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Tsufa na yawan jama'a

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pyramid na yawan jama'a na duniya daga 1950 zuwa 2100 (an tsara shi). (UN, Ƙididdigar Jama'a ta Duniya 2017)
Yawan mutanen da suka tsufa a duniya daga 1950 zuwa 2100 (an tsara su). [1]

Tsufawar yawan jama'a babban canji ne a cikin shekarun jama'a.  Ana iya taƙaita wannan yawanci a cikin siga guda ɗaya azaman haɓaka a cikin matsakaicin shekaru.  Dalilan sune raguwar adadin haihuwa na dogon lokaci da raguwar adadin mace-mace.  Yawancin ƙasashe yanzu suna da raguwar yawan mace-mace da yawan tsufa: yanayin da ya fara fitowa a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa amma yanzu ana ganin su a kusan dukkanin ƙasashe masu tasowa.  A galibin kasashen da suka ci gaba, yawan tsufa ya fara ne a karshen karni na 19.  A ƙarshen karni na 20, yawan mutanen duniya gaba ɗaya ma ya tsufa.  Adadin mutanen da shekarunsu suka wuce 65 zuwa sama ya kai kashi 6% na yawan jama'a.  [yaushe?] Wannan yana nuna raguwar tarihi gaba ɗaya a matsakaicin ƙimar haihuwa ta duniya.[1]  Haka lamarin yake ga kowace ƙasa a duniya in ban da ƙasashe 18 da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana a matsayin "masu fitar da alƙaluma".[2]  [ba a yi nasara ba] Adadin tsofaffi a halin yanzu yana kan matsayi mafi girma a tarihin ɗan adam.[3]  Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tana aiwatar da cewa yawan jama'a za su tsufa cikin sauri a cikin karni na 21 fiye da na 20.[3]  Adadin mutanen da suka shekara 60 zuwa sama ya ninka sau uku tun 1950;  ya kai miliyan 600 a shekarar 2000 kuma ya zarce miliyan 700 a shekarar 2006. An yi hasashen cewa idan aka hada manya da masu fama da yara za su kai biliyan 2.1 nan da shekarar 2050.[4][5].  Kasashe sun bambanta sosai ta fuskar digiri da saurin tsufa, kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tana tsammanin yawan mutanen da suka fara tsufa daga baya za su sami karancin lokaci don amsa abubuwan da ke faruwa.[3]  Shirye-shiryen manufofin sun haɗa da dabarun rigakafin da ke haɓaka girman matasa, yawan shekarun aiki, da kuma matakan daidaitawa don daidaita tsarin da ya dace da sabon alƙaluma na gaba.

Bayani na gaba ɗaya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsufa na yawan jama'a shine canji a cikin rarraba yawan jama'ar ƙasa zuwa tsofaffi kuma yawanci ana nuna shi a cikin karuwar yawan jama'i da matsakaicin shekaru, raguwa a cikin yawan mutanen da ke kunshe da yara, da kuma karuwar yawan mutanen da suka hada da tsofaffi. Tsufa na yawan jama'a ya bazu a duk faɗin duniya kuma ya fi ci gaba a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa sosai, amma yana ƙaruwa da sauri a yankuna marasa ci gaba, wanda ke nufin cewa tsofaffi za su ƙara mai da hankali a yankunan da ba su ci gaba ba a duniya. [dubious - tattauna] [2] Cibiyar Oxford ta Tsufa, duk da haka, ta kammala cewa tsufa ta yawan jama'a ta ragu sosai a Turai kuma za ta sami babban tasiri a nan gaba a Asiya, musamman tunda Asiya tana cikin mataki na biyar (ƙananan yawan haihuwa da ƙarancin mutuwa) na tsarin sauyawa na yawan jama'awa.  

Daga cikin ƙasashe a halin yanzu da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta rarraba a matsayin mafi ci gaba (tare da jimlar yawan jama'a biliyan 1.2 a 2005), matsakaicin shekarun ya tashi daga 28 a 1950 zuwa 40 a 2010 kuma ana hasashen zai tashi zuwa 44 nan da 2050. Adadin da suka dace a duniya gaba ɗaya sune 24 a cikin 1950, 29 a cikin 2010, da 36 a cikin 2050. Ga yankunan da ba su da ci gaba, matsakaicin shekarun zai tafi daga 26 a 2010 zuwa 35 a 2050.[3] 

Tsufa na yawan jama'a ya samo asali ne daga sakamako biyu, mai yiwuwa masu alaƙa, na yawan jamaʼa: karuwar tsawon rai da raguwar haihuwa. Karin tsawon rai yana ƙara matsakaicin shekarun yawan jama'a ta hanyar ƙara yawan tsofaffi da suka tsira. Rage yawan haihuwa yana rage yawan jarirai, kuma yayin da tasirin ke ci gaba, yawan matasa gabaɗaya suna raguwa. Daga cikin dakarun biyu, raguwar haihuwa yanzu yana taimakawa ga yawancin mutanen da ke tsufa a duniya. Fiye da haka, babban raguwa a cikin yawan haihuwa gabaɗaya a cikin rabin ƙarni da ya gabata shine ke da alhakin yawan mutanen da ke tsufa a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa a duniya. Saboda kasashe masu tasowa da yawa suna wucewa ta hanyar sauye-sauyen haihuwa da sauri, za su fuskanci saurin tsufa fiye da kasashe masu ci gaba a yanzu.

Adadin da yawan jama'a zai iya ƙaruwa a cikin shekaru talatin masu zuwa; [4] duk da haka, ƙasashe kalilan ne suka san ko yawan tsofaffin su suna rayuwa cikin ƙarin shekaru na rayuwa cikin lafiya ko mara lafiya. [dubious - tattauna] "Matsi na cututtuka" zai nuna raguwar nakasa a cikin tsufa, amma fadadawa zai ga karuwar rashin lafiya tare da karuwar tsawon rai.[5] An gabatar da wani zaɓi don yanayin "daidaitaccen daidaituwa". Wannan muhimmin bayani ne ga gwamnatoci idan iyakokin tsawon rayuwa suna ci gaba da ƙaruwa har abada, kamar yadda wasu masu bincike suka yi imani. [6][7] Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya tana aiki don samar da shaidar kiwon lafiya da jin daɗi da ake buƙata, kamar Binciken Kiwon Lafiyar Duniya, da Nazarin Tsufa da Lafiyar Matasa (SAGE).[8] Binciken ya rufe masu amsa 308,000 masu shekaru aƙalla 18 da 81,000 masu shekaru a ƙalla 50 daga ƙasashe 70. 

Binciken Tsufa na Duniya, wanda George Leeson ya jagoranta, ya bincika halaye, tsammanin, da ɗabi'u zuwa rayuwa ta gaba da ritaya.  Ya shafi mutane 44,000 masu shekaru 40-80 a cikin ƙasashe 24 na duniya.  Ya bayyana cewa mutane da yawa a yanzu sun fahimci tsufar al’ummar duniya da kuma yadda hakan ke shafar rayuwarsu da na ‘ya’yansu da jikokinsu.

Kanada tana da mafi girman yawan shige da fice a duniya, watakila a wani bangare don magance tsufa na yawan jama'a. Koyaya Cibiyar C. D. Howe, mai tunani mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, ta ba da shawarar cewa ba za a iya amfani da shige da fice a matsayin hanyar da za a iya magance tsufa na yawan jama'a ba.[9] Ana kuma ganin wannan kammalawa a cikin aikin wasu masana. Masana ilimin lissafi Peter McDonald da Rebecca Kippen sun yi sharhi, "Yayin da haihuwa ke raguwa a ƙasa da matakin maye gurbin, za a buƙaci matakan ƙaura na shekara-shekara don kula da burin ko da ƙarancin yawan jama'a".[10]

A duk faɗin duniya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kashi na yawan jama'ar duniya sama da 65

Yawan tsofaffi na duniya yana ƙaruwa sosai. Kasashen da suka ci gaba suna da tsofaffi yayin da 'yan ƙasarsu ke rayuwa tsawon lokaci. Kasashen da ba su da ci gaba sosai suna da matasa da yawa. Ana samun fasalin hulɗa na taswirar a nan. Archived 2013-01-03 at Archive.today Asiya da Afirka sune yankuna biyu tare da yawan kasashe da ke fuskantar tsufa. A cikin shekaru 20, kasashe da yawa a cikin waɗannan yankuna za su fuskanci halin da ake ciki na mafi yawan jama'a wadanda suka wuce 65 kuma matsakaicin shekaru suna kusa da 50. A cikin 2100, bisa ga binciken da Jami'ar Washington ta jagoranta, mutane biliyan 2.4 za su wuce shekaru 65, idan aka kwatanta da biliyan 1.7 a ƙarƙashin shekaru 20. Cibiyar Oxford ta Tsufa ta Jama'a wata cibiya ce da ke kallon tsufa na duniya. Binciken ta ya nuna cewa yawancin ra'ayoyin tsufa na duniya sun dogara ne akan tatsuniyoyi kuma za a sami dama mai yawa ga duniya yayin da yawan jama'arta ke girma, kamar yadda darektan Cibiyar, Farfesa Sarah Harper, ya nuna a cikin littafinta Ageing Societies.

Yawancin ƙasashe masu tasowa yanzu suna da matakan haihuwa na maye gurbin, kuma karuwar Yawan jama'a yanzu ya dogara da shige da fice tare da yawan jama'ar, wanda kuma ya samo asali ne daga manyan tsararraki da suka gabata yanzu suna jin daɗin rayuwa mai tsawo.[11]

Daga cikin kimanin mutane 150,000 da ke mutuwa kowace rana a duk faɗin duniya, kusan kashi biyu bisa uku, 100,000 a kowace rana, suna mutuwa ne saboda dalilai masu alaƙa da shekaru.[12] A cikin kasashe masu masana'antu, wannan rabo ya fi girma kuma ya kai kashi 90.[12]

Tattalin arzikin tsufa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sakamakon tattalin arziki na yawan mutanen da suka tsufa suna da yawa.[13] A zamanin yau, mutane da yawa suna mai da hankali ga batutuwan tattalin arziki da kalubalen manufofin zamantakewa da suka shafi yawan tsofaffi.[14] Tsofaffi suna da ajiyar kuɗi mafi girma ga kowane mutum fiye da matasa amma suna kashe kuɗi kaɗan akan kayan masarufi. Dangane da shekarun da canje-canje ke faruwa, yawan tsofaffi na iya haifar da ƙananan riba da fa'idodin tattalin arziki na ƙarancin hauhawar farashi. Wasu masana tattalin arziki [waɗanda?] a Japan suna ganin fa'idodi a cikin irin waɗannan canje-canje, musamman damar ci gaba da sarrafa kansa da ci gaban fasaha ba tare da haifar da rashin aikin yi ba, kuma suna jaddada canji daga GDP zuwa jin daɗin mutum. 

Duk da haka, tsufa na yawan jama'a yana ƙara wasu nau'o'in kashe kudi, ciki har da wasu da aka samu daga kudaden jama'a.  Mafi girman yanki na kashe kuɗi a ƙasashe da yawa yanzu shine kiwon lafiya, wanda farashinsa zai iya ƙaruwa sosai yayin da yawan jama'a ke tsufa.  Wannan zai gabatar da gwamnatoci tare da zaɓuɓɓuka masu wuyar gaske tsakanin haraji mai girma, ciki har da yiwuwar sake yin amfani da haraji daga samun kuɗi zuwa amfani da kuma rage aikin gwamnati wajen samar da kiwon lafiya.Ma'aikata masu aiki za su fuskanci matsin lamba, kuma wani ɓangare na harajin su dole ne a yi amfani da su don biyan kuɗin kiwon lafiya da fensho ga tsofaffi.  Amma binciken baya-bayan nan da aka yi a wasu kasashe ya nuna cewa hauhawar farashin kiwon lafiya ya fi ta'azzara sakamakon hauhawar farashin magunguna da likitoci da kuma yawan yin amfani da gwaje-gwajen gano cutar ta kowane nau'i na zamani, ba ga yawan tsufa da ake da'awar ba..[15][16][17]

Kasuwanci na biyu mafi girma na yawancin gwamnatoci shine ilimi, tare da kudaden da ke raguwa tare da yawan tsofaffi, musamman kamar yadda ƙananan matasa zasu ci gaba da zuwa ilimi na sakandare kamar yadda za su kasance a cikin buƙata a matsayin wani ɓangare na ma'aikata.

Yaduwar Rashin hankali a cikin ƙasashen OECD (a kowace al'umma 1000)

Tsarin tsaro na jama'a ma ya fara fuskantar matsaloli. Tsarin fa'idodi da aka bayyana a baya suna fuskantar matsalolin dorewa saboda karuwar tsawon rai. Tsawaita lokacin fansho ba a haɗa shi da tsawaita lokacin aiki ba ko hauhawar gudummawar fansho, wanda ya haifar da raguwar sauyawa.

Tsufa na yawan jama'a yana shafar ma'aikata. A kasashe da yawa, karuwar yawan tsofaffi yana nufin raunana ko ɓacewar "Rashin yawan jama'a", kuma albarkatun zamantakewa dole ne su gudana ga tsofaffi da ke buƙatar tallafi.[18] Rashin yawan jama'a yana nufin tasirin da ya dace na raguwar yawan haihuwa a kan tsarin shekarun jama'a da ci gaban tattalin arziki.[19] Tsofaffin ma'aikata za su ciyar da karin lokaci a kan aiki kuma asalin ɗan adam na ma'aikata masu tsufa yana da ƙarancin gaske, yana rage yawan aiki.[20]

Fatawar ci gaba da tsufa na yawan jama'a yana haifar da tambayoyi game da ikon jihohin jin dadin su don biyan bukatun yawan jama'ar. A farkon shekarun 2000, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta kafa jagororin don karfafa "tsufa mai aiki" da kuma taimakawa kananan hukumomi magance kalubalen yawan tsofaffi (Global Age-Friendly Cities) dangane da birni, gidaje, sufuri, shiga cikin jama'a, sabis na kiwon lafiya, da dai sauransu.[21] Gwamnatocin kananan hukumomi suna da matsayi mai kyau don biyan bukatun kananan hukumomi, amma kamar yadda albarkatunsu suka bambanta daga ɗayan zuwa ɗayan (misali harajin dukiya, kasancewar ƙungiyoyin al'umma), babban alhakin gwamnatocin kananan hukumomin na iya ƙara rashin daidaito.[22][23][24] A Kanada, tsofaffi masu sa'a da lafiya suna zaune a biranen da suka fi wadata da ke ba da sabis iri-iri, amma marasa sa'a ba su da damar samun irin wannan matakin albarkatu.[25] Gidaje masu zaman kansu ga tsofaffi suna ba da sabis da yawa da suka shafi kiwon lafiya da shiga cikin zamantakewa (misali kantin magani, ayyukan rukuni, da abubuwan da suka faru) a shafin, amma ba sa samun dama ga marasa galihu.[26] Har ila yau, ilimin muhalli yana nuna muhimmancin muhalli a cikin tsufa mai aiki. A zahiri, inganta yanayi mai kyau (na halitta, gina, zamantakewa) a cikin tsufa na iya inganta lafiya da ingancin rayuwa da rage matsalolin nakasa da dogaro, kuma, gabaɗaya, kashe kuɗin zamantakewa da kashe kuɗin kiwon lafiya.[27]

Jama'a masu tsufa na iya samar da karfafawa ga ci gaban fasaha, kamar yadda wasu ke tunanin tasirin raguwar ma'aikata na iya ragewa ta hanyar sarrafa kansa da samun riba.

Manufofin zamantakewa da shiga tsakani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dangane da barazanar sakamakon da ba a so da ke tattare da tsufa, jihohi da yawa sun karɓi manufofi da shirye-shirye kariya. Saboda manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da tsufa na yawan jama'a sune raguwar yawan haihuwa da karuwar tsawon rai, aikin rigakafi dole ne ya magance waɗannan abubuwan. Tsawon rayuwar ana ɗaukarsa muhimmiyar nasara ce ta zamani, don haka ƙasashe da yawa suna juyawa ga manufofin prano-natalist tare da iyakantaccen nasara. Sauran mafita na gajeren lokaci sun haɗa da haɓaka ma'aikata, ko dai ta hanyar haɓaka ƙimar shiga ko shige da fice, don samun damar ci gaba da tattalin arziki da yawan 'yan asalin da suka tsufa. Koyaya, karuwar shiga ma'aikata yana da tasirin rufi, kuma ingancin fadada shige da fice yana ƙarƙashin muhawara mai yawa.

A halin yanzu, ana ƙarfafa ƙasashe su rungumi manufofin da ke daidaitawa da canjin canjin yawan jama'a ta hanyar ingantawa da inganta ababen more rayuwa don "tsufa mai aiki". [28] Bugu da ƙari, inganta yawan aiki na tsofaffi ya zama hanya don sauƙaƙa matsalar tsufa ta zamantakewa. Amma wannan na farko yana buƙatar ƙara saka hannun jari a ilimi, kuma samar da damar aiki mai dacewa yana da mahimmanci.[29]

Gabaɗaya a Yammacin Afirka kuma musamman a Ghana, tasirin manufofin zamantakewa na tsufa na yawan jama'a suna da yawa (kamar rarraba yankunan karkara da birane, abun da ke cikin jinsi, matakan karatu da rubutu / rashin karatu da kuma tarihin aikinsu da Tsaro na samun kudin shiga). [30] Manufofin yanzu game da tsufa a Ghana suna da alama sun rabu, kuma ra'ayoyi game da takardu don inganta manufofi a cikin tsufa na yawan jama'a ba a aiwatar da su ba, [30] watakila wani bangare saboda muhawara da yawa cewa tsofaffi kaɗan ne kawai na yawan jamaʼa [31]

Yawan mutanen da suka tsufa a duniya suna haifar da kasashe da yawa su kara shekarun tsaron tsufa daga 60 zuwa 65 don rage farashin shirin GDP.[30] Masu ba da shawara don haɓaka shekarun ritaya da cancantar fansho suna fatan rarraba biyan kuɗi mafi girma a cikin shekarun da tsofaffi suka fi rauni kuma suna buƙatar taimako. Shaidu sun kuma nuna cewa yayin da rayuwar ke tsawo, mutane suna ci gaba da lafiya har zuwa tsufa fiye da baya, suna nuna cewa suna iya shiga cikin ma'aikata na dogon lokaci. Koyaya, duk da haka, a cikin ƙasashe masu masana'antu tare da ci gaba mafi girma a cikin tsammanin rayuwa, tattaunawa game da ci gaba da haɓaka shekarun cancanta don fa'idodin fansho sun ƙaru don rage nauyin tattalin arziki sosai.

Ana iya bayyana nuna bambancin shekaru a matsayin "ƙaryataccen tsari da tsarin da aka tsara game da haƙƙin tsofaffi bisa ga shekarunsu ta mutane, kungiyoyi, kungiyoyi da cibiyoyi. " [31] Wasu daga cikin cin zarafin na iya zama sakamakon jahilci, rashin tunani, nuna bambanci, da kuma nuna bambanci. Hanyoyin nuna bambanci sune samun damar tattalin arziki, samun damar zamantakewa, samun damar lokaci da samun damar gudanarwa.[32]

A mafi yawan ƙasashe a duniya, musamman ƙasashe a Afirka, tsofaffi galibi sune mafi talauci a cikin zamantakewar jama'a kuma suna rayuwa a ƙasa da layin talauci.

Bugu da ƙari, haɓakar nauyin kashe kuɗi na kiwon lafiya ya samo asali zuwa manufofin zamantakewa da batun kula da farashi, ba kawai batun yawan jama'a ba.[33]

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Tsufa
  • Cibiyar Kwarewa a Binciken Tsohon Jama'a (CEPAR)
  • Canjin yawan jama'a
  • Ilimin tsofaffi
  • Yawan jama'a
  • Shirye-shiryen yawan jama'a
  • Yawan jama'a na siyasa
  • Rage yawan jama'a
  • Tsofaffi
  • Tsunami na Azurfa
  • Rashin maye gurbin haihuwa
  • Jerin ƙasashe da yankuna ta yawan jama'a masu shekaru 65 da sama
  1. ↑ "Population by age group". Our World in Data. Retrieved 26 January 2025.
  2. ↑ United Nations. "World Population Ageing 2013" (PDF).
  3. ↑ United Nations. "World Ageing Population 2013" (PDF).
  4. ↑ Lutz, W.; Sanderson, W.; Scherbov, S. (2008-02-07). "The coming acceleration of global population ageing". Nature. 451 (7179): 716–719. Bibcode:2008Natur.451..716L. doi:10.1038/nature06516. PMID 18204438. S2CID 4379499. The median age of the world's population increases from 26.6 years in 2000 to 37.3 years in 2050 and then to 45.6 years in 2100, when it is not adjusted for longevity increase.
  5. ↑ Fries, J. F. (1980-07-17). "Aging, Natural Death, and the Compression of Morbidity". The New England Journal of Medicine. 303 (3): 130–5. doi:10.1056/NEJM198007173030304. PMC 2567746. PMID 7383070. the average age at first infirmity can be raised, thereby making the morbidity curve more rectangular.
  6. ↑ Manton KG (1982). "Manton, 1982". Milbank Mem Fund Q Health Soc. 60 (2): 183–244. doi:10.2307/3349767. JSTOR 3349767. PMID 6919770. S2CID 45827427.
  7. ↑ Oeppen, J.; Vaupel, J. W. (2002-05-10). "Broken Limits to Life Expectancy". Science. 296 (5570): 1029–31. doi:10.1126/science.1069675. PMID 12004104. S2CID 1132260.
  8. ↑ "Current Status of the World Health Survey". who.int. 2011. Archived from the original on August 19, 2005. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  9. ↑ Yvan Guillemette; William Robson (September 2006). "No Elixir of Youth" (PDF). Backgrounder. 96. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-04-14. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
  10. ↑ Peter McDonald; Rebecca Kippen (2000). "Population Futures for Australia and New Zealand: An Analysis of the Options" (PDF). New Zealand Population Review. 26 (2). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-27. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
  11. ↑ "Replacement Migration: Is it A Solution to Declining and Ageing Populations?" (PDF).
  12. 1 2 Aubrey D.N.J, de Grey (2007). "Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations" (PDF). Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology. 1 (1, Article 5). CiteSeerX 10.1.1.395.745. doi:10.2202/1941-6008.1011. S2CID 201101995. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 12, 2019. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
  13. ↑ Jarzebski, Marcin Pawel; Elmqvist, Thomas; Gasparatos, Alexandros; Fukushi, Kensuke; Eckersten, Sofia; Haase, Dagmar; Goodness, Julie; Khoshkar, Sara; Saito, Osamu; Takeuchi, Kazuhiko; Theorell, Töres; Dong, Nannan; Kasuga, Fumiko; Watanabe, Ryugo; Sioen, Giles Bruno (2021). "Ageing and population shrinking: implications for sustainability in the urban century". npj Urban Sustainability. 1 (1): 17. Bibcode:2021npjUS...1...17J. doi:10.1038/s42949-021-00023-z.
  14. ↑ Sanderson, Warren C.; Scherbov, Sergei (2007). "A new perspective on population aging". Demographic Research. 16: 27–58. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2007.16.2. ISSN 1435-9871. JSTOR 26347928.
  15. ↑ "Don't blame aging boomers | Toronto Star". Thestar.com. 2011-09-13. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
  16. ↑ "Don't blame the elderly for health care costs". .canada.com. 2008-01-30. Archived from the original on 2014-02-19. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
  17. ↑ "The Silver Tsunami That Isn't". Umanitoba.ca. Archived from the original on 2012-10-02. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
  18. ↑ Bovenberg, Lans; Uhlig, Harald; Bohn, Henning; Weil, Philippe (2006-01-01). "Pension Systems and the Allocation of Macroeconomic Risk [with Comments]". NBER International Seminar on Macroeconomics. 2006 (1): 241–344. doi:10.1086/653983. ISSN 1932-8796.
  19. ↑ Crespo Cuaresma, Jesús; Lutz, Wolfgang; Sanderson, Warren (2013-12-04). "Is the Demographic Dividend an Education Dividend?". Demography. 51 (1): 299–315. doi:10.1007/s13524-013-0245-x. ISSN 0070-3370. PMID 24302530.
  20. ↑ White, Mercedia Stevenson; Burns, Candace; Conlon, Helen Acree (October 2018). "The Impact of an Aging Population in the Workplace". Workplace Health & Safety (in Turanci). 66 (10): 493–498. doi:10.1177/2165079917752191. ISSN 2165-0799. PMID 29506442. S2CID 3664469.
  21. ↑ World Health Organization. "Global age-friendly cities: a guide" (PDF). WHO. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
  22. ↑ Daly, M; Lewis, J (2000). "The concept of social care and the analysis of contemporary welfare states". British Journal of Sociology. 51 (2): 281–298. doi:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2000.00281.x. PMID 10905001.
  23. ↑ Mohan, J (2003). "Geography and social policy : spatial divisions of welfare". Progress in Human Geography. 27 (3): 363–374. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.456.615. doi:10.1191/0309132503ph432pr. S2CID 54724709.
  24. ↑ Trydegard, G-B; Thorslund, M (2001). "Inequality in the welfare state ? Local variation in care of elderly – the case of Sweden". International Journal of Social Welfare. 10 (3): 174–184. doi:10.1111/1468-2397.00170.
  25. ↑ Rosenberg, M W (1999). "Vieillir au Canada : les collectivités riches et les collectivités pauvres en services". Horizons. 2: 18.
  26. ↑ Aronson, J; Neysmith, S M (2001). "Manufacturing social exclusion in the home care market". Canadian Public Policy. 27 (2): 151–165. doi:10.2307/3552194. JSTOR 3552194.
  27. ↑ Sanchez-Gonzalez, D (2015). "The physical-social environment and aging from environmental gerontology and geography. Socio-spatial implications for Latin America". Revista de Geografía Norte Grande. 60 (1): 97–114. doi:10.4067/S0718-34022015000100006.
  28. ↑ Khan, Hafiz T. A.; Addo, Kwaku Mari; Findlay, Helen (2024). "Public Health Challenges and Responses to the Growing Ageing Populations". Public Health Challenges (in Turanci). 3 (3): e213. doi:10.1002/puh2.213. ISSN 2769-2450.
  29. ↑ Uhlenberg, P (1992-01-01). "Population Aging and Social Policy". Annual Review of Sociology. 18 (1): 449–474. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.18.1.449. ISSN 0360-0572. PMID 12343802.
  30. 1 2 3 Issahaku, Paul; Neysmith, Sheila (2013). "Policy Implications of Population Ageing in West Africa". International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. 33 (3/4): 186–202. doi:10.1108/01443331311308230.
  31. 1 2 Ogonda, Job (May 2006). "Age Discrimination in Africa" (PDF).
  32. ↑ Gerlock, Edward (May 2006). "Discrimination of Older People in Asia" (PDF).
  33. ↑ Getzen, T. E. (1992-05-01). "Population Aging and the Growth of Health Expenditures". Journal of Gerontology. 47 (3): S98–S104. doi:10.1093/geronj/47.3.s98. ISSN 0022-1422. PMID 1573213.
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