovo, Kitovyi, Rybaki, Goryachiye Klyuchi, Kasatka, Burevestnik, Shumi-Gorodok, Gornyy	5,138 km2 (1,984 sq mi)	6,606
Simushir	Симушир	Shimushiru-tō, Shinshiru-tō		North Kurils	Kraternyy	Srednaya bay	360 km2 (140 sq mi)	0
Broutona	Броутона	Buroton-tō	Makanrur		Nedostupnyy		7 km2 (2.7 sq mi)	0
Chirpoy	Чирпой	Chirihoi-tō; Chierupoi			Peschanaya Bay		21 km2 (8.1 sq mi)	0
Brat Chirpoyev	Брат Чирпоев	Chirihoinan-jima			Garovnikova	Semenova	16 km2 (6.2 sq mi)	0
Urup	Уруп	Uruppu-tō			Mys Kastrikum	Mys Van-der-Lind	1,450 km2 (560 sq mi)	0
Other							4.4 km2 (1.7 sq mi)	0
Iturup	Итуруп	Etorofu-tō; Ietorupu		South Kurils (Minami-chishima / 南千島)	Kurilsk	Reidovo, Kitovyi, Rybaki, Goryachiye Klyuchi, Kasatka, Burevestnik, Shumi-Gorodok, Gornyy	3,280 km2 (1,270 sq mi)	6,602
Yuzhno-Kurilsky District				South Kurils	Yuzhno-Kurilsk	Malokurilskoye, Rudnaya, Lagunnoye, Otrada, Goryachiy Plyazh, Aliger, Mendeleyevo, Dubovoye, Polino, Golovnino	1,860.8 km2 (718.5 sq mi)	10,268
Kunashir	Кунашир	Kunashiri-tō				Rudnaya, Lagunnoye, Otrada, Goryachiy Plyazh, Aliger, Mendeleyevo, Dubovoye, Polino, Golovnino	1,499 km2 (579 sq mi)	7,800
Shikotan	Шикотан	Shikotan-tō			Malokurilskoye	Dumnova, Otradnaya, Krabozavodskoye (formerly Anama), Zvezdnaya, Voloshina, Kray Sveta	255 km2 (98 sq mi)	2,440
Other						Ayvazovskovo	9.1 km2 (3.5 sq mi)	0
Habomai	Хабомаи Khabomai	Habomai-guntō	Hapomai [Habomai]		Zorkiy	Zelyony, Polonskogo	97.7 km2 (37.7 sq mi)	28
Polonsky	Полонского	Taraku-tō			Moriakov Bay station		11.57 km2 (4.47 sq mi)	2
Oskolki	Осколки	Kaiba-tō, Todo-jima	Toto-musir [Todo-mushir]				Samfuri:Unk	0
Zeleny	Зелёный Zelyonyy	Shibotsu-tō			Glushnevskyi station		58.72 km2 (22.67 sq mi)	3
Dyomin	Харкар Kharkar	Harukaru-tō	Harkar-kotan, Harkar-musir		Haruka		0.8 km2 (0.31 sq mi)	0
Yuri	Юрий Yuriy	Yuri-tō	Uriru or Yuwaro		Kalernaya		10.32 km2 (3.98 sq mi)	0
Anuchin	Анучина Anuchina	Akiyuri-tō			Bolshoye Bay		2.35 km2 (0.91 sq mi)	0
Tanfilyev	Танфильев Tanfilʹev	Suishō-jima			Zorkiy	Tanfilyevka Bay, Bolotnoye	12.92 km2 (4.99 sq mi)	23
Moemoshiri	Сторожевой Storozhevoy	Moemoshiri-tō					0.07 km2 (0.027 sq mi)	0
Odoke	Рифовый Rifovyy	オドケ島 Odoke-jima					0.0025 km2 (0.00097 sq mi)	0
Kaigara	Сигнальный Signalʹnyy	Kaigara-jima	Kaikarai				0.02 km2 (0.0077 sq mi)	0
Other						Opasnaya, Udivitelnaya	1 km2 (0.39 sq mi)	0
Total:							10,503.2 km2 (4,055.3 sq mi)	19,434