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Tushen mulkin mallaka na rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a Afirka

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Tushen mulkin mallaka na rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a Afirka

Tushen mulkin mallaka na rashin daidaiton jinsi a Afrika yana nufin rashin daidaiton siyasa, ilimi, da tattalin arziki tsakanin maza da mata a Afirka. A cewar wani rahoto na Global Gender Gap Index [1] da aka wallafa a cikin shekarar 2018, zai ɗauki shekaru 135 don rufe gibin jinsi a yankin Saharar Afirka da kusan shekaru 153 a Arewacin Afirka. Duk da yake an san da yawa game da illolin mulkin mallaka ga dukan mutanen Afirka, ba a san komai ba game da tasirin mulkin mallaka ga musamman mata. Akwai ra'ayoyi masu gasa game da dalilin rashin daidaiton jinsi a Afirka. Wasu malaman sun ce asalinsa yana cikin bauta na 'yan mulkin mallaka. Ga yawancin mata, mulkin mallaka ya haifar da lalacewar al'adu da haƙƙoƙin da a da ke baiwa mata dai-daito da kima. [2] Wasu mata a Afirka kafin mulkin mallaka sun riƙe muƙamai kuma suna da tasiri a ɓangarori da dama na al'ummominsu. Wasu mata sun kasance bayi a cikin al'ummomin Afirka kafin mulkin mallaka. Duk wannan ya canza a lokacin mulkin mallaka. Tare da ɓullo da sabbin nau'ikan rashin daidaiton jinsi, yawancin al'adun al'ummomin Afirka sun lalace, kuma wannan cutar ta kasance ƙalubale don gyarawa. Tsarin ka'idar da ke taimakawa wajen bayyana tushen mulkin mallaka na rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi sun haɗa da mulkin mallaka na iko da mulkin mallaka na jinsi. [3] Waɗannan ra'ayoyi na mulkin mallaka sun ba da bayanin yadda rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi ya kasance a cikin yanayin Afirka kuma yana taimakawa wajen bayyana dalilin da yasa rashin daidaito a yau, gami da rashin wakilcin mata na siyasa, ya kasance manyan ƙalubale ga Afirka.

A gefe guda kuma, bautar da ake yi kafin mulkin mallaka a Afirka ya haɗa da masarautu, irin su daular Yarbawa, mallakar eunuch, wato bayi da aka yi wa al’aurar yankan rago. Akwai kuma mata da aka yi wa al’aurarsu yankan rago, da bayi mata a Afirka kafin Turawan mulkin mallaka. A cewar masanin ilimin ɗan adam na Yarbawa Daniel Fadipe, matan Yarbawa zai iya yi wa mijinta bulala tun kafin mulkin mallaka. Bauta kafin Turawan mulkin mallaka ana iya danganta su da al’adun ’yan asalin Afirka (ciki har da ƙabilaun) da kuma faɗaɗa addinin Musulunci, tun daga ƙarni na 7 zuwa gaba, Musuluncin Larabawa ya faɗaɗa zuwa Afirka kuma ya bautar da yawancin mutanen Afirka. Miliyoyin su, ciki har da mata, an kai su bayi zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya, wasu kuma sun kasance a cikin nahiyar.

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a nahiyar Afirka ya ta'azzara sakamakon mulkin mallaka, wanda ya kawo cikas ga tsarin tattalin arziki, al'adu, da siyasa kafin mulkin mallaka a nahiyar Afirka. Mulkin mallaka ya gabatar da ka'idoji na ubanni, rushewar matsayin jinsin Afirka na al'ada, da kuma aikata laifuka na 'yan asali. [2]

A tsawon lokacin mulkin mallaka, ƙasashen Turai sun canza al'ummomin Afirka tare da ƙa'idodin ubanninsu. Hakan ya sa aka watsar da mata a gefe aka ba su muƙamai na ƙasa a cikin gida da cikin al’umma. Turawan mulkin mallaka ya kafa ra'ayin cewa mata suna ƙarƙashin maza ne kuma maza su riƙe dukkan muƙamai da muƙamai. [4]

Kaciyar mata na haifar da raɗaɗi ga 'yan mata da mata a lokacin al'ada da kuma daga baya lokacin fitsari ko jinin haila, raunin hankali, ciwo mai tsanani da rashin jin daɗin yayin jima'i, cututtuka da kuma mutuwa a wasu lokuta. [5] Tsohuwar al'adar Afirka ce wacce ta samo asali tun daga Afirka sama da shekaru 2,000. Ba Turawan Yamma suka gabatar da shi ba. Turawan Burtaniya sun yi kokarin hana ta a Kenya, amma ba su yi nasara ba.

Sakamakon haka, an canza matsayin jinsi na al'ada na Afirka: a cikin ƙasashen Afirka, mulkin mallaka ya canza matsayin jinsi na gargajiya. A yawancin al'ummomin Afirka kafin mulkin mallaka, mata suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a aikin noma da sauran ayyukan tattalin arziki. [6] Alal misali, a yammacin Afirka, mata sun yi tasiri sosai kan rigingimu a kasuwanni da noma. Ko da yake tare da kafa tsarin shari'a na mulkin mallaka, an samar da dokoki da ke ba maza fifiko a kan mata a al'amuran aure da saki. Don haka, yawancin ayyukan da mata suka yi kafin mulkin mallaka, jami'an mulkin mallaka ne suka yi watsi da su, waɗanda kawai ke naɗa maza a muƙaman siyasa na cikin gida.

Masana sun yi nuni ga gadon mulkin mallaka na rashin ci gaban Afirka don bayyana rashin daidaiton jinsi da rashin iya mata. [3] Lokacin da Turawa suka zauna a Uganda ya haifar da canji na tsawon ƙarni na Kampala wanda ya haifar da yanayin Kuznets na jinsi. Mutanen Afirka sun yi karatu kuma sun yi aiki a cikin tattalin arzikin farar fata (high-status) wanda Turawa suka gina. Su kuma mata sun yi tafiyar hawainiya wajen samun ilimi da aikin yi a cikin tattalin arzikin farar fata. [7] Wannan rarrabuwar kawuna ya ba da gudummawa ga rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a farkon zamanin mulkin mallaka, duk da haka, tazarar jinsi ta ragu a hankali a ƙarshen zamanin mulkin mallaka. Masanin tattalin arziki ya yi imanin cewa gibin jinsi na iya kasancewa ya samo asali ne daga ka'idojin zamantakewa na asali. Mata da ba su da ilimi sukan yi aiki a cikin tattalin arzikin gargajiya na yau da kullum maimakon aiki na yau da kullum. Sakamakon haka, an fuskanci rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsin auratayya idan aka kwatanta da matan da suka yi aiki a cikin tsarin tattalin arzikin da Turawa suka kirkiro.

Adabi galibi suna bayyana matan Afirka a matsayin masu biyayya ga ubanninsu da mazajensu. Amma a Afirka kafin mulkin mallaka, mata sun kasance sarauniya-mata, sarauniya- mata; sarakuna, sarakuna da masu riƙe da ofisoshi da ƙauyuka, mayaka lokaci-lokaci, kuma a cikin wani sanannen lamarin, Lovedu, babban sarki. [8] Amma duk da haka, dokoki da ka'idojin mulkin mallaka sun hana mata damar samun filaye da sauran albarkatu, wanda ya haifar da keɓe su. A yawancin al'ummomin Afirka, mulkin mallaka ya kori mata daga matsayinsu na al'ada a cikin al'umma, yana zubar da martabarsu tare da iyakance su ga masu cin gajiyar tallafi. [9]

Bugu da ƙari kuma, al'adun ƴan asalin Afirka da yawa, kamar gadon gwauruwa, ko dai sun zama haramun gaba ɗaya ko kuma hukumomin mulkin mallaka sun hana su, ma'ana cewa mata ba za su amfana ba kamar yadda suke yi a lokacin mulkin mallaka. [10] Laifi na hanyoyin rayuwa na asali akai-akai yana haifar da lalata al'adun Afirka. Ta hanyar aiwatar da nasu dokoki da manufofinsu, waɗanda suka haɗa da akidar jinsin Yammacin Turai waɗanda suka haramta ayyukan al'adu na asali, hukumomin mulkin mallaka sun yi niyyar canza al'ummomin Afirka "marasa wayewa". [11] Sakamakon haka, ba a ko da yaushe a kare mata a Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka daga wasu cin zarafi saboda ikonsu na al'umma ko na siyasa yana da iyaka. Masana da yawa sun yi imanin cewa matan Afirka sun zama marasa murya, sun kasa samun daidaiton tattalin arziki da siyasa. [3]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "The Global Gender Gap Report 2018". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 2019-05-11.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "A Critique of Africa's Post-Colonial Freedoms Through a Feminist Lens: Challenging Patriarchy and Assessing the Gains | Heinrich Böll Stiftung | Cape Town. South Africa | Namibia | Zimbabwe". Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-05-01. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Bertolt, Boris (2018). "Thinking otherwise: theorizing the colonial/modern gender system in Africa". African Sociological Review / Revue Africaine de Sociologie. 22 (1): 2–17. ISSN 1027-4332. JSTOR 90023843. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Bertolt-2018" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ King, Adele; Oyěwùmí, Oyèrónké (1998). "The Invention of Women: Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses". World Literature Today. 72 (4): 880. doi:10.2307/40154419. ISSN 0196-3570. JSTOR 40154419.
  5. ↑ Hamid Rushwan, "Female genital mutilation: A tragedy for women's reproductive health", African Journal of Urology, 19(3), September 2013, pp. 130–133. doi:10.1016/j.afju.2013.03.002
  6. ↑ Sheldon, Kathleen (2013-08-26). "Women and Colonialism". Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets. doi:10.1093/obo/9780199846733-0067. Retrieved 2023-05-01.
  7. ↑ Selhausen, Felix Meier Zu; Weisdorf, Jacob (2016). "A colonial legacy of African gender inequality? Evidence from Christian Kampala, 1895–2011" (PDF). The Economic History Review (in Turanci). 69 (1): 229–257. doi:10.1111/ehr.12120. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 142749154.
  8. ↑ Sudarkasa, Niara (1986). ""The Status of Women" in Indigenous African Societies". Feminist Studies. 12 (1): 91–103. doi:10.2307/3177985. ISSN 0046-3663. JSTOR 3177985. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  9. ↑ Oluwole, Sophie B. (1997). "Culture, Gender, and Development Theories in Africa". Africa Development / Afrique et Développement. 22 (1): 95–121. ISSN 0850-3907. JSTOR 24482785.
  10. ↑ Kameri-Mbote, Patricia G. (2002). "Gender Dimensions of Law, Colonialism and Inheritance in East Africa: Kenyan women's experiences". Verfassung in Recht und Übersee. 35 (3): 373–398. doi:10.5771/0506-7286-2002-3-373. ISSN 0506-7286.
  11. ↑ Goerg, Odile; Rodet, Marie; Vince, Natalya, eds. (2007). "Fracturing Binarisms: Gender and Colonialisms in Africa". Stichproben - Vienna Journal of African Studies. Department of African Studies, University of Vienna.
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