Turanci na Afirka da Amurka
| Turanci na Afirka da Amurka | |
|---|---|
| |
| Baƙaƙen boko | |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog |
afri1276[1] |
Turanci na Afirka-Amurka (AAVE) [lower-alpha 1] shine nau'ikan Turanci da ake magana da su, musamman a aiki al'ummomin birane, ta yawancin ma'aikata da matsakaitan Afirka na Afirka da wasu Black Canadians.[lower-alpha 2][4] Da yake yana da nasa nau'ikan nahawu na musamman, ƙamus, da fasalulluka na magana, AAVE yana aiki da matsakaicin matsakaicin Amurkawa a matsayin ƙarshen al'ada da na yau da kullun na ci gaba da zamantakewar harshe. Koyaya, a cikin mahallin magana na yau da kullun, masu magana suna sauyawa zuwa mafi kyawun ƙamus da ƙamus na Turanci, yawanci yayin riƙe abubuwa na yaren (marasa daidaituwa).[5][6] AAVE ya bazu a ko'ina cikin Amurka, amma ba yaren asalin dukan 'yan Afirka ba ne, kuma duk masu magana da shi 'yan Afirka ne.[7][5][6]
Kamar yawancin nau'ikan Turanci na Afirka, Turanci na Afirka na Afirka yana da babban ɓangare na ƙamus da sauti tare da yarukan yanki na Kudancin Amurka, kuma musamman tsohuwar Turanci na Kudanci na Amurka, saboda Bautar tarihi na Afirka da farko a wannan yankin.
Masana ilimin harsuna suna ganin ƙananan daidaituwa tsakanin AAVE, yarukan Afirka ta Yamma, da yarukan creole na Turanci, maimakon haka mafi yawan kai tsaye suna bin AAVE zuwa yarukan da ba daidai ba na Turanci kamar yadda mazauna Turanci ke magana a Kudancin Kudancin Amurka da kuma daga baya Kudancin Amirka. Koyaya, 'yan tsiraru na masu ilimin harshe suna jayayya cewa yaren yana da halaye da yawa tare da yarukan yaren Afirka da ake magana a duniya wanda zai iya samo asali ne a matsayin yaren Creole ko yaren rabin Creole, wanda ya bambanta da harshen Ingilishi, kafin ya sha wahala.[lower-alpha 3]
Asali
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana iya ɗaukar Turanci na Afirka-Amurka (AAVE) a matsayin yaren, Ethnolect, da sociolect.[21] Duk da yake a bayyane yake cewa akwai dangantaka mai karfi ta tarihi tsakanin AAVE da yarukan Kudancin Amurka na baya, asalin AAVE har yanzu batun muhawara ne.
Ka'idar da ke jagorantar tsakanin masu ilimin harshe ita ce AAVE koyaushe yare ne na Turanci, ma'ana ya samo asali ne daga yarukan Ingilishi na baya maimakon daga yarukan creole na Ingilishi waɗanda suka "ƙaddamar" zuwa Turanci. A farkon 2000s, Shana Poplack ya ba da hujjoji na asali (shaida daga jikin rubuce-rubuce) daga yankuna masu zaman kansu a Samaná da Nova Scotia waɗanda zuriyar ƙaura na ƙungiyoyin AAVE na farko suka cika waɗanda ke nuna cewa ƙamus na AAVE na farkon ya fi kusa da na yarukan Burtaniya na zamani fiye da AAVE na zamani ga wasu yarukan Amurka na yanzu, yana nuna cewa harshen zamani shine sakamakon bambancin daga manyan nau'ikan Amurka, maimakon sakamakon raguwa daga yarukan Amurka. wanda ke nuna cewa harshe na AAVE na farko ya fi kusa da na yarukan Burtaniya na zamani fiye da AAVE na zamani na birane ga wasu yarukan Amurka na yanzu, yana nuna cewa harshen zamani shine sakamakon bambance-bambance daga nau'ikan al'ada, maimakon sakamakon decreolization daga yaduwar yaren Amurka.
Masanin harshe John McWhorter ya ci gaba da cewa gudummawar harsunan Afirka ta Yamma ga AAVE kadan ne. A cikin wata hira a kan National Public Radio's Talk of the Nation, McWhorter ya bayyana AAVE a matsayin "haɗe-haɗe na yarukan yanki na Burtaniya waɗanda aka fallasa bayi a Amurka saboda sau da yawa suna aiki tare da bayin da ke magana da waɗannan yarukan... " A cewar McWhortr, kusan duk masu ilimin harshe waɗanda suka yi nazarin asalin AAVE "sun yarda cewa haɗin Yammacin Afirka ƙarami ne".
Koyaya, ka'idar creole, wadda ba a yarda da ita ba tsakanin masu ilimin harshe, ta nuna cewa AAVE ta samo asali ne daga yarukan creole guda ɗaya ko fiye da waɗanda 'yan Afirka suka yi amfani da su na Cinikin bayi na Atlantic, saboda haka fursunoni suna magana da harsuna daban-daban kuma saboda haka suna buƙatar sabuwar hanyar sadarwa tsakanin kansu da kuma tare da masu kama su.[24] Dangane da wannan ka'idar, waɗannan fursunoni sun fara haɓaka abin da ake kira pidgins: sauƙaƙe cakuda harsuna.[25] Tun lokacin da pidgins suka samo asali ne daga kusanci tsakanin masu magana da harsuna daban-daban, cinikin bayi zai kasance daidai da irin wannan yanayin.[25] Creolist John Dillard ya nakalto, alal misali, kyaftin din Jirgin bawa William Smith yana kwatanta bambancin harsuna marasa fahimta a cikin Gambiya.[26] A shekara ta 1715, an sake buga wani pidgin na Afirka a cikin litattafan Daniel Defoe, musamman, The Life of Colonel Jacque . A cikin 1721, Cotton Mather ya gudanar da ƙoƙari na farko na yin rikodin jawabin bayi a cikin tambayoyinsa game da aikin rigakafin kyanda.[27] A lokacin juyin juya halin Amurka, iri-iri tsakanin bayi Creoles ba su da cikakkiyar fahimta. Dillard ya yi nuni da wani tunatarwa na "harshe na bawa" zuwa ƙarshen karni na 18: "Kay, massa, kawai ka bar ni, ni zauna a nan, babban kifi ya tsallake cikin jirgin ruwa, a nan shi ne, massa, kifi mai kyau, massa; ni ina zaune sosai; har sai wani babban kifi yana tsallakewa cikin jirgin ruwa; amma ni ya yi barci, massa, kuma babu farkawa 'har sai lokacin Yaƙin basasar Amurka ya zama sananne ga yawancin fararen fata masu ilimi.[26] Takardun abolitionist kafin yaƙin sun samar da wadataccen tarin misalai na creole na shuka. A cikin Army Life in a Black Regiment (1870), Thomas Wentworth Higginson ya ba da cikakken bayani game da siffofi da yawa na harshen Black soldiers. Masu adawa da ka'idar creole sun ba da shawarar cewa irin waɗannan pidgins ko Creoles sun wanzu amma kawai sun mutu ba tare da ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga AAVE na zamani ba.
Fasahar sauti
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yawancin siffofin furtawa sun saita AAVE ban da wasu nau'ikan Turanci na Amurka (musamman, Janar American). McWhorter ya yi jayayya cewa abin da ya haɗa da gaske duk faɗakarwar AAVE tsari ne na musamman ko "melody", wanda ke nuna ko da mafi yawan "neutral" ko faɗakarwa na Afirka.[28] Kalmomi da yawa a cikin AAVE sun bambanta da Janar American a cikin damuwa don haka, alal misali, 'yan sanda, guitar, da Detroit ana furta su da damuwa ta farko maimakon damuwa ta ƙarshe.[29] Wadannan sune bambance-bambance na sauti a cikin wasula na AAVE da sautunan consonant.
An bincika ƙungiyoyin ƙamus na ƙarshe ko ɗakunan a cikin AAVE a matsayin shaida game da yanayin tsarin wannan harshe iri-iri, wanda ke ƙarƙashin takamaiman dokoki. Bugu da ƙari, an yi amfani da irin waɗannan bincike don ƙarfafa muhawara game da asalin tarihi na AAVE. Rage ƙididdigar ƙididdiga tsari ne na sauti inda ƙungiyar ƙididdiga ta ƙarshe ko ƙididdigat, wanda ya ƙunshi sautuna biyu, an sauƙaƙe shi ko rage shi zuwa sauti ɗaya. Binciken raguwar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga a cikin AAVE ya ɗauka cewa, da farko, ƙididdigari na ƙarshe suna nan kuma ba su da kyau a cikin harshe. Misali, kalmar "tes" a cikin AAVE ta samo asali ne daga "gwaje-gwaje", tare da "t" na ƙarshe na "st" wanda aka share a cikin matsayi na ƙarshe.
Sautin sautin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Sautin sauti mai tsabta (monophthongs) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Diaphoneme na Turanci | AAVE phoneme[7] | Misali kalmomi |
| /æ/ | [æ~ɛː~ɛə] | a, a, tarko |
| [ɛː~ɛə~eə] (/æ/ haɓaka) | ha, ƙa, eheah | |
| /ɑː/ | [a~ɑ̈~ɑ] | bla">a, damuwa, uba, kuri'a, saman, wasp |
| /ɒ/ | ||
| [ɒ(ɔ)~ɔ(ʊ)] | duk, ka, saya, rasa, gani, ko | |
| /ɔː/ | ||
| /ɛ/ | [ɛ~eə] | tufafi, saduwa, gurasa |
| /ə/ | [ə] | ga da, syra">u, arena |
| /ɪ/ | [ɪ~iə] | bugawa, bugawa, tip |
| /iː/ | [i] | katako, mai kyau, jirgin kuma |
| /ʌ/ | [ʌ~ɜ] | ba, ambaliyar ru, menene |
| /ʊ/ | [ʊ~ɵ~ø̞] | littafi, ka sanya, ya kamata |
| /uː/ | [ʊu~u] | abinci, manne, sabonew |
| Diphthongs | ||
| /aɪ/ | [äe~äː~aː] | kyauta, zane, tayewatau |
| [äɪ] (Rashin Kanada [dubious - tattauna]) | farashi, yanka, tyke | |
| /aʊ/ | [æɔ~æə] | yanzu, ɗan kallo |
| /eɪ/ | [eɪ~ɛɪ] | ta, an biya shi, mulki |
| /ɔɪ/ | [oɪ] | yaro, zabi, danshi |
| /oʊ/ | [ʌʊ~ɔʊ] | Goat, oh, show |
| Sautin R-launi | ||
| /ɑːr/ | wanda ba na rhotic ba: [ɑ~ɒ]: [ɑɹ~ɒɹ] |
Gidan ajiya, mota, zuciya |
| /ɛər/ | wanda ba na rhotic ba: [ɛə]: [ɛɹ] |
tsirara, bear, a canKafin nan |
| /ɜːr/ | [ɚ] | ƙonewa, na farko, garken |
| /ər/ | ba na Rhotic ba: [ə]: [[ |
mafi kyau, shahidai, likitako kuma |
| /ɪər/ | wanda ba na rhotic ba: [iə~iɤ]: [iɹ] |
tsoro, tsayayya, matsayiYarda |
| /ɔːr/ | wanda ba na rhotic ba: [oə~ɔə~ɔo]: [oɹ] |
hoar, doki, talakawa maki, yawon shakatawa, yaƙi |
| /ʊər/ | ||
| /jʊər/ | wanda ba na rhotic ba: [juə~jʊə]: [juɹ~jʊɹ] |
warkarwa, Turai, mai tsarkiure |
- Haɗuwa da aka kama: AAVE accents sun yi tsayayya da haɗuwa da aka yi kama da gado da ke yaduwa a duk faɗin ƙasar, tare da LOT da aka furta [ɑ̈] da THOUGHT da aka furtawa [ɒɔ], kodayake yanzu sau da yawa [ɒ] ko [ɔə], tare da furcin ƙarshe mafi shahara a Arewa maso gabashin Amurka. Koyaya, akwai shaidar masu magana da AAVE da ke nuna haɗuwa da gado a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Charleston, South Carolina; Florida da Georgia; kuma a wasu sassan California.
- Canjin Sautin Afirka ta Amirka: Binciken farkon 2000s ya nuna cewa juriya ga haɗuwa da aka kama a kan gado na iya ci gaba da ƙarfafawa ta hanyar gaba da LOT, wanda aka haɗa ta hanyar canjin sautin zuwa haɓaka TRAP, DRESS, kuma watakila sautin KIT. Wannan Canjin sarkar wasula ana kiransa "Canjin Afirka na Amurka".[8] Koyaya, wannan canjin ba na duniya ba ne ga duk masu magana da AAVE; yawancin masu magana da ke zaune a duk jihohin da ke kusa da Kogin Mississippi da Arewacin Carolina ne ke nunawa.
- Rage wasu siffofin diphthong zuwa monophthongs, musamman, wasula na PRICE / aɪ/ an sanya shi zuwa [aː] sai dai a gaban ƙayyadaddun murya (wannan kuma ana samunsa a yawancin yarukan White Southern).Sautin wasali a cikin CHOICE (/ɔɪ/ a cikin Janar American) shima yana da monophthongized, musamman kafin /l/, yana sa tafasa ba za a iya rarrabe shi daga ball ba.
- Haɗuwa da alkalami: Kafin ƙwayoyin hanci (/m/, /n/, da /ŋ/), DRESS /ɛ/ da KIT /ɪ/ ana furta su kamar [ɪ~ɪə], suna yin alkalami da pin homophones.[38] Wannan kuma yana cikin wasu yaruka, musamman na Kudu. Haɗin pin-pen ba na duniya ba ne a cikin AAVE, kuma akwai shaidar masu magana da ba a haɗa su ba a California, New York, New Jersey, da Pennsylvania.[9][10]
- Bambanci tsakanin KIT /ɪ/ da FLEECE / i/ wasula kafin jin" data-linkid="1327" href="./Liquid_consonant" id="mwAo8" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Liquid consonant">sassan ruwa ana ragewa akai-akai ko babu, yana sa ji da cika homophones (haɗin cikawa). /ʊər/ da /ɔːr/ suma sun haɗu, suna yin matalauta kuma suna zuba homophones (haɗuwa da karfi).
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Turanci na Afirka da Amurka". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Tamasi, Susan; Antieau, Lamont (2015). Language and Linguistic Diversity in the US: An Introduction. Routledge. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-415-80667-1.
- ↑ Gordon, Matthew J. (2013). Labov: A Guide for the Perplexed. Bloomsbury. p. 215. ISBN 978-1-4411-5852-9.
- ↑ For the reasons that linguists avoid using the term Ebonics, see for example Samfuri:Harvcoltxt.
- ↑ "Do you speak American?: African American English". PBS.
- ↑ Benor, Sarah Bunin (19 April 2010). "Ethnolinguistic repertoire: Shifting the analytic focus in language and ethnicity". Journal of Sociolinguistics. 14 (2): 159–183. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9841.2010.00440.x.
- ↑ Heggarty, Paul, ed. (2013). "Accents of English from Around the World". University of Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 2016-04-26. Retrieved 2018-01-07.
- ↑ Thomas, Erik R. (September 2007). "Phonological and Phonetic Characteristics of African American Vernacular English: Phonological and Phonetic Characteristics of AAVE". Language and Linguistics Compass. 1 (5): 450–475. doi:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2007.00029.x.
- ↑ King, Sharese (1 December 2016). "On Negotiating Racial and Regional Identities: Vocalic Variation Among African Americans in Bakersfield, California". University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics. 22 (2).
- ↑ Jones, Taylor; Kalbfeld, Jessica Rose; Hancock, Ryan; Clark, Robin (2019). "Testifying while black: An experimental study of court reporter accuracy in transcription of African American English". Language. 95 (2): e216–e252. doi:10.1353/lan.2019.0042. S2CID 198787228. Samfuri:Project MUSE.
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