Tsohon Turanci na Kudancin Amurka
| Tsohon Turanci na Kudancin Amurka | |
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| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
Tsohon Turanci na Kudancin Amurka shine nau'ikan yarukan Ingilishi daban-daban na Kudanci na Amurka da aka fi magana a ko'ina a tsakiyar karni na 19, sannu a hankali yana canzawa tsakanin Masu magana da fari - watakila na farko saboda ƙaurawar tattalin arziki bayan Yaƙin basasar Amurka - har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20.[1] A wannan lokacin, waɗannan yarukan yankin sun fi karfafawa cikin, ko kuma an maye gurbinsu da, Ingilishi na Kudancin Amurka da ya fi dacewa. A halin yanzu, a tsakanin Black Southerners, waɗannan yarukan sun canza zuwa ingantaccen Turanci na Afirka-Amurka, yanzu ana magana da shi a duk faɗin ƙasar tsakanin Black people.[2] Wasu siffofi na musamman ga tsofaffin Kudancin Amurka Turanci sun ci gaba a yau, kamar wadanda ba na rhoticity ba, kodayake yawanci kawai tsakanin masu magana da baki ko tsakanin masu magana na fari.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wannan rukunin yarukan Ingilishi na Amurka sun samo asali sama da shekaru ɗari biyu daga tsofaffin nau'ikan Ingilishi na Burtaniya waɗanda waɗanda suka fara zama yankin ke magana da su. Ganin cewa harshen wani mahaluƙi ne da ke canzawa akai-akai, ire-iren Ingilishi na masu mulkin mallaka sun sha bamban da kowane irin Ingilishi da ake magana a yau. A farkon shekarun 1600, mazauna yankin Tidewater na Virginia na farko da ke magana da Ingilishi, mazaunin Ingilishi na farko na dindindin a Arewacin Amurka, sun yi magana da Ingilishi na Farko na Zamani iri-iri, wanda kansa ya bambanta. Yaren Kudancin Kudancin don haka ya samo asali ne daga nau'i daban-daban daga haɗuwa da maganganun waɗannan da kuma daga baya baƙi daga yankuna daban-daban na tsibirin Biritaniya waɗanda suka koma Kudancin Amirka a cikin 17th da 18th ƙarni, da kuma watakila Turanci, creole, da post-creole na bayin Afirka da Afirka-Amurka.
Ɗaya daga cikin ka'idar ɗan tarihi David Hackett Fischer 's littafin Albion's Seed shine cewa bayin da suka fito daga Kudancin Ingila da Midlands sun fara zama yankin Tidewater (Virginia) da matalauta Arewacin Ingilishi da dangin Ulster Scots da farko sun zaunar da yankin Kudancin Appalachian, don haka Tidewater da na baya-bayan nan sun kasance mafi tasiri ga yarukan biyu. Lalle ne, yaren Appalachian yana nuna irin tasirin tasirin bakin haure kamar yadda aka tabbatar ta hanyar, alal misali, kiyaye su akai-akai na rhoticity . [1] [2] Duk da haka, masana ilimin harshe sun yi sabani da yawa daga cikin ƙayyadaddun ka'idar Fischer, maimakon haka suna jayayya cewa hada-hadar yare a cikin yankuna biyu ya fi bambanta kuma ya yadu. Alal misali, wani labarin harshe na Appalachian Journal yana bayyana wuraren da ba daidai ba da kuma ba da labari na asali a cikin Albion's Seed kuma ya tabbatar da cewa farkon yaren Kudancin yana da wuyar gano kowane tasiri. [3]
A cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan juyin juya halin Amurka na 1760s zuwa 1780s, manyan cibiyoyin yawan jama'a na Kudancin Amurka na bakin teku, irin su Norfolk, Virginia, da Charleston, South Carolina, sun ci gaba da kulla dangantakar kasuwanci da al'adu da kudancin Ingila a kusa da London. Don haka, yayin da yare na sama-sama da ke kewayen London ya canza, wasu fasalolinsa sun yi kama da: yare na manyan Amurkawa a gabashin Virginia da yankin Charleston, sannan yarukan yankunan da ke kewaye da shi gaba daya, ba tare da la’akari da ajin tattalin arziki ba. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan fasalin fasalin misalin shine " r -dropping" (ko rashin rhoticity ) na ƙarshen 18th da farkon karni na 19, wanda ya haifar da irin wannan r - dropping da aka samu a waɗannan yankunan Amurka a lokacin al'adun " Old South ". Sabanin haka, a yankunan Kudu da ke nesa da manyan bakin teku da gonaki (kamar Appalachia), a wasu tsibiran da ke keɓe, kuma daban-daban a tsakanin ƙananan masu magana da fararen fata, lafuzza galibi sun kasance rhotic. Wani fasalin misali shine tarko-bath tsaga irin na Biritaniya, wanda kuma ya taimaka ayyana lafazin gabashin Virginia. Hakanan an karɓi rarrabuwar a cikin yankin Gulf, Appalachian, da yankuna na kudanci, kodayake tare da nasu bayanin da ya bambanta da na Burtaniya. (Siffar ta ƙare a kusan dukkanin waɗannan wuraren a yau.)
A lokacin yakin basasar Amurka a cikin 1860s, yawancin lafuzzan Kudancin Kudancin sun haɓaka, waɗanda suka haɗa da: lafazin gabashin Virginia (ciki har da lafazin Tidewater), lafazin Lowcountry (ko Charleston), lafazin Appalachian, Lafazin Tsirrai (waɗanda na farko na yankin Black Belt ), da lafazin a cikin keɓaɓɓen tsibiran Pamlico .
Karya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan Yaƙin Basasa, haɓakar katako, kwal, titin jirgin ƙasa, ƙarfe, masana'anta, da masana'antar sigari a duk faɗin Kudancin, tare da sauye-sauyen ƙaura na ƙasar baki ɗaya, wataƙila sun ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar lafazin Kudancin haɗin kai (yanzu yana da alaƙa da ƙarni na 20), wanda sannu a hankali ya kori lafazin Kudancin ƙarni na 19. Ƙimar harshen Kudu na ƙarni na 19 ya samo asali ne a cikin yankunan shuka da kuma manyan fararen fata, ciki har da siffofi irin su rhoticity. Koyaya, a tsakiyar karni na 20, fasalin yare da suka samo asali daga Texas, garuruwan Appalachian, da fararen fata masu ƙanƙanta — irin su rhoticity — ba zato ba tsammani suna faɗaɗa cikin duk jihohin Kudancin.
Har ila yau, kafin yakin duniya na biyu, al'adun mutanen Kudu sun kasance daga ƙaura, amma bayan yakin wani yanayi ya bayyana a cikin garuruwan Kudancin, wanda ya karbi yawancin ma'aikata masu hijira daga Arewa: wani dalili mai yiwuwa na watsi da tsofaffin halayen kudancin kudancin. A ƙarshe, Ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a da alama sun jagoranci fararen fata da Black Southerners don tsayayya da fasalin fasalin da ke da alaƙa da sauran ƙungiyoyin launin fata har ma da haɓaka sababbin siffofi, wanda zai iya kara ba da gudummawa ga kwatsam tsakiyar karni na 20 na rhoticity tsakanin White Southerners na kowane nau'i, duk da ci gaba da rashin jin daɗi tsakanin Baƙar fata Amirkawa. A yau, wannan rarrabuwar kawuna ta harshe bisa tushen raha, tare da wasu fasalulluka, galibi yana wanzuwa tsakanin Baƙar fata da ’yan Kudu.
Ilimin sauti
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Janar Older Kudu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sauraron sauti na farkon Kudancin Turanci a Amurka sun bambanta. Siffofin lafazin masu zuwa gabaɗaya sun kasance halayen tsohon yankin Kudu gabaɗaya:
Appalachia
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Saboda tsohon keɓewar wasu yankuna na Kudancin Appalachian, wani lafazin Appalachian na musamman ya haɓaka. Wannan yare na rhotic ne, ma'ana masu iya magana suna kiyaye tarihin sautin sautin /r/ koyaushe. . Haka kuma, Appalachians na iya ma saka shi cikin sabbin abubuwa cikin wasu kalmomi (misali, “bauta” ko “warsh” don “wanka”).
Za a iya jin yaren Kudancin Appalachian, kamar yadda sunansa ke nunawa, a arewacin Jojiya, arewacin Alabama, gabashin Tennessee, arewa maso yammacin South Carolina, yammacin North Carolina, gabashin Kentucky, kudu maso yammacin Virginia, yammacin Maryland, da West Virginia . Tsarin magana na Kudancin Appalachian, duk da haka, ba a keɓance shi ga yankunan tsaunukan da aka jera a baya ba.
Yaren nan ana ganin sau da yawa wata taga ce a baya, tare da yin iƙirari iri-iri cewa ko dai wani aljihu ne na Ingilishi na Elizabethan da ya tsira ko kuma yadda mutanen asalin Scotch-Irish waɗanda ke da kaso mai yawa na yawan jama'ar wurin za su yi magana a lokacin da suka fara ƙaura suka zauna a can. Duk da haka, waɗannan duka ba daidai ba ne. Ko da yake wasu kalmomi na musamman da aka yi amfani da su a cikin Appalachia sun samo asali ne a yankin iyakar Anglo-Scott, kwatanta mafi dacewa shine yadda wasu mutane a Arewacin Amirka za su yi magana a lokacin mulkin mallaka.
Masu bincike sun lura cewa yaren yana riƙe da ƙamus da yawa tare da tushe a cikin " Turanci na Farko na Zamani " saboda gyare-gyaren farkon mutanen Turai zuwa yankin. [4]
Charleston
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]The Lowcountry, wanda ya fi shahara a kan biranen Charleston, South Carolina da Savannah, Jojiya, ya taɓa zama yankin yaren Ingilishi na musamman. A al'ada sau da yawa ana gane shi azaman lafazin Charleston, ya haɗa da waɗannan ƙarin fasalulluka, waɗanda yawancinsu ba su wanzu a yau:
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Lippi-Green, Rosina. (1997). English with an accent: Language, ideology, and discrimination in the United States. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415114769ISBN 9780415114769.
- Shores, David L. (2000). Tangier Island: place, people, and talk. Cranbury, New Jersey. Associated University Presses.
- Wolfram, W, & Schilling-Estes, N. (2006). American English. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing.
- ↑ Devlin, Thomas Moore (December 13, 2017). "The United States of Accents: Southern American English". Babbel.
- ↑ Pool, Jake (16 January 2021). "The Southern Drawl: Breakdown Of An American Accent". Magoosh.
- ↑ Michael Ellis (1992). "On the Use of Dialect as Evidence: "Albion's Seed" in Appalachia". Appalachian Journal. 19 (3): 278–297. ISSN 0090-3779. JSTOR 40933361.
- ↑ "The Dialect of the Appalachian People". Wvculture.org. Archived from the original on 2012-10-23. Retrieved 2012-11-08.