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Turtle na Bog

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Turtle na Bog
Conservation status

CR (mul) Fassara  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
KingdomAnimalia
PhylumChordata (mul) Chordata
ClassReptilia (mul) Reptilia
OrderTestudines
DangiEmydidae (mul) Emydidae
GenusGlyptemys (mul) Glyptemys
jinsi Glyptemys muhlenbergii
Schoepff, 1801
Geographic distribution

Kunkuru bogin ( Glyptemys muhlenbergii ) wani nau'in kunkuru ne mai hatsarin gaske a cikin dangin Emydidae . Wannan nau'in yana da yawa a gabashin Amurka . An fara kwatanta shi a kimiyyance a cikin 1801 bayan wani binciken ƙarni na 18 na Pennsylvania . Karamin kunkuru na Arewacin Amurka, carapace yana auna kusan 10 centimetres (4 in) tsawon lokacin girma. Ko da yake kunkuru na bogin yana kama da kamannin kunkuru ko fenti , danginsa na kusa shine ainihin kunkuru na itace . Ana iya samun kunkuru na bog daga Vermont a arewa, kudu zuwa Georgia, da yamma zuwa Pennsylvania . Diurnal da asirce, yana ciyar da mafi yawan lokutan sa a binne a cikin laka kuma - a cikin watanni na hunturu - a cikin hibernation. Kunkurun bogin yana da komi, yana ciyarwa a kan ƙananan invertebrates . Kunkurun bogin dabbar New Jersey ce mai rarrafe.

Babban kunkuru bogin yana auna 110 grams (3.9 oz) a matsakaici. Fatarta da harsashi yawanci launin ruwan kasa ne, tare da tabo orange na musamman a kowane gefen wuyansa. Da aka yi la'akari da barazanar a matakin tarayya, kunkuru na bogin yana da kariya a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kayayyakin Dabbobi na Amurka. Tsire-tsire masu cin zarafi da ci gaban birane sun kawar da yawancin wuraren zama na kunkuru, tare da rage adadinsa sosai. Bukatar kunkuru na bogin yana da yawa a cinikin dabbobin baƙar fata, wani ɓangare saboda ƙananan girmansa da halaye na musamman. An gudanar da ayyuka masu zaman kansu daban-daban a wani yunƙuri na mayar da koma baya ga yawan kunkuru.

Kunkurun bogin yana da ƙarancin haifuwa; mata suna yin kama guda ɗaya a shekara, tare da matsakaicin ƙwai uku kowanne. Matasan suna girma cikin sauri, suna kaiwa ga balaga cikin jima'i tsakanin shekaru 4 zuwa 10. Kunkuruwan bogi suna rayuwa na tsawon shekaru 20 zuwa 30 a cikin daji. Tun daga 1973, gidan Zoo na Bronx ya yi nasarar haifar da kunkuru a cikin bauta.

Taxonomy

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Zane biyu na kunkuru na bogin John Edwards Holbrook wanda ya nuna duka saman (carapace) da kasa (plastron). Yana da launin ruwan kasa da baki sai dai tabo mai rawaya ko lemu mai haske a gefen wuyansa.

Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst Muhlenberg, masanin ilmin kiwo kuma malami mai koyar da kansa ya lura da kunkuru na bogin a karni na 18. Muhlenberg, wanda ya ambata sama da 150 nau'in tsire-tsire na Arewacin Amirka, yana gudanar da bincike na flora na Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, lokacin da ya gano ƙananan kunkuru. A cikin 1801, Johann David Schoepff ya sanya sunan binciken Muhlenberg Testudo muhlenbergii a cikin girmamawar Muhlenberg. [1]

A 1829, Richard Harlan ya sake suna kunkuru Emys muhlenbergii . Daga bisani Louis Agassiz ya sake masa suna Calemys muhlenbergii , da kuma Clemmys muhlenbergii na Henry Watson Fowler a 1917 daga kusa da Linville, North Carolina . A yau, akwai sunaye daban-daban na kunkuru na bog, ciki har da kunkuru laka, kunkuru marsh, yellowhead, da snapper (kada a ruɗe da kunkuru mai kamawa, wanda sau da yawa suna da sunan iri ɗaya). [2]

An canza sunan jinsin zuwa Glyptemys a cikin 2001. Kunkuru na bogin da kunkuru na itace, Glyptemys insculpta, har sai an haɗa shi a cikin jinsin Clemmys, wanda kuma ya haɗa da kunkuru ( C. guttata ) da kunkuru na yamma ( C. marmorata ). [3] Tsarin Nucleotide da ƙididdigar DNA na ribosomal sun nuna cewa kunkuru na bog da kunkuru na itace suna da alaƙa da kusanci, amma ba shi da alaƙa kai tsaye da tururuwa da aka gani, saboda haka rabuwa na Glyptemys . [4]

Bayani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A bog turtle lifting its head slightly while on grass
Samfuran manya

Kunkuru na bog shine mafi ƙarancin nau'in kunkuru a Arewacin Amurka. [5] Manya suna auna kusan 110 grams (3.9 oz) lokacin da ya girma. [6] Ba shi da fitaccen hanci. [1] Kansa yana da duhu launin ruwan kasa zuwa baki; [1] duk da haka, yana da rawaya, orange, ko ja mai haske a kowane gefen wuyansa. [2] Ana yawan cokali mai yatsu, yana fuskantar baya . [1] Kunkuru na bogin yana da kalar fata mai duhu tare da wankan jan ruwan lemu a cikin kafafun wasu mutane. Carapace yana da kumbura kuma yana da siffar rectangular, kuma yana ƙoƙarin zama kunkuntar zuwa kai kuma ya fi fadi zuwa wutsiya. [1] Carapace sau da yawa yana da zoben da za a iya gane su cikin sauƙi a kan ma'auni ko ƙulle-ƙulle . [7] Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙila kuma suna da tsarin layi mai haske. [1] A wasu tsofaffin mutane, da waɗanda ke yin burowa akai-akai a cikin ƙananan sassa, harsashi na iya zama santsi. [8] Ko da yake gabaɗaya baƙar fata, ƙirar faɗuwar rana ta chestnut a cikin kowane sute yana kasancewa a wasu lokuta akan carapace. [2] Ciki na harsashi, plastron, kuma launin ruwan kasa ne mai duhu zuwa baƙar fata tare da alamun haske.

Kunkuru mai hange da kunkuru mai fentin suna kama da kunkuru na bogin. [9] Kunkurun bogin yana bambanta da kowane nau'in kunkuru ta hanyar tabo mai launi daban-daban a wuyansa. Babban bambanci tsakaninsa da kunkuru da aka hange shi ne kunkuru na bogin ba shi da launi a saman harsashi, sabanin nau'in na baya. [10]

Kunkuruwan bogi maza da suka balaga suna da matsakaicin tsayin 9.4 centimetres (3.7 in) yayin da matsakaicin tsayin mace ya kai 8.9 centimetres (3.5 in) (madaidaicin ma'aunin carapace). [8] Maza suna da matsakaicin matsakaicin girman jiki fiye da mata, [11] mai yiwuwa saboda zaɓin jima'i don manyan mazaje a cikin nasara da yin aikin jima'i. [12] Mace tana da harsashi mafi fadi kuma mafi girma fiye da na namiji, amma kan namiji yana da murabba'i kuma ya fi na mace masu shekaru daya girma. Filin filastar na namiji ya yi kama da ɗan murƙushe yayin da na mace ya yi lebur. Wutsiyar namiji ta fi ta mace tsayi da kauri. [13] Cloaca yana kara zuwa ƙarshen wutsiya na kunkuru na maza, yayin da cloaca na mace ya kasance a cikin plastron. [5] Yara suna da wahalar jima'i sosai. [14]

Rarraba da wurin zama

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Kunkurun bogin asalinsa ne kawai a gabashin Amurka, [17] yana taruwa a cikin yankuna waɗanda galibi ke ƙunshi ƙasa da 20. daidaikun mutane. [18] Sun fi son wuraren dausayi (yankunan da ke ɗauke da lemun tsami ), gami da ciyayi, ciyayi, marshes, da magudanar ruwa, waɗanda ke da yankuna masu bushewa da bushewa. [13] [19] Mazauni nasu sau da yawa yana kan gefen dazuzzuka. [20] Wani lokaci ana ganin kunkuru a wuraren kiwo na shanu da kuma kusa da madatsun ruwa na beaver.

Wurin da aka fi so na kunkuru, wani lokaci ana kiransa fen, ɗan acidic ne tare da babban tebur na ruwa a duk shekara. [21] Jikewa akai-akai yana haifar da raguwar iskar oxygen, daga baya ya haifar da yanayin anaerobic . [22] Kunkuru na bogin yana amfani da laka mai laushi, mai zurfi don tsari daga mafarauta da yanayi. Maɓuɓɓugan ruwan bazara da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na ƙasa suna ba da mafi kyawun wurare don yin bacci a lokacin hunturu. Girman kewayon gida ya dogara da jima'i, matsakaicin kimanin 0.17 to 1.33 hectares (0.42 to 3.29 acres) na maza da 0.065 to 1.26 hectares (0.16 to 3.11 acres) na mata. [19] Duk da haka, bincike ya nuna cewa yawa na iya bambanta daga 5 zuwa 125 mutane a kowace 0.81 hectares (2.0 acres) . [23] Kewayon kunkuru bogin ya mamaye na danginsa, kunkuru itace. [12]

Rushes, tussock sedge, cattails, jewelweed, sphagnum, da kuma iri-iri na gaskiya ciyawa suna samuwa a cikin mazaunin kunkuru na bog, da kuma wasu bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi irin su willows, ja maples, da alders . Yana da mahimmanci ga mazauninsu don samun buɗaɗɗen alfarwa, saboda kunkuru na bogin suna ciyar da lokaci mai yawa don yin baking a cikin hasken rana. Buɗaɗɗen alfarwa yana ba da isasshen hasken rana don isa ƙasa ta yadda kunkuru na bogin za su iya sarrafa tsarin rayuwa ta hanyar thermoregulation . Shigowar ƙwai kuma yana buƙatar matakan hasken rana da zafi waɗanda wuraren inuwa yawanci ba su da yawa. Mafi kyawun mazaunin kunkuru na bogin shine farkon jere . Wuraren da suka biyo baya sun ƙunshi dogayen bishiyu waɗanda ke toshe hasken rana da ake buƙata. Zaizayar kasa da zubar da kayan abinci mai gina jiki a cikin wuraren dausayi na kara saurin ci gaba. Canje-canjen da mutane ke haifarwa sun fara kawar da kunkuru daga wuraren da suka saba rayuwa.

Al'ummar Arewa da kudanci

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Wurin zama na kunkuru a kudancin Appalachians na yammacin North Carolina, yayin neman kunkuru daga kungiyoyin kiyayewa.

An raba yawan kunkurun bogin arewa da na kudu da 400 kilometres (250 mi) rata a kan yawancin Virginia, wanda ba shi da wuraren zama na kunkuru. [5] [24] A cikin dukkan bangarorin biyu, yankunan kunkuru na bogin sun saba mamaye jeri da yawa. [18]

Mutanen Arewa su ne suka fi girma cikin biyun. Wadannan mutane sun yi zamansu a jihohi har zuwa arewa kamar Connecticut da Massachusetts, da kuma kudu har zuwa Maryland. Waɗannan kunkuru an san suna da ƙasa da wuraren zama 200, adadin da ke raguwa. [25]

Ecology da hali

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A bog turtle standing on all fours walking through a thick patch of grass, viewed from abaove.
Tafiya cikin ciyawa mai kauri na nuna girman girman kunkuru.

Hali

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kunkuru na bogin yana da farko na rana, yana aiki da rana kuma yana barci da dare. Takan tashi da sassafe, ta yi zafi sosai, sannan ta fara neman abinci. [26] Wani nau'i ne na keɓancewa, yana mai da shi ƙalubale don kiyaye shi a cikin mazauninsa na halitta. [5] A cikin kwanaki masu sanyi, kunkuru na bogin zai shafe yawancin lokacinsa a cikin buroshi mai yawa, karkashin ruwa, ko binne a cikin laka. Irin wannan hali yana nuna ikon kunkuru na bogin na rayuwa ba tare da iskar oxygen ba. [27] A cikin kwanaki masu zafi, ayyukan kunkuru na bogin sun haɗa da zazzagewa, jima'i (a lokacin farkon bazara), da kuma ba da haske a cikin hasken rana, wanda na ƙarshe yana ciyarwa mai yawa na yini. Duk da haka, kunkuru na bogin yakan fake daga rana a lokacin mafi zafi na yini. [26] Lokaci-lokaci, a lokacin matsanancin zafi, kunkuru zai yi ƙididdigewa, [28] ko kuma ya zama ƙarƙashin ƙasa, wani lokacin yana mamaye hanyoyin sadarwa na ramukan da ke cike da ruwa. [28] Da dare, kunkuru na bogin yana binne kansa a cikin ramuka masu laushi. [29]

Kiyayewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A bog turtle held in the hand of a man releasing it. Close up of the turtle's head as he or she looks to the left
An saki kunkurun bogin da aka kama a cikin daji, tare da rataye mai watsa rediyo

An kare shi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Jihohin Ƙasar Tarayya na Amurka, [30] an yi la'akari da turtle na bogin a Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York da Pennsylvania har zuwa Nuwamba 4, 1997. Saboda "kwatankwacin bayyanar" ga jama'ar arewa, an kuma yi barazanar kunkuru bogin a Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee da Virginiaside da Virginia. Baya ga lissafin barazanar da gwamnatin tarayya ke yi, jihohin da ke yankin kudu sun lissafa kunkuru na bogin kamar yadda ake yi wa barazana ko barazana. [31] Canje-canje ga mazaunin kunkuru na bogin ya haifar da bacewar 80 kashi 30 na yankunan da suka wanzu shekaru da suka gabata. [32] Saboda ƙarancin kunkuru, shi ma yana cikin haɗarin tara ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, sau da yawa ga cinikin dabbobi a duniya. [33] Duk da ka'idojin da suka hana tattara su, ko sayar da su, ko fitar da su, mafarauta suna ɗaukar kunkuru na bogi . Har ila yau, zirga-zirgar ababen hawa ta haifar da raguwa. [34] Hukumar Kifi da namun daji ta Amurka tana da wani shiri don dawo da al'ummar arewa. [35] An jera kunkuru na bogin a matsayin mai hatsarin gaske a cikin 2011 IUCN Red List.

Mamayewar tsiron da ba na asali ba a mazauninsa babbar barazana ce ga rayuwar kunkuru na bogin. Ko da yake tsire-tsire da yawa suna rushe yanayin yanayinta, masu laifi uku na farko sune loosestrife purple, Reed Canary grass, da Reeds, waɗanda suke girma da tsayi kuma an yi imanin su hana motsi na kunkuru. Irin waɗannan tsire-tsire kuma suna yin gasa ga nau'ikan 'yan asalin da ke cikin wurin zama na kunkuru, don haka rage yawan abinci da kariya ga kunkuru. [36]

A yau, sake dawo da yankunan kunkuru na bogin ya dogara ne da shiga tsakani na sirri. [37] Sa ido kan yawan jama'a ya haɗa da bincike mai zurfi na ƙasa a kan manyan yankunan karkara. [38] Bugu da ƙari ga binciken ƙasa a gani, an yi amfani da hankali mai nisa don rarraba yanki mai dausayi a matsayin ko dai ya dace ko bai dace da yankin kunkuru na bogi. Wannan yana ba da damar yin kwatance tsakanin wuraren da aka sani na nasarar kunkuru na bogin da yuwuwar wuraren zama na gaba. [39]

A controlled burn progressing as flames engulf a small area of vegetation
Ƙunar da aka sarrafa ta ci gaba

Don taimakawa yankunan da ake da su su sake dawowa, an kaddamar da ayyuka masu zaman kansu da dama a wani yunƙuri na iyakance mamaye bishiyoyi da bushes, gina sababbin tituna da unguwanni, da sauran barazanar halitta da na mutum. [2]

Hanyoyin da ake amfani da su don sake haifar da wurin kunkuru na bogin sun haɗa da: sarrafa konewa [36] don iyakance girman girman bishiyoyi da bushewa (don haka mayar da wurin zama na farko); [40] dabbobin kiwo kamar shanu da awaki a wurin da ake so (ƙirƙirar aljihuna na ruwa da laka da aka yanka); [36] [41] da inganta ayyukan beaver, gami da gina madatsar ruwa a ciki da wajen wuraren dausayi. [36]

Kiwo kama wata hanya ce ta daidaita lambobin kunkuru na bogin. Dabarar ta ƙunshi kunkuru na bogi a cikin gida a cikin wuraren da ake sarrafawa, inda ake samar da abinci mai gina jiki da ma'aurata. Fred Wustholz da Richard J. Holub su ne suka fara yin hakan da kansu, a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. Sun kasance suna sha'awar ilmantar da wasu game da kunkuru na bogin da kuma kara yawan jama'a, kuma a cikin shekaru da yawa sun saki kunkuruwan bogin da yawa a cikin daji. [2] Ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, irin su Ƙungiyar Zoos da Aquariums, an ba su izinin haifar da kunkuru a cikin bauta. [42]

Nazarin kunkuru na bogi a cikin daji babban taimako ne ga haɓaka dabarun kiyayewa. An yi amfani da telemetry na rediyo don bin diddigin motsin kunkuru a cikin mazauninsu. [42] Samfurin jini, samfuran fecal, da swabs na cloacal suma ana yawan tattara su daga yawan daji kuma ana gwada su don alamun cututtuka. [43]

Manazarta

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ernst & Lovich 2009
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Bloomer 2004
  3. ↑ Holman, J. A.; Fritz, U. (2001). "A new emydine species from the Middle Miocene (Barstovian) of Nebraska, USA with a new generic arrangement for the species of Clemmys sensu McDowell (1964) (Reptilia: Testudines: Emydidae)" (PDF). Zoologische Abhandlungen. 51: 331–354.
  4. ↑ Bickham, J. W. T.; Lamb, T.; Minx, P.; Patton, J. C. (1996). "Molecular systematics of the genus Clemmys and the intergeneric relationships of emydid turtles". Herpetologica. 52 (1): 89–97. JSTOR 3892960.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Smith 2006
  6. ↑ "Bog Turtle". Department of Environmental Protection. State of Connecticut. 2002. Retrieved 2009-09-19.
  7. ↑ "Bog Turtle Fact Sheet". New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-19.
  8. 1 2 Bloomer 2004
  9. ↑ "Bog Turtle" (PDF). Massachusetts Division of Fisheries & Wildlife Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-09-12. Retrieved 2009-09-20.
  10. ↑ Shiels 2007
  11. ↑ Lovich, J. E.; Ernst, C. H.; Zappaloriti, R. T.; Herman, D. W. (1998). "Geographic variation in growth and sexual size dimorphism of bog turtles (Clemmys muhlenbergii)" (PDF). American Midland Naturalist. 139 (1): 69–78. doi:10.1674/0003-0031(1998)139[0069:GVIGAS]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0003-0031. S2CID 86136335. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-23. Retrieved 2025-08-10.
  12. 1 2 Ernst & Lovich 2009
  13. 1 2 "Bog Turtle, Clemmys muhlenbergii" (PDF). New Jersey Endangered and Nongame Species Program. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 15, 2004. Retrieved 2009-09-20.
  14. ↑ Walton 2006
  15. ↑ Shiels 2007, p. 24
  16. ↑ Bloomer 2004, p. 3
  17. ↑ Bog turtle populations have been found in the states of Vermont, New York, Ohio, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee and Pennsylvania.[15][16]
  18. 1 2 Walton 2006
  19. 1 2 Carter, Shawn L.; Haas, Carola A.; Mitchell, Joseph C. (1999). "Home range and habitat selection of bog turtles in southwestern Virginia". Journal of Wildlife Management. 63 (3): 853–860. doi:10.2307/3802798. JSTOR 3802798.
  20. ↑ Smith 2006
  21. ↑ Feaga, Jeffrey B.; Haas, Carola A.; Burger, James A. (2012). "Water Table Depth, Surface Saturation, and Drought Response in Bog Turtle (Glyptemys muhlenbergii) Wetlands". Wetlands. 32 (6): 1011–1021. Bibcode:2012Wetl...32.1011F. doi:10.1007/s13157-012-0330-8. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  22. ↑ Walton 2006
  23. ↑ Smith 2006
  24. ↑ "Bog Turtles". Keystone Wile Notes. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on September 12, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-20.
  25. ↑ Smith 2006
  26. 1 2 Ernst & Lovich 2009
  27. ↑ Ernst & Lovich 2009
  28. 1 2 Ernst & Lovich 2009
  29. ↑ Bloomer 2004
  30. ↑ Shiels 2007
  31. ↑ Carter, Shawn; Horne, Brian; Herman, Dennis (2005-09-03). "Bacterial pneumonia in free-ranging bog turtle, Glyptemys muhlenbergii, from North Carolina and Virginia" (PDF). Journal of the North Carolina Academy of Science. 121 (4): 170–173. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-06. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
  32. ↑ Bloomer 2004
  33. ↑ Copeyon, Carole. "Bog turtles in North Carolina". Pennsylvania Field Office. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from the original on 2010-07-23. Retrieved 2009-09-19.
  34. ↑ Ernst & Lovich 2009
  35. ↑ "Bog Turtle (Clemmys muhlenbergii) Northern Population Recovery Plan" (PDF). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-07-15. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
  36. 1 2 3 4 Shiels 2007
  37. ↑ Pittman & Dorcas 2009
  38. ↑ Walton 2006
  39. ↑ Walton 2006
  40. ↑ Ernst & Lovich 2009
  41. ↑ Walton 2006
  42. 1 2 Tryon, Bern W. (May 2009). "Defining success with bog turtle conservation in Tennessee". CONNECT. Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Archived from the original on 2010-06-15. Retrieved 2010-01-14.
  43. ↑ Brenner, Deena; Lewbart, G; Stebbins, M; Herman, DW (2002-01-17). "Health survey of wild and captive bog turtles" (PDF). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 33 (4): 311–316. doi:10.1638/1042-7260(2002)033[0311:HSOWAC]2.0.CO;2. PMID 12564526. S2CID 30931168. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-15. Retrieved 2010-01-14.
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