Jump to content

Tsohuwar Afirka

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Tsohuwar Afirka
aspect of history (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Fuskar ancient history (en) Fassara
Nahiya Afirka

Tsohuwar tarihin Afirka ya taso ne tun daga zamanin da har zuwa tsakiyar zamanai da farkon zamani a tarihin Afirka . [lower-alpha 1]

Dada

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsohuwar tarihin Arewacin Afirka yana da alaƙa da na tsohon Gabas ta Tsakiya . Wannan shi ne ainihin gaskiya ga tsohuwar Misira da Nubia . A yankin kahon Afirka Masarautar Aksum ta mallaki Eritrea ta zamani, arewacin Habasha da yankin gabar tekun yammacin yankin Larabawa . Masarawa na dā sun kafa dangantaka da Ƙasar Punt a cikin 2,350 BC. Puntin abokin ciniki ne na tsohuwar Masar kuma an yi imanin cewa yana cikin Somaliya, Djibouti ko Eritrea na zamani. Biranen Phoenician irin su Carthage sun kasance wani ɓangare na zamanin ƙarfe na Bahar Rum da kuma na gargajiya . Kasashen Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara sun sami ci gaba ko kadan a wannan lokacin.

Tsohuwar Misira

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Taswirar tsohuwar Misira da sunaye

Bayan hamadar hamadar hamadar hamadar sahara, matsugunan sun taru a cikin kwarin Nilu, inda sarakunan sacral da yawa suka bayyana. Yankunan da ke da mafi girman matsin lamba sun kasance a yankin Kogin Nilu na Ƙasar Masar, a cikin Masar ta sama, da kuma tare da cataracts na biyu da na uku na Dongola Reach na Nilu a Nubia. Wannan matsin lamba da haɓakar yawan jama'a ya samo asali ne ta hanyar noman amfanin gona na kudu maso yammacin Asiya, gami da alkama da sha'ir, da kiwon tumaki, awaki, da shanu. Haɓaka yawan jama'a ya haifar da gasa ga filayen noma da buƙatar daidaita aikin noma. An kafa ƙa'ida ta hanyar samar da bureaucracies tsakanin sarakunan sacral. Na farko kuma mafi iko na sarakunan shine Ta-Seti, wanda aka kafa a kusan 3,500 BC. Tunanin sarautar sacral ya bazu ko'ina cikin Sama da Ƙasar Masar. Samfuri:Sfnp

Dala na Giza, alamomin wayewar tsohuwar Masar

Daga baya ƙarfafa sarakunan zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyin siyasa ya fara faruwa a Sama da Ƙasar Masar, wanda ya ƙare zuwa haɗewar Masar ta zama ƙungiya ɗaya ta Narmer ( Menes ) a cikin 3,100 BC. Maimakon a ɗauke shi a matsayin babban sarki, ya zama sarki na Allah . Henotheism, ko bautar wani allah guda ɗaya a cikin tsarin shirka, wanda aka yi a cikin sarakunan sacral tare da Sama da Ƙasar Masar, ya zama addini na tsohuwar Masarawa . Ƙungiyoyin ofis sun zama mafi ƙasƙanci a ƙarƙashin fir'auna, masu mulki, gwamnoni, masu karɓar haraji, janar-janar, masu fasaha, da masu fasaha. Sun tsunduma cikin tattara haraji, shirya ayyuka don manyan ayyukan jama'a, da gina tsarin ban ruwa, pyramids, temples, da magudanar ruwa. A lokacin daular Hudu (2,620-2,480 BC), an haɓaka kasuwanci mai nisa, tare da Levant don katako, tare da Nubia don zinari da fatun, tare da Punt don turaren wuta, da kuma tare da yankunan yammacin Libya. Ga mafi yawan Tsohuwar Mulkin, Masar ta haɓaka tsarinta na asali, cibiyoyi da al'adunta, koyaushe ta hanyar tsarin mulki na tsakiya da kuma allahntakar Fir'auna . Samfuri:Sfnp

Bayan karni na hudu BC, Masar ta fara mika ikon soja da na siyasa kai tsaye a kan makwabtanta kudanci da yamma. A shekara ta 2,200 BC, zaman lafiyar tsohuwar Masarautar ya ragu ta hanyar hamayya tsakanin gwamnonin da suka kalubalanci ikon fir'auna da kuma mamaye Asiyawa zuwa cikin Nilu Delta. Tsakanin Tsakanin Farko ya fara, lokacin rabuwar siyasa da rashin tabbas. Samfuri:Sfnp

Masarautar Tsakiyar Masar ta tashi lokacin da Mentuhotep II na daular sha ɗaya ta sake haɗa Masar tsakanin 2041 da 2016 BC ta fara da cin nasarar daular Goma a 2041 BC. Samfuri:Sfnp Samfuri:Sfnp Ginin dala ya ci gaba, cinikin nesa ya sake fitowa, kuma tsakiyar ikon ya tashi daga Memphis zuwa Thebes . Haɗin kai da yankunan kudancin Kush, Wawat da Irhet a cataract na biyu an yi ƙarfi. Sa'an nan kuma ya zo tsaka-tsaki na biyu, tare da mamaye Hyksos a kan karusan doki da kuma amfani da makaman tagulla, fasahar da ba a iya gani a Masar. Ba da da ewa ba, karusai masu doki suka bazu zuwa yamma a cikin Sahara da kuma Arewacin Afirka. Hyksos sun kasa rike yankunansu na Masar kuma al'ummar Masar sun shagaltu da su. Wannan a ƙarshe ya haifar da ɗayan mafi girman matakai na Masar, Sabuwar Mulki (1,580–1,080 BC), tare da Daular Goma sha Takwas . Masar ta zama babbar kasa mai iko da ke iko da Nubia da Yahudiya yayin da take yin tasiri na siyasa a kan Libyawa zuwa Yamma da Bahar Rum. Samfuri:Sfnp

Kamar a da, Sabuwar Mulkin ta ƙare da mamayewa daga yamma da sarakunan Libya suka yi, wanda ya kai ga Tsawon Tsaki na Uku . An fara da Shoshenq I, an kafa daular Ashirin da biyu . Ya yi mulki tsawon ƙarni biyu. Samfuri:Sfnp

A kudu, an sake tabbatar da 'yancin kai da ƙarfin Nubian. Wannan ikirari ya kai ga cin nasara a Masar ta hanyar Nubia, wanda Kashta ya fara kuma Piye (Pianhky, 751-730 BC) da Shabaka (716-695 BC) suka kammala. Wannan shine haihuwar daular Ashirin da biyar ta Masar . Nubians sun yi ƙoƙari su sake kafa al'adu da al'adun Masar. Sun yi mulkin Masar shekara ɗari. An kawo karshen wannan ta hanyar mamayewar Assuriyawa, tare da Taharqa ya sami cikakken ƙarfin makaman ƙarfe na Assuriyawa. Fir'auna Nubian Tantamani shi ne na ƙarshe na daular Ashirin da biyar. Samfuri:Sfnp

Lokacin da Assuriyawa da Nubians suka tafi, sabuwar Daular Ashirin da shida ta fito daga Sais . Ya ci gaba har zuwa 525 BC, lokacin da Farisawa suka mamaye Masar. Ba kamar Assuriyawa ba, Farisawa sun zauna. A cikin 332, Alexander the Great ya ci Masar. Wannan shine farkon daular Ptolemaic, wanda ya ƙare da cin nasara na Romawa a cikin 30 BC. Fir'auna Masar ya ƙare. Samfuri:Sfnp

Nubiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Nubian Temple na Apedemak, Naqa
Daular Nubian a mafi girman girmanta

Nubia, dake gefen kogin Nilu a yanzu a kudancin Masar da arewacin Sudan, ta kasance gida ga jerin al'ummomi da masarautu masu sarkakiya wadanda suka taka rawar gani a zamanin da.

Al'adar farko da aka sani a Nubia ita ce A-Group, tana bunƙasa tsakanin kusan 3800 zuwa 3100 KZ. [4] [5] Wannan al'adar ta samo asali ne daga al'ummomin Neolithic kuma an san su don makabarta, kayan tarihi, da fasahar dutse da aka samo tsakanin Cataracts na farko da na biyu na Nilu . [4] Ƙungiyar A-Group ta yi kasuwanci tare da tsohuwar Masar, suna musayar kaya kamar zinariya, jan karfe, da hauren giwa. [5] Kalmar " Ta-Seti ," ma'ana " Ƙasa na Baka ," Masarawa na dā sun yi amfani da su don nufin Nubia, yana nuna sunan yankin ga ƙwararrun maharba. [6] [7] [8] Wasu malaman suna danganta Ta-Seti da al'adun A-Group, kodayake ainihin alaƙar ta kasance batun muhawara.

Kusan 2500 KZ, Masarautar Kerma ta fito a matsayin wata ƙasa mai ƙarfi ta Nubian da ke tsakiya kusa da Cataract na Uku na Kogin Nilu . [9] Kerma ta zama babbar kishiya ga Masar, tana sarrafa ƙasa daga na biyu zuwa na huɗu na Cataracts . Garin Kerma ya ƙunshi gine-gine masu ban mamaki, gami da babban haikalin tubalin laka da manyan makabartu. [9] A lokacin tsaka-tsakin lokaci na biyu na Masar (kimanin 1650-1550 KZ), Kerma ya haɗu da Hyksos, waɗanda ke iko da sassan arewacin Masar . Wannan ƙawancen ya haifar da babbar barazana ga ƙasar Masar. Koyaya, haɓakar Sabuwar Masarautar Masar ta haifar da yaƙin neman zaɓe wanda a ƙarshe ya mamaye Kerma a kusan 1500 KZ. [9]

Bayan faduwar Kerma, Masarautar Kush ta yi fice, tare da babban birninta na farko a Napata, kusa da Cataract na Hudu . [10] [11] A ƙarni na 8 KZ, sarakunan Kushit sun faɗaɗa ikonsu zuwa Masar. Sarki Piye (wanda aka fi sani da Piankhi) ya yi nasarar mamaye Masar a shekara ta 730 KZ, ya kafa daular 25 kuma ya yi mulki a matsayin Fir'auna . [10] [11] Daular Kushite ta rungumi al'adun Masar da dama, ciki har da addini, fasaha, da gine-gine. Duk da haka, mulkinsu a Masar ya fuskanci ƙalubale daga faɗaɗa daular Neo-Assyrian . A shekara ta 663 KZ, sojojin Assuriya karkashin jagorancin Sarki Ashurbanipal sun kori Thebes, kuma sun kawo karshen ikon Kushi na Masar.

Bayan sun ja da baya daga Masar, Masarautar Kushit ta canza babban birninta zuwa Meroë, wanda ke kusa da kudu da Kogin Nilu. Wannan yunƙurin ya nuna farkon lokacin Meroitic, wanda ke da nau'in al'adun Nubian na musamman wanda, yayin da Masar ta rinjayi, ya haɓaka fasali na musamman. Meroë ya zama cibiyar samar da ƙarfe da kasuwanci, tare da haɗin kai zuwa Bahar Maliya da Bahar Rum. Rubutun Meroitic, tsarin rubutu na asali, ya maye gurbin hiroglyphs na Masar a wannan zamanin. Addinin Meroitic ya haɗa gumakan Masarawa kuma sun gabatar da sababbi, irin su gunkin zaki na Apedemak. Zane-zane da gine-gine daga wannan lokacin suna nuna haɗakar abubuwan Masarawa da na ƴan asalin Nubian.

A karni na 4 AZ, Masarautar Kush ta fuskanci koma baya saboda abubuwan ciki da matsi na waje. A wajajen shekara ta 350 AZ, Sarkin Aksum, sarki Ezana na Aksum, mai tasowa a kasar Habasha a yanzu, ya kaddamar da yakin soji mai nasara a kan Meroë, wanda ya kai ga faduwar daular Kushi.

Carthage

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Daular Carthage

Masarawa suna kiran mutanen yammacin Kogin Nilu, waɗanda kakannin Berbers ne, a matsayin Libyans. Libyans manoma ne kamar Mauri na Maroko da Numidians na tsakiya da gabashin Aljeriya da Tunis. Haka kuma makiyaya ne, suna da doki, kuma sun mamaye makiyaya marasa kyau da hamada, kamar Gaetuli. Makiyayan hamada na Berber galibi suna rikici da manoma masu noma a bakin teku na Berber.Samfuri:Sfnp

Phoenicians sun kasance matuƙan ruwa na Bahar Rum waɗanda ke ci gaba da neman ƙarfe masu daraja kamar jan ƙarfe, zinariya, gwangwani, da gubar. Sun fara cika bakin tekun Arewacin Afirka da matsuguni—suna ciniki da haɗawa da ƴan asalin Berber. A shekara ta 814 K.Z., Phoenicians daga Tyre sun kafa birnin Carthage. [12] Zuwa shekara ta 600 K.Z., Carthage ta zama babbar cibiyar ciniki da iko a Bahar Rum, musamman ta hanyar ciniki da Afirka mai zafi. Wadata ta Carthage ta haɓaka ci gaban masarautun Berber, Numidia da Mauretania. Kusan shekara ta 500 K.Z., Carthage ta ba da babban ƙarfafa ga ciniki da yankin kudu da Sahara. Yan kasuwa na Berber, waɗanda suka ci gaba da kula da yankin kudu da Sahara tun lokacin da hamada ta bushe, sun yi amfani da dabbobin jigilar kaya don canja kayayyaki daga oases zuwa oases. Hatsari ya fake daga Garamantes na Fez, waɗanda suka kai farmaki kan ayarin fatauci. An yi musayar gishiri da kayan ƙarfe don zinariya, bayi, abin wuya, da hauren giwa.Samfuri:Sfnp

Rushe-rushen Carthage

Carthaginians sun kasance abokan hamayya ga Girka na da da Romawa. Carthage ta yi yaƙe-yaƙe na Punic, yaƙe-yaƙe uku tare da Rome: Yaƙin Punic na Farko (264 zuwa 241 K.Z.), game da Sicily; Yaƙin Punic na Biyu (218 zuwa 201 K.Z.), inda Hannibal ya mamaye Turai; da Yaƙin Punic na Uku (149 zuwa 146 K.Z.). Carthage ta rasa yaƙe-yaƙe biyu na farko, kuma a na uku an lalata ta, ta zama lardin Afirka na Roma, tare da Masarautar Berber ta Numidia tana taimakon Rome. Lardin Afirka na Roma ya zama babban mai samar da hatsi, zaituni, da man zaitun ga Rome ta hanyar haraji mai tsanani. Bayan ƙarni biyu, Rome ta kawo masarautun Berber na Numidia da Mauretania ƙarƙashin ikonta. A cikin shekarun 420 AZ, Vandals sun mamaye Arewacin Afirka kuma Rome ta rasa yankunanta, daga baya masarautun Berber suka sake samun 'yancinsu.Samfuri:Sfnp

Kiristanci ya sami tushe a Afirka a Alexandria a ƙarni na 1 AZ kuma ya yadu zuwa Arewacin Afirka. Zuwa shekara ta 313 AZ, tare da Dokar Milan, duk Arewacin Afirka na Roman ya zama Kirista. Masarawa sun karɓi Kiristanci na Monophysite kuma suka kafa Cocin Coptic mai zaman kanta. Berbers sun karɓi Kiristanci na Donatist. Duk ƙungiyoyin biyu sun ƙi karɓar ikon Cocin Katolika na Roman. [13]

Matsayin Berbers

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yayin da ikon Carthage ya girma, tasirinsa ga ƴan asalin ƙasar ya karu sosai. Wayewar Berber ta riga ta kasance a matakin da noma, masana'antu, ciniki, da tsarin siyasa suka goyi bayan jihohi da yawa. Haɗin kasuwanci tsakanin Carthage da Berbers a cikin ciki ya karu, amma faɗaɗa yanki kuma ya haifar da bautar ko ɗaukar sojojin wasu Berbers da kuma cire haraji daga wasu. Zuwa farkon ƙarni na 4 K.Z., Berbers sun zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwa, tare da Gauls, na sojojin Carthage. [14]

A Yaƙin Mercenary (241-238 K.Z.), sojojin haya na Carthage da ƙawayen Afirka sun haifar da tawaye. [15] Sojojin Berber sun shiga bayan ba a biya su ba bayan shan kashi na Carthage a Yaƙin Punic na Farko. Berbers sun yi nasarar samun iko da yawancin yankin Arewacin Afirka na Carthage, kuma sun buga tsabar kuɗi mai ɗauke da sunan Libyan, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Girkanci don kwatanta ƴan asalin Arewacin Afirka. Jiha ta Carthage ta ragu saboda nasarorin da Romawa suka samu a Yaƙe-yaƙe na Punic; a shekara ta 146 K.Z. an lalata birnin Carthage. Yayin da ikon Carthage ya raunana, tasirin shugabannin Berber a cikin yankin ya karu. Zuwa ƙarni na 2 K.Z., an samu wasu manyan masarautun Berber masu sarrafa kansu. [16] An kafa biyu daga cikinsu a Numidia, a bayan yankunan bakin teku da Carthage ke sarrafawa. Yammacin Numidia akwai Mauretania, wanda ya miƙa faɗin Kogin Moulouya a Maroko zuwa Tekun Atlantika. [17] Babban lokacin wayewar Berber, wanda ba a taɓa samun irinsa ba har zuwa zuwan Almohads da Almoravid dynasty fiye da shekara dubu daga baya, an kai shi a lokacin mulkin Masinissa a ƙarni na 2 K.Z. [18] Bayan mutuwar Masinissa a shekara ta 148 K.Z., an raba masarautun Berber kuma an sake haɗa su sau da yawa. Zuriyar Masinissa ta rayu har zuwa 24 AZ, lokacin da sauran yankin Berber aka haɗa shi zuwa Daular Roman. [19]

Macrobia da Biranen Barbari

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Sake gina Oikumene (duniya mai mutane) kamar yadda Herodotus ya bayyana a karni na 5 K.Z.
Rushe-rushen Qa'ableh, cibiyar farko ta wayewar Somaliya

Macrobia tsohuwar masarauta ce da ke cikin Kahon Afirka (Somaliya ta yau). An ambace ta a karni na 5 K.Z. A cewar labarin Herodotus, Sarkin Farisa Cambyses II bayan cin nasarar Masar (525 K.Z.) ya aiki jakadu zuwa Macrobia, suna kawo kyaututtukan alatu ga sarkin Macrobia don lallashin ya mika wuya. Mai mulkin Macrobia, wanda aka zaɓa aƙalla a wani ɓangare bisa ga tsayi, ya amsa da kalubale ga takwaransa na Farisa a cikin siffar baka mara igiya: idan Farisawa za su iya samun damar daure shi, za su sami damar mamaye ƙasarsa; amma har zuwa lokacin, ya kamata su gode wa alloli cewa Macrobia ba ta taɓa yanke shawarar mamaye daularsu ba. [20][21][22]

Macrobia iko ne na yanki da aka yi masa suna don ci-gaba na gine-ginensa da wadata ta zinariya, wanda ya kasance mai yawa har suna ɗaure fursunoninsu da sarƙoƙin zinariya. [21]

Bayan rugujewar Macrobia, wasu tsoffin biranen-jihohi masu wadata, kamar Opone, Essina, Sarapion, Nikon, Malao, Damo da Mosylon kusa da Cape Guardafui za su fito daga ƙarni na 1 K.Z.–500 AZ don yin gasa da Sabaeans, Parthians da Axumites don kasuwancin Indiya-Girka-Roman mai arziki kuma sun bunƙasa a bakin tekun Somaliya. Sun haɓaka cibiyar ciniki mai riba a ƙarƙashin wani yanki da aka sani gabaɗaya a cikin Peripilus na Bahar Erythraean kamar Barbaria. [23]

Arewacin Afirka ta Roma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Arewacin Afirka karkashin mulkin Roma

"Ƙaruwar birane da yankin da ake nomawa a lokacin mulkin Roma ya haifar da gurbatawar al'ummar Berber gaba ɗaya, wanda ya tilasta wa kabilun makiyaya zama ko ƙaura daga wuraren kiwo na gargajiya. Kabilun da ke zaune sun rasa cin gashin kansu da alaƙa da ƙasa. Adawar Berber ga kasancewar Roma ta kasance kusan koyaushe. Sarkin Roma Trajan ya kafa iyaka a kudu ta hanyar kewaye tsaunukan Aurès da Nemencha da gina layin sansanoni daga Vescera (Biskra ta zamani) zuwa Ad Majores (Henchir Besseriani, [24] kudu maso gabashin Biskra). Layin tsaron ya kai aƙalla har zuwa Castellum Dimmidi (Messaâd ta zamani, kudu maso yammacin Biskra), sansanin Roma mafi kudu a Aljeriya. Romawa sun zauna kuma sun haɓaka yankin kusa da Sitifis (Sétif ta zamani) a ƙarni na 2, amma a nesa yamma tasirin Roma bai wuce bakin teku da manyan hanyoyin soja ba sai daga baya." [25]

Hoto na mummy na Fayum na Demetrios, ɗan ƙasar Roman Masar, kusan 100 AZ, Brooklyn Museum

Kasancewar sojojin Roma a Arewacin Afirka ya kasance ƙanana ne, ya ƙunshi kimanin sojoji 28,000 da sojojin taimako a Numidia da lardunan Mauretania biyu. Tun daga ƙarni na 2 AZ, galibin mazaunan yankin ne ke kula da waɗannan barikokin. [26]

Bayan Carthage, bunƙasar birane a Arewacin Afirka ta zo ne a wani ɓangare tare da kafa matsugunan sojoji masu ritaya a ƙarƙashin sarakunan Roma Claudius (mulkinsa 41–54), Nerva (96–98), da Trajan (98–117). A Aljeriya irin waɗannan matsugunan sun haɗa da Tipasa, Cuicul ko Curculum (Djemila ta zamani, arewa maso gabashin Sétif), Thamugadi (Timgad ta zamani, kudu maso gabashin Sétif), da Sitifis (Sétif ta zamani). Wadatawar yawancin garuruwa ta dogara ne kan noma. An kira shi "ma'ajin hatsi na daular", Arewacin Afirka ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu fitar da hatsi a cikin daular, tana jigilar kaya zuwa lardunan da ba sa samar da hatsi, kamar Italiya da Girka. Sauran amfanin gona sun haɗa da 'ya'yan itace, ɓaure, inabi, da wake. Zuwa ƙarni na 2 AZ, man zaitun ya yi gogayya da hatsi a matsayin kayan fitarwa. [27]

Farkon raguwar daular Roma ya zama ba mai tsanani ba a Arewacin Afirka fiye da sauran wurare. Duk da haka, an yi tashe-tashen hankula. A shekara ta 238 AZ, masu filaye sun yi tawaye ba tare da nasara ba kan manufofin haraji na daular. Rikicin ƙabilanci na lokaci-lokaci a tsaunukan Mauretania ya biyo baya daga 253 zuwa 288, a lokacin Rikicin ƙarni na Uku. Garuruwan kuma sun sha wahalar tattalin arziki, kuma ayyukan gini sun kusan tsaya. [28]

Garuruwan Arewacin Afirka na Roma suna da yawan Yahudawa. An kori wasu Yahudawa daga Judea ko Falasdinu a ƙarni na 1 da na 2 AZ saboda tawaye ga mulkin Roma; wasu sun zo a baya tare da mazaunan Punic. Bugu da ƙari, wasu kabilun Berber sun musulunta zuwa addinin Yahudanci. [29]

Hagu: Memnon, ɗan riƙon Herodes Atticus; bustin marmara (yana nuna fasalin fuskar kudu da Sahara), kusan 170 AZ, daga gidan Herodes Atticus a Eva, Arcadia.
Dama: wani tsohon mosaic na Roma daga Antakiya yana nuna wani Ba'amurke na kudu da Sahara yana ɗauke da kaya a kafadarsa.

Kiristanci ya zo a ƙarni na 2 kuma nan da nan ya sami mabiya a garuruwa da tsakanin bayi. Fiye da bishops tamanin, wasu daga yankunan iyaka masu nisa na Numidia, sun halarci Majalisar Carthage (256) a 256. Zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 4, yankunan da aka zauna sun zama Kiristoci, kuma wasu kabilun Berber sun musulunta gaba ɗaya. [30]

Rabuwa a cikin coci wanda aka sani da Donatist ta fara ne a 313 a tsakanin Kiristoci a Arewacin Afirka. Donatists sun jaddada tsarkakar coci kuma sun ƙi karɓar ikon gudanar da sacrament na waɗanda suka mika littattafan lokacin da aka hana su a ƙarƙashin Sarkin Diocletian (mulkinsa 284–305). Donatists kuma sun yi adawa da sa hannun Constantine Mai Girma (mulkinsa 306–337) a cikin al'amuran coci sabanin yawancin Kiristoci waɗanda suka maraba da amincewa ta hukuma ta daular. [31][32]

Tattaunawar Donatist mai zafi a wasu lokuta an bayyana ta Samfuri:By whom a matsayin gwagwarmaya tsakanin masu adawa da masu goyon bayan tsarin Roma. Babban mai sukar matsayin Donatist na Arewacin Afirka, wanda aka kira shi bidi'a, shine Augustine, bishop na Hippo Regius. Augustine ya tabbatar da cewa rashin cancantar minista bai shafi ingancin sacrament ba saboda babban ministansu shine Yesu Almasihu. A cikin wa'azinsa da littattafansa, Augustine, wanda ake ɗaukar shi babban mai gabatar da koyarwar Kirista, ya haɓaka ka'idar haƙƙin sarakunan Kirista na Orthodox na amfani da ƙarfi ga masu rarrabuwa da masu bidi'a. Ko da yake an warware rikicin ta hanyar yanke shawara na wata hukuma ta daular a Carthage a 411, al'ummomin Donatist sun ci gaba da wanzuwa har zuwa ƙarni na 6. [33]

Raguwar kasuwanci ta raunana ikon Roma. Masarautu masu zaman kansu sun fito a yankunan tsaunuka da hamada, an mamaye garuruwa, kuma Berbers, waɗanda a baya aka tura su gefen Daular Roma, sun dawo. [34]

A lokacin Yaƙin Vandalic, Belisarius, janar na Sarkin Byzantine Justinian I wanda ke zaune a Constantinople, ya sauka a Arewacin Afirka a 533 tare da maza 16,000 kuma cikin shekara guda ya lalata Masarautar Vandal. [35] Adawa ta gida ta jinkirta cikakken ikon Byzantine na yankin na shekaru goma sha biyu, duk da haka, kuma lokacin da ikon daular ya zo, ya kasance inuwa ce kawai ta ikon da Roma ke amfani da shi. Ko da yake an gina jerin sansanoni masu ban sha'awa, mulkin Byzantine ya lalace ta hanyar cin hanci da rashawa, rashin iya aiki, raunin soja, da rashin damuwa a Constantinople game da al'amuran Afirka, wanda ya sa ya zama mai sauƙin kai hari ga Larabawa a lokacin Farkon Mamaye Musulunci. Sakamakon haka, yawancin yankunan karkara sun koma mulkin Berber. [36]

Aksum

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Daular Aksum
Aksum Obelisk, alamar wayewar Aksum

Farkon jihar a Eritrea da arewacin Habasha, Dʿmt, ta samo asali ne daga kusan ƙarni na 8 da 7 K.Z. D'mt ta yi ciniki ta hanyar Bahar Maliya tare da Masar da Bahar Rum, tana ba da turare. A ƙarni na 5 da 3, D'mt ta ragu, kuma wasu jihohi masu nasara sun maye gurbinta. Daga baya an sami babban ciniki da Kudancin Larabawa, musamman tare da tashar jiragen ruwa na Saba. Adulis ya zama muhimmiyar cibiyar kasuwanci a tsaunukan Habasha. Haɗin gwiwar mutanen yankuna biyu, Sabaeans na kudancin Larabawa da arewacin Habashawa, ya haifar da al'adun Ge'ez da yare da kuma ci gaban rubutun Ge'ez. Haɗin kasuwanci ya ƙaru kuma ya faɗaɗa daga Bahar Maliya zuwa Bahar Rum, tare da Masar, Isra'ila, Phoenicia, Girka, da Roma, zuwa Bahar Black, da kuma zuwa Farisa, Indiya, da China. An san Aksum a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe. A ƙarni na 5 K.Z., yankin ya kasance mai wadata sosai, yana fitar da hauren giwa, fatun hippopotamus, ƙurar zinariya, kayan yaji, da giwaye masu rai. Ya shigo da azurfa, zinariya, man zaitun, da ruwan inabi. Aksum ta ƙera lu'ulu'u na gilashi, tagulla, da jan ƙarfe don fitarwa. Aksum mai ƙarfi ta fito, tana haɗa sassan gabashin Sudan, arewacin Habasha (Tigre), da Eritrea. Sarakunanta sun gina manyan gine-gine na dutse kuma an binne su a ƙarƙashin manyan abubuwan tarihi. A shekara ta 300 AZ, Aksum tana buga kuɗinta a cikin azurfa da zinariya.Samfuri:Sfnp

A shekara ta 331 AZ, Sarki Ezana (320–350 AZ) ya musulunta zuwa addinin Kiristanci na Miaphysite wanda ya yi imani da haɗin kai na yanayin bil'adama na Almasihu, wanda Frumentius da Aedesius suka yi, waɗanda suka makale a bakin tekun Bahar Maliya. Wasu masana sun yi imanin cewa tsarin ya kasance mafi rikitarwa da sannu a hankali fiye da sauƙin musulunta. Kusan 350, lokacin da Ezana ya kori Meroe, al'adar zuhudu ta Siriya ta sami tushe a cikin cocin Habasha.Samfuri:Sfnp

A ƙarni na 6 Aksum tana da ƙarfi sosai don ƙara Saba a yankin Larabawa zuwa daular ta. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 6, Daular Sasanian ta kori Aksum daga yankin. Tare da yaduwar Musulunci ta Yammacin Asiya da Arewacin Afirka, cibiyoyin ciniki na Aksum a Bahar Rum sun raunana. Cinikin Bahar Maliya ya ragu yayin da aka karkatar da shi zuwa Tekun Fasha kuma Larabawa suka mamaye shi, wanda ya sa Aksum ta ragu. A shekara ta 800 AZ, an koma babban birnin kudu zuwa tsaunukan cikin gida, kuma Aksum ta ragu sosai.Samfuri:Sfnp

Yammacin Afirka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A yammacin Sahel, bullar al'ummomin da suka zauna wuri guda ya faru ne saboda noman gero da dawa. Binciken kayan tarihi ya nuna yawan al'ummar birane a Yammacin Afirka tun daga karni na 2 BC. An samu dangantakar ciniki kafin cinikin Trans-Sahara, saboda damar da bambancin muhalli tsakanin arewa da kudu ya bayar a cikin jeji, ciyayi, da dazuzzuka. Manoma sun karɓi gishiri daga makiyayan jeji. Makiyayan jeji sun samu nama da sauran abinci daga makiyaya da manoma na ciyayi da kuma daga masunta a kogin Neja. Mazauna daji sun samar da fatu da nama.Samfuri:Sfnp

Sassaka Nok, terracotta, Louvre

Dhar Tichitt da Oualata a kasar Mauritania ta yanzu suna kan gaba a cikin cibiyoyin birane na farko, tun daga 2,000 BC. Kimanin matsugunan dutse 500 suna cikin yankin a cikin tsohuwar ciyayi ta Sahara. Mazaunanta suna kamun kifi kuma suna noman gero. Augustin Holl ya gano cewa Soninke na mutanen Mandé ne ke da alhakin gina irin waɗannan matsugunan. Kusan 300 BC yankin ya zama mai bushewa kuma matsugunan sun fara raguwa, mai yiwuwa sun koma Koumbi Saleh. [37]Shaidar gine-gine da kwatancen salon tukwane sun nuna cewa Dhar Tichitt yana da alaƙa da Masarautar Ghana ta gaba. Djenné-Djenno (a kasar Mali ta yanzu) an zauna a kusan 300 BC, kuma garin ya girma don karɓar yawan jama'a masu yawa a Zamanin Karfe, kamar yadda kaburbura masu cunkoso suka nuna. An yi gine-ginen gidaje da laka busashen rana. Zuwa 250 BC Djenné-Djenno ta zama babbar garin kasuwa mai bunƙasa.Samfuri:Sfnmp Garuruwa irin na Djenne-Jeno suma sun bunkasa a wurin Dia, shi ma a Mali tare da kogin Neja, tun daga kimanin 900 BC. [38]

A kudu maso kudu, a tsakiyar Najeriya, kusan 1,500 BC, al'adun Nok sun bunƙasa a Jos Plateau. ref name="PB 2014"Breunig, Peter. 2014. Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context: p. 21. /ref Al'umma ce mai tsari sosai. Mutanen Nok sun samar da siffofi masu rai a cikin terracotta, ciki har da kawunan mutane da siffofin mutane, giwaye, da sauran dabbobi. Zuwa 500 BC suna narka baƙin ƙarfe. Zuwa 200 AD al'adun Nok sun ɓace. Dangane da kamanceceniya ta salo da Nok terracottas, ana yanzu samfurin tagulla na masarautar Ife ta Yarabawa da na masarautar Benin ta Bini ana yanzu yin imani da cewa suna ci gaba ne na al'adun al'adun Nok na baya.Samfuri:Sfnp

Fadada Bantu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
1=3000 – 1500 BC asali
2=kusan 1500 BC farkon ƙaura
     2.a=Bantu na Gabas,
     2.b=Bantu na Yamma
3=1000 – 500 BC cibiyar Urewe ta Bantu na Gabas
4 – 7=ci gaba zuwa kudu
9=500 BC – 0 cibiyar Kongo
10=0 – 1000 CE mataki na ƙarshe

[39]

Fadada Bantu ta ƙunshi gagarumin motsi na mutane a tarihin Afirka da kuma cikin daidaita nahiyar. [40] Mutanen da ke magana harsunan Bantu (reshen dangin Niger-Congo) sun fara a cikin karni na biyu BC don yaduwa daga Kamaru zuwa gabas zuwa yankin Manyan Tafkuna na Afirka. A cikin karni na farko BC, harsunan Bantu sun yadu daga Manyan Tafkuna zuwa kudancin da gabashin Afirka. Wani farkon motsi ya nufi kudu zuwa babban kwarin Zambezi a karni na 2 BC. Sa'an nan kuma masu magana da Bantu suka tura zuwa yamma zuwa ciyayi na Angola ta yanzu kuma zuwa gabas zuwa Malawi, Zambiya, da Zimbabwe a karni na 1 AD. Turawa na biyu daga Manyan Tafkuna shine gabas, shekaru 2,000 da suka wuce, suna fadada zuwa gabar Tekun Indiya, Kenya da Tanzaniya. Ƙungiyar ta gabas daga ƙarshe ta haɗu da bakin haure daga Manyan Tafkuna a Malawi, Zambiya, da Zimbabwe. Dukkan ƙungiyoyin sun ci gaba zuwa kudu, inda ƙungiyoyin gabas suka ci gaba zuwa Mozambique kuma suka isa Maputo a karni na 2 AD, kuma suka fadada har zuwa Durban.

A ƙarshen karni na farko AD, fadada ta kai Kogin Great Kei a Afirka ta Kudu ta yanzu. Dawa, babban amfanin gona na Bantu, ba ta iya bunƙasa a ƙarƙashin ruwan sama na lokacin hunturu na Namibiya da yammacin Cape. Mutanen Khoisan ne suka mamaye sauran sassan kudancin Afirka.Samfuri:SfnpSamfuri:Neman zance

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Studien, Forum Transregionale (2018-07-31). "African Historiography and the Challenges of European Periodization: A Historical Comment". TRAFO – Blog for Transregional Research (in Jamusanci). doi:10.58079/usq7 Check |doi= value (help). Retrieved 2024-10-12.
  2. ↑ Falola, Toyin; Borah, Abikal (2018-11-20), "African Philosophies of History and Historiography", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History (in Turanci), doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.355, ISBN 978-0-19-027773-4, retrieved 2024-10-22
  3. ↑ Parker, John (2023-03-21). Great Kingdoms of Africa (in Turanci). Univ of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-39568-8.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Ancient Nubia: A-Group 3800–3100 BC | Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures". isac.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2025-05-07.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Bruce Beyer Missing or empty |title= (help)
  6. ↑ "Nubia and the Noba people". Black History Month 2025 (in Turanci). 2008-02-14. Retrieved 2025-05-07.
  7. ↑ "Nubian History and Culture". Egypt Tours Portal (in Turanci). 2019-06-24. Retrieved 2025-05-07.
  8. ↑ "Nubia and Ancient Culture | Western Civilization". courses.lumenlearning.com. Retrieved 2025-05-07.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "Kerma Culture | Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures". isac.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2025-05-07.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "The Nubian kingdom of Kush, rival to Egypt". History (in Turanci). 2025-05-07. Retrieved 2025-05-07.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Kushite King Piye | EBSCO Research Starters". www.ebsco.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-05-07.
  12. ↑ Krahmalkov, Charles R. (1981). "The Foundation of Carthage, 814 B.c. The Douïmès Pendant Inscription". Journal of Semitic Studies. 26 (2): 177–191. doi:10.1093/jss/26.2.177. ISSN 0022-4480.
  13. ↑ Sundkler, Bengt; Steed, Christopher (2000-05-04). A History of the Church in Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-58342-8.
  14. ↑ Archive, History. "Cultures | Berbers". History Archive (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-05-07.
  15. ↑ "Yaƙin Punic na Farko | Dickinson College Commentaries". dcc.dickinson.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-26.
  16. ↑ Mark, Joshua J. "Masaesyli da Massylii na Numidia". World History Encyclopedia (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-05-07.
  17. ↑ Levin, Robin (2024-08-16). "Wane Matsayi Berbers Suka Yi a Yaƙe-yaƙe na Punic Tsakanin Rome da Carthage? | Mutuwar Carthage" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-05-07.
  18. ↑ "Masarautar Numidia: Asali, Tashin Hankali da Faɗuwa" (in Turanci). 2023-07-31. Retrieved 2025-05-07.
  19. ↑ Congress, Library of. "Arewacin Afirka A Lokacin Zamani na Gargajiya". World History Encyclopedia (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-05-07.
  20. ↑ Wheeler, J. Talboys (1854). "VII: Aethiopia". The Geography of Herodotus: Developed, Explained, and Illustrated from Modern Researches and Discoveries. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longman. p. 526.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 John Kitto, James Taylor, The popular cyclopædia of Biblical literature: condensed from the larger work, (Gould and Lincoln: 1856), p. 302.
  22. ↑ White, John S. (2018-04-05). The Boys' and Girls' Herodotus. BoD – Books on Demand. ISBN 978-3-7326-5420-8.
  23. ↑ Oman in history By Peter Vine Page 324
  24. ↑ "TM Places". www.trismegistos.org. Retrieved 2021-05-21.
  25. ↑ Metz, Helen (1994). Algeria : a country study. Area handbook series. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-8444-0831-6. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  26. ↑ Kheireddine, Bouhedda (1975). Algeria's foreign policy, 1962–1992. OCLC 968957119.
  27. ↑ Area Handbook Series (in Turanci). American University, Foreign Area Studies. 1994. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-8444-0831-6.
  28. ↑ "North Africa - The growth of urban life | Britannica". www.britannica.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-01-24.
  29. ↑ Wells, C. M.; Luttwak, Edward N. (1978). "The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire: From the First Century A.D. to the Third". The American Journal of Philology. 99 (4): 527. doi:10.2307/293904. ISSN 0002-9475. JSTOR 293904.
  30. ↑ Hrsg., Nelson, Harold D. (1986). Morocco : a country study. American Univ. p. 8. OCLC 642916799.
  31. ↑ "Christianity - Relations between Christianity and the Roman government and the Hellenistic culture | Britannica". www.britannica.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-06-14.
  32. ↑ "Donatist | religion | Britannica". www.britannica.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-06-14.
  33. ↑ Burns, J. Patout; Jensen, Robin M. (2014-11-30). Christianity in Roman Africa: The Development of Its Practices and Beliefs (in Turanci). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4674-4037-0.
  34. ↑ "North Africa During the Classical Period". Library of Congress. 15 December 2011.
  35. ↑ Grant, Miles (1895). Positive Theology: As Proved by the Eternal Principles of Pure Reason, Facts of Science, Metaphysics, Common Sense and the Bible ... (in Turanci). author.
  36. ↑ Shillington, Kevin (2013-07-04). Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set (in Turanci). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-45670-2.
  37. ↑ name="HollA1985"Hall A (1985). "Background to the Ghana Empire: archaeological investigations on the transition to statehood in the Dhar Tichitt region (Mauritania)". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 4 (2): 73–115. doi:10.1016/0278-4165(85)90005-4.
  38. ↑ name="Arazi"Arazi, Noemie. "Tracing History in Dia, in the Inland Niger Delta of Mali -Archaeology, Oral Traditions and Written Sources" (PDF). University College London. Institute of Archaeology.[permanent dead link]
  39. ↑ bayan Derek Nurse da Gérrard Philipsian: The Bantu Languages. Routledge, London 2003.Samfuri:Shafi ake buƙata
  40. ↑ "The Amazing Bantu Migration and the Fascinating Bantu People". www.south-africa-tours-and-travel.com. Retrieved 2020-05-24.


Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="lower-alpha"/> tag was found

Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsohuwar_Afirka&oldid=660266"