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Turancin Najeriya

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Turancin Najeriya
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3 –
Glottolog nige1260[1]

Turancin Najeriya, wanda kuma aka sani da Nigerian Standard English, yare ne na Ingilishi da ake magana da shi a ƙasar Najeriya. Dangane da Turancin Ingilishi, yaren ya ƙunshi kalmomi daban-daban na lamuni da haɗin kai daga harsunan asali na Najeriya, saboda buƙatar bayyana ra'ayoyi na musamman ga al'adun al'umma (misali mace mai girma ).[2][3][4][5][6]

Nigerian Pidgin, pidgin da aka samo daga Ingilishi, yawanci ana amfani da shi a cikin tattaunawa ta yau da kullun, amma ana amfani da Turancin Ingilishi a cikin siyasa, ilimin zamani, kafofin watsa labarai, da sauran amfani da hukuma.

Yaruka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai manyan yarukan Ingilishi na Ƙasar Najeriya guda uku: Ingilishi Hausa ( Hausawa ke magana), Turancin Ibo ( Ibo ne ke magana) da Turancin Yarbanci ( Yarabawa ke magana). Turancin Pidgin na Najeriya ana magana da shi sosai a yankin Kudu-maso-Kudu na Ƙasar Najeriya ( Edo, Rivers, Bayelsa, Delta, et-cetera), kuma ana magana da shi tare da daidaitattun fassarar yare na Turancin Najeriya wanda ya wanzu ta hanyar shiga tsakani a duk faɗin Najeriya. kuma a (n) tatsuniya, za a iya cewa matakin zamantakewa ya fi yadda Hausawa suka fi saninsa].

Ko da yake Hausa, Igbo da Yarbanci sun kasance manyan ƙungiyoyin siyasa guda uku na Najeriya (bisa ga yawan jama'a), pidgin Turanci, 'patois' na gida wanda ke wakiltar bambancin Ingilishi na Ƙasar Najeriya, an san shi ya fi halayensa. Yankin Kudu-maso-Kudu na Najeriya fiye da ko ina a ƙasar.

Ya fi mayar da hankali fiye da pidgin da ake magana da shi a birnin Legas, wanda a wasu lokuta ana ganinsa a matsayin kawai birni-Yoruba-tsakanin Turanci na Najeriya. Warri, Sapele, Port Harcourt da Bini City misalai ne na manyan biranen Ƙasar Najeriya inda ake magana da Ingilishi mai maida hankali da gaske, musamman ma dangi ga wasu.

Tasirin zamantakewa da al'adu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Turanci na Najeriya wani nau'i ne na Turanci. Kamar Ingilishi na Ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu, ƙaddamar da shi da ci gaba a matsayin Sabon Ingilishi na Duniya ya dace da lokacin mulkin mallaka na Ƙasar Burtaniya da kuma bayan haka. Turanci na Najeriya ya zama yaren da ke aiki na musamman a cikin al'adun Najeriya.[7]

Turancin Najeriya ya daɗe yana da ra'ayi mai rikitarwa saboda ra'ayin "Standard Nigerian English" (SNE) yana da wuyar kafawa, la'akari da burbushin da ya faru a cikin umarnin Turanci a yankuna da yawa na Najeriya, don dalilai da yawa da suka hada da "tsakanin, rashin kayan aiki, da ɗakunan ajiya masu yawa.[8][8]

Akwai Wasu ƴan siffofi sun haɗu a cikin al'ummomin da ke haɗuwa da bambance-bambance tsakanin nau'o'i daban-daban har ma a cikin Turanci na Najeriya, duk suna da alaƙa da dabi'un al'adu waɗanda aka bayyana musamman a cikin kalmomin Turanci. Misalai guda biyu da suka fi dacewa sune "murna" da "sir".[7] Ma'anar zahiri ta "sorry" yawanci tana nuna wani nau'i na alhakin mutumin da ke faɗar hakan, amma ga duk nau'ikan Turanci na Najeriya, ana amfani da shi don nuna tausayi ta hanyar da ta dace, ko kuma nuna tausayi ga duk wanda ya fuskanci masifa. "Sir" ko maye gurbin sunaye tare da laƙabi yana nuna girmamawa da babban darajar ladabi.[7]

Koda yake ana ƙalubalantar ainihin matakan amfani da Ingilishi na Ƙasar Najeriya, wata shawara ta nuna cewa akwai matakai huɗu na amfani a cikin ƴan asalin, amma ba asalin Ingilishi ba, matakan su ne kamar haka: [8]

  • Mataki na 1: Pidgin, ana magana da shi azaman harshe na yau da kullun
  • Mataki na 2: Mataki a sama, kuma mafi yawan magana. Wadanda ke da ilimin firamare suna magana [8]
  • Mataki na 3: An nuna shi ta hanyar karin ƙamus, ƙwarewa da amfani da fasalulluka waɗanda masu magana na Mataki 1 suka "guje" waɗanda ke da "ilimi na sakandare" [8]
  • Mataki na 4: An gabatar da shi a matsayin NSE kamar yadda fasalulluka suke da kama sosai (amma har yanzu suna da halayyar Najeriya) "zuwa Turanci na yau da kullun", wanda waɗanda ke da ilimin kwaleji ke magana [8]

Tsarin matakan yana ɗaya daga cikin bambance-bambance da aka gabatar game da abubuwan da suka faru na Turanci na Najeriya. Saboda yanayin kasancewarsa a Najeriya, harshen Ingilishi ya kasance batun jayayya tsakanin mazaunan Najeriya waɗanda ke gwagwarmaya don salon rayuwa na asali, suna komawa ga yawancin yarukan asalin Najeriya.[9]

Sabbin abubuwa na lexicon

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai abubuwa uku na asali na sababbin abubuwa da suka faru sakamakon ƙaddamar da Turanci a Najeriya: [10] "kalmomin aro, tsabar kuɗi, da sauye-sauye na ma'ana".

Kalmomin aro

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Oxford Dictionary ta bayyana kalmar aro a matsayin "kalma da aka karɓa daga harshe na waje tare da ɗan ƙarami ko babu gyare-gyare". Turanci na Najeriya yana da kalmomin aro da yawa waɗanda ba su da kwatankwacin Ingilishi kai tsaye amma sun samo asali a cikin yaren da ma'ana ta musamman.[11] Misalan da ke ƙasa na shahararrun kalmomin aro da Turancin najeriya Grace Ebunlola ne ya bayar da su (yana ambaton su):[11]

  • agbada: wani nau'in tufafi mai gudana ga maza, musamman tsakanin Yoruba: 'Shugaba Ogini ya sa agbada zuwa bikin aure.
  • Babban riga: wani nau'i mai tsawo, tufafi mai laushi ga maza, musamman a tsakanin Hausas: 'Ina son babban riga ka.'
  • akara: wani abu na abinci, wanda kuma ake kira 'keke'
  • Akuma pap:: wani nau'in masara: 'Yau safiya na ci akara da akamu.
  • akpu, banga, eba, egusi, ogbono, buwo: 'soup' (a cikin harsuna daban-daban na Najeriya), kamar a cikin: 'Duk lokacin da na ci eba, ina da ciki ciki ciki ciki"; 'Zan iya cin wasu buwo?"; 'Ba na son cin abincin akpu"; 'Zana son cin abincin ogbono da aka gauraya da egusi' Akpu da ogbono a bayyane sun samo asali ne daga Harshen Igbo, buwo Hausa.-dai ga galibi daidai yake da Jihar Delta (ko da yake irin wannan jita-jita da aka yi da wannan sinadarin na farko; watau, ƴaƴan itacen dabino; sun kasance a kusa da Najeriya, misali, Ibo ofe akwu, Ibibio-Efik abak atama, Isoko izuwo ibiedi, Itsekiri obe eyin-ikpogiri (soupbanga-egusi). An san shinkafa guda ɗaya da adesi abak a Ibibio-Efik kuma galibi ana shirya shi da abincin teku. Asalin kalmar "banga" da ta dace ba a san ta ba amma tana iya zama kalmar aro ta gida. Akamu kalma ce da aka raba tsakanin Yoruba da Igbo kuma yana iya yiwuwa cewa egusi ma.
  • danfo, okada: yanayin sufuri: 'Ko dai kuna tafiya ta danfo ko kuma kuna dauki okada'
  • adakaji, oba: sunayen sarauta, kamar yadda yake a cikin: 'adakaji, ko: ya kasance a lokacin da aka naɗa oba na Legas.

Kuɗin-kuɗi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Coinages, ko da yake suna kama da kalmomin aro, suna aiki a matsayin wani nau'i na colloquialism wanda ake magana a Turanci amma yana da ma'anar al'adu ta musamman. Wadannan kuma suna da yawa a cikin Turanci na Najeriya.[12] Idan aka kwatanta da kalmomin aro, tsabar kuɗin yawanci suna da ɗan gajeren rayuwa kuma ana karɓar su don dalilai na al'adu na musamman na yanzu, kuma saboda haka, suna mutuwa da sauri bayan saye su.[12]

Abdullahi-Idiagbon da Olaniyi ne suka ba da misalai kamar haka:[13]

  • Tsawon kafafu (ma'anar "haɗin kai")
  • 'Yanci da adalci
  • Zuwa da shekaru
  • Hanyar ƙetare (daidai da ƙetare ƙasa a Burtaniya)
  • Yankin da ba za a iya tafiya ba
  • Mutumin katako da caliber
  • Saki na kuɗi
  • Matsakaicin siyasa / nauyi mai nauyi
  • Matar siyasa (abokin hadin gwiwa ko abokin aiki)
  • Yarjejeniyar Concordia
  • Ƙarƙashin iko (mace ta amfani da jima'i a matsayin guntu)

Kuɗin tsabar kuɗi ba dai-dai ba ne da acronyms, koda yake Turanci na Najeriya yana da acrononyms na musamman.

Acronyms suna aiki da ayyuka iri-iri, kuma suna bin ƙa'idoji iri ɗaya kamar yadda ake amfani da su a Turanci: ana ɗaukar haruffa na farko daga kowane kalma a cikin jumla (musamman sunayen sarauta, hukumomin gwamnati, da sauransu).

Canje-canje na ma'ana

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Nazarin semantics shine Nazarin ma'anar kalmomi gaba ɗaya.

Misali na yau da kullun na canjin ma'ana shine a cikin sake amfani da ma'anar kalmomin Ingilishi don dalilai da amfani da Najeriya. Wannan na iya haifar da ma'anar asalin Ingilishi don "canja, ƙuntata, ko faɗaɗa".[14]

Misali, a wasu yankuna, duk da ma'anar ƙasa da ƙasa na "trek" yana da ma'ana na nesa mai tsawo ko tafiya mai wahala, amfani da Najeriya yana nufin "yi tafiya a ɗan gajeren nesa".[14]

Misali mai zurfi a ma'ana a cikin NE shine amfani da gaisuwa iri-iri. Wannan shimfida ma'ana na iya canza ma'anar kalmar Ingilishi amma kuma tana wakiltar wani abu daga al'adun Najeriya. Misali, ana iya cewa kalmar nan "goodnight, ma" ba tare da la'akari da lokacin rana ba kuma tana aiki ne kawai a matsayin zaton cewa ba za a ga mutumin da ake magana a kai ba har sai washegari.[7] An lura da hakan musamman a al'adun Yoruba.[7]

Fasahar sauti

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kamar yadda wallafe-wallafen ke tsaye a halin yanzu, yawancin karatun phonological sun bincika yawancin masu magana da Ingilishi na Ƙasar Najeriya daga asali daban-daban (yanki na asali, sana'a ta yanzu, aji na zamantakewa, da sauransu). An mayar da hankali na musamman ga irin waɗannan yankuna kamar waɗanda suka shafi Hausa, Igbo, da Yoruba, bi da bi. Ana iya tunanin Turanci na Najeriya ta hanyar da ta yi kama da Turanci na Ƙasar Amurka a cikin wannan tsarin: kamar yadda yake a Turanci na Amurka, Turanci na Najeriya ya bambanta daga yanki zuwa yanki, kuma saboda haka, ana samun masu canjin sauti a hanyoyi daban-daban a yankuna daban-daban.[15]

Wasu siffofi da ake amfani da su na yau da kullun a duk faɗin Turanci na Najeriya sun haɗa da wasu kamar haka:

  • Sauti na -z wanda "s" yake a cikin rubutun ya zama mara murya, watau "yara" ana furta shi /ˈbɔɪs/ .[16]
  • Gabatar da wasula /ɪ/ a cikin /e/, wanda aka nuna a cikin kalmomi kamar "saura", ana furta /ekˈspekt/ a cikin NE.[16]
  • Saboda muryar murya /ʒ/ ba ta cikin mafi yawan nau'ikan Najeriya, duk kalmomin da suka hada da wannan sautin suna canzawa zuwa sauti -sh /ʃ/, kamar a cikin kalmar "ƙarshe", ana furta shi / /kənˈkluːʃən// a cikin NE.[16]
  • Sanya jimloli na yau da kullun tare da kalmar "yanzu", musamman idan aka yi misali na wani abu. Misali (1): "kamar ku, yanzu" (ka ɗauki ku / kanka a matsayin misali), "alal misali yanzu" (alal misali), "ka ce kai ne wanda zai yi bikin ranar haihuwar gobe da yamma yanzu" (suna da minti daya cewa ranar haihuwar ku ce gobe kuma kuna da wani biki / bikin). Misali (2): "kada ma ban sanya baki a yanzu" (Ba na so in gama faɗin wani abu da na yi nadama don haka ba zan yi magana da yawa game da shi ba, aƙalla ba tukuna); "ya kamata ku gaya mini cewa kuna zuwa, yanzu" (Ina so kun sanar da ni cewa kuna shirin ziyartar).

Bayyanawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Nazarin farko sun haɗa da Turanci na Najeriya da kasancewa mai sautin-lokaci maimakon mai saurin damuwa, amma har yanzu yaren ya guje wa takamaiman rukuni a kowane rukuni. Milde da Jan-Torsten sun ba da shawarar cewa Turanci na Najeriya ya fi kusa da yaren sauti, kamar sauran yarukan sauti na Ƙasar Afirka ta Yamma, amma maimakon sautunan da ke da alaƙa da kalmomin da ba a matsawa ba, suna da alaƙa tare da ayyukan nahawu.[17] Sun ba da shawarar cewa "labaran, prepositions da conjunctions suna da sautin ƙasa, yayin da sunaye, aikatau da siffatau galibi ana samar da su tare da sautin ƙarfi. "[17]

Amfani da fasaha

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A watan Yulin Shekara ta 2019, Shafin Google ya ba da sanarwar sabuwar muryar yaren Najeriya don Taswira, Mataimakin Google, da sauran samfuran Google.[18][19] Ya dogara ne akan aikin kira na magana wanda wata ƙungiya a Google ta ƙirƙirar ƙarƙashin jagorancin masanin harshe na Najeriya Kola Tubosun . [20][21][22][23] A watan Janairun Shekarar 2020, Oxford English Dictionary ya ƙara da sabbin kalmomi sama da goma sha biyu na Turanci na Najeriya zuwa Ƙamus ɗin Oxford Dictionary.[24][25]

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Tashar yanar gizon Najeriya
  • Tashar harshe

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Turancin Najeriya". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. ↑ Adegbija, Efurosebina. (1989) "Lexico-semantic variation in Nigerian English", World Englishes, 8(2), 165–177.
  3. ↑ "Release notes: Nigerian English". Oxford English Dictionary. 13 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  4. ↑ Kazeem, Yomi (23 January 2020). "These are the Nigerian English words added to the Oxford Dictionary". Quartz Africa. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  5. ↑ Jaiyeola, Temitayo (10 April 2024). "Online uproar over Nigerian English flagged as ChatGPT-ish". BusinessDay. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  6. ↑ Hern, Alex (16 April 2024). "How cheap, outsourced labour in Africa is shaping AI English". Techscape. The Guardian. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Adamo, Grace Ebunlola (February 2007). "Nigerian English" (PDF). English Today. 23: 42–47. doi:10.1017/S0266078407001083. S2CID 232148985 Check |s2cid= value (help) – via CambridgeCore.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Okoro, Oko (Spring 2017). "Nigerian English Usage and the Tyranny of Faulty Analogy III: Pronunciation". California Linguistic Notes. 41: 26–62. S2CID 116908.
  9. ↑ Adamo, Grace Ebunlola (February 2007). "Nigerian English" (PDF). English Today. 23: 42–47. doi:10.1017/S0266078407001083. S2CID 232148985 Check |s2cid= value (help) – via CambridgeCore.
  10. ↑ Adamo, Grace Ebunlola (February 2007). "Nigerian English" (PDF). English Today. 23: 42–47. doi:10.1017/S0266078407001083. S2CID 232148985 Check |s2cid= value (help) – via CambridgeCore.
  11. 1 2 Adamo, Grace Ebunlola (February 2007). "Nigerian English" (PDF). English Today. 23: 42–47. doi:10.1017/S0266078407001083. S2CID 232148985 Check |s2cid= value (help) – via CambridgeCore.
  12. 1 2 Abdullahi-Idiagbon and Olaniyi, M.S. and O.K. (2011). "Coinages in Nigerian English: A Sociolinguistic Perspective" (PDF). African Nebula. 3: 78–85.
  13. ↑ Abdullahi-Idiagbon and Olaniyi, M.S. and O.K. (2011). "Coinages in Nigerian English: A Sociolinguistic Perspective" (PDF). African Nebula. 3: 78–85.
  14. 1 2 Adamo, Grace Ebunlola (February 2007). "Nigerian English" (PDF). English Today. 23: 42–47. doi:10.1017/S0266078407001083. S2CID 232148985 Check |s2cid= value (help) – via CambridgeCore.
  15. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "M & J Grand Orbit Communications".
  16. 1 2 3 Okoro, Oko (Spring 2017). "Nigerian English Usage and the Tyranny of Faulty Analogy III: Pronunciation". California Linguistic Notes. 41: 26–62. S2CID 116908.
  17. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ":4".
  18. ↑ Ekwealor, Victor (2019-07-24). "Google officially announces 'Nigerian English Voice' and other new products". Techpoint.Africa (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-07-28.
  19. ↑ "Google unveils new products, introduces Nigerian accent to map navigation". The Nation Newspaper (in Turanci). 2019-07-24. Retrieved 2019-07-28.
  20. ↑ "Google Maps, with its new Nigerian voice, wants to make commuting in Lagos easier". TechCabal (in Turanci). 2019-07-30. Retrieved 2019-08-01.
  21. ↑ Okike, Samuel (2019-07-26). "How Kola Tubosun and his team gave Google a Nigerian accent". Techpoint.Africa (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-07-28.
  22. ↑ Kazeem, Yomi. "How Google created a Nigerian voice and accent for Maps". Quartz Africa (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-08-01.
  23. ↑ "If We All End Up Sounding Like Americans, You Can Probably Blame Voice Assistants". TechCabal (in Turanci). 2019-01-24. Retrieved 2019-07-28.
  24. ↑ "Release notes: Nigerian English". Oxford English Dictionary (in Turanci). 2020-01-13. Retrieved 2020-01-28.
  25. ↑ Kazeem, Yomi (23 January 2020). "These are the Nigerian English words added to the Oxford Dictionary". Quartz Africa (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-01-28.

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[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
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