Tuulu na Fujian
 Tuulu na Fujian | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
architectural ensemble (en)  , AAAAA Tourist Attractions of China da UNESCO building site in China (en) | ||||
 | ||||
| Bayanai | ||||
| Suna a harshen gida | 福建土樓 | |||
| Ƙasa | Sin | |||
| Catalog code (en) | 172 | |||
| Heritage designation (en) |
Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya da Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level (en) | |||
| Official map URL (en) | https://whc.unesco.org/document/101073 | |||
| World Heritage criteria (en) |
(iii) (en) , (iv) (en) da (v) (en) | |||
| Nada jerin |
List of Fujian Tulou buildings (en) | |||
| Wuri | ||||
| ||||
| Ƴantacciyar ƙasa | Sin | |||
| Province of China (en) | 福建 (mul) | |||
| Prefecture-level city (en) | Zhangzhou (en) | |||
| County of China (en) | Hua'an County (en) | |||
tulou yawanci babban gini ne na ƙasa, wanda aka rufe kuma an gina shi, wanda ya fi zama rectangular ko zagaye a cikin tsari, tare da ganuwar ƙasa mai nauyi tsakanin hawa uku zuwa biyar da kuma gidaje har zuwa mutane 800. Ƙananan gine-gine na ciki galibi ana kewaye su da waɗannan manyan ganuwar da za su iya ƙunsar dakuna, ɗakunan ajiya, rijiyoyi da wuraren zama, duk tsarin yana kama da ƙaramin birni mai garu.
An kafa gine-ginen waje masu garu ta hanyar tarwatsa ƙasa, gauraye da dutse, bamboo, itace da sauran kayan da ke samuwa don samar da ganuwar har zuwa 6 feet (1.8 m) kauri. Ana yawan shimfiɗa rassa, sassan itace da kwakwalwan bamboo a cikin bango a matsayin ƙarin ƙarfafawa. Sakamakon shine gini mai haske sosai, mai iska sosai, mai hana iska da kuma mai hana girgizar ƙasa wanda yake da dumi a cikin hunturu kuma yana da sanyi a lokacin rani. Tulous yawanci suna da babban ƙofar guda ɗaya, wanda ke da ƙofofin katako masu kauri 4-5 (100-130 da aka ƙarfafa tare da harsashi na waje na farantin ƙarfe. Babban matakin waɗannan gine-ginen ƙasa yana da ramukan bindiga don dalilai na tsaro.
Yawancin tulou (ban da rukunin Dadi tulou a cikin Gundumar Hua'an) ana samun su a cikin wani karamin yanki, wanda ke kan iyaka tsakanin yankunan Yongding, Nanjing, da Pinghe na lardin Fujian. Ana kuma samun wasu tulous a lardin Guangdong makwabta kamar a gabashin Dabu County na Meizhou . Ana gudanar da waɗannan a matsayin wurin yawon bude ido guda ɗaya (wanda aka sani da Nanjing Tulou Scenic Area) tare da ƙofar ta a Garin Shuyang (Nanjing County, Zhangzhou). Ziyarar wannan yanki saboda haka yawanci sun haɗa da yawon shakatawa na mafi banbanci da sanannun a duk faɗin "Yongding" (Gaobei Tulou cluster, Hongkeng Tulou cler, Chuxi Tulou clor, Zhenfulou Earthen House, da Yanxianglou Earthen House) da kuma "Nanjing" (Tianluokeng Tulou clar, Heguilou clerk, da Huaiyuan Earthen House).
UNESCO ta sanya jimlar shafuka 46 na Fujian tulou [a cikin a] a matsayin Gidan Tarihin Duniya, a matsayin "misali na musamman na al'adar gini da aiki wanda ke nuna wani nau'in rayuwar al'umma da ƙungiyar tsaro [a cikin] dangantaka mai jituwa da mahallinsu". Shafukan da aka rubuta sun haɗa da tarin Chuxi Tulou, Tarin Tianluokeng Tulou, rukunin Hekeng Tulou, ƙungiyar Gaobei Tulou, rukuni na Dadi Tulou, Ƙungiyar Hongkeng Tulou, Yangxian Lou, Huiyuan Lou, Zhengfu Lou, da Hegui Lou.
Kalmomin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tun daga shekarun 1980s, ana kiran Fujian Tulou da "Hakka tulou", "gidan ƙasa", "ginin zagaye" ko kuma kawai "Tulou". Tu lou (土樓) a zahiri ana fassara shi azaman gine-ginen ƙasa. Fassarar zahiri ta Fujian Tulous ita ce "Tsarin ƙasa na Fujian", kuma malaman gine-ginen kasar Sin kwanan nan sun daidaita kalmar Fujian Tulou.
Littattafai na farko game da tulous (wanda na farko ya bayyana a cikin mujallar Cibiyar Fasaha ta Nanjing a cikin 1957) ya yi magana game da tuloos a matsayin gidajen mutanen Hakka, da farko a Yongding County na kudu maso yammacin Fujian. Koyaya, a cikin shekarun 1980 an kuma buga bincike mai yawa a kan tulous na maƙwabtan Hakkas, mutanen Kudancin Fujian (wanda aka sani a cikin Sinanci kamar mutanen Minnan). [1] Wadannan ana samun su ne a gabashin Yongding, musamman a yankin Nanjing da Pinghe na kudu maso gabashin Fujian.[2]
Sassan Hakka tulou na cikin rukunin Fujian Tulou. duk da yake duk kudancin Fujian tulous na cikin rukunin Fujian Tulou, ba su cikin "Hakka Tulou" ba. A zahiri, "Fujian Tulou" ba ma'anar "tulou" ba ce, amma wani rukuni na musamman na ƙarshen. Akwai fiye da 20,000 tulous a Fujian, yayin da akwai kusan dubu uku kawai "Fujian Tulou" da ke yankin kudu maso yamma. Fujian Tulou duk da haka shine sunan hukuma da UNESCO ta karɓa ga duk gidajen irin wannan.
Dangane da ma'anar ma'anar kalmomin Sinanci tu (土; "duniya") da lou (樓; "[tsawon] gini"), mutum na iya tunanin kalmar "tulou" a matsayin bayanin gama kai na ginin da aka buga. Koyaya, wannan ba zai zama ma'anar amfani ba, tunda, kamar yadda masanin gine-ginen gargajiya na kasar Sin Huang Hanmin ya lura, ana iya samun gine-ginin ƙasa na wani nau'i ko wani a kusan dukkanin sassan kasar Sin. Maimakon haka, Ya ce: dacewa a yi amfani da ma'anar da aka yi amfani da ita a Fujian: tulou babban gini ne, wanda aka gina tare da ganuwar ƙasa mai ɗaukar kaya, kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman wurin zama ta al'umma (rukunin iyalai). [3] Sashe na farko na ma'anar ya bambanta da tulous tare da tsarin da ke amfani da ƙasa da aka buga a kusa da katako mai ɗaukar kaya; sashi na biyu ya bambanta tulous daga ƙananan gidaje masu zaman kansu.[3]
Dangane da ma'anar da ke sama, Huang Hanmin ya yi imanin cewa daga cikin gine-ginen da aka yi da ƙasa na kasar Sin, kawai waɗannan salon yanki masu zuwa, duk suna da alaƙa da Hakka ko Minnan, ana iya kiransu "tulou" (akalla a cikin Sinanci):[4]
Ga Fujian Tulou musamman, Huang Hanmin ya ba da ma'anar da ke biyowa: "Babban gini mai hawa da yawa a kudu maso gabashin yankin tsaunuka na Fujian don rayuwa da tsaro na al'umma, wanda aka gina tare da nauyin nauyin nauyin bango na ƙasa da tsarin katako. "[5]
Shahararren Fujian tulou
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ƙungiyar Chuxi Tulou
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Chuxi Tulou cluster (初溪土樓群), wanda ke cikin gundumar Yongding, garin Xiayang, ƙauyen Chuxi. An rubuta shi a matsayin UNESCO World Heritage site 1113-001.
- Jiqinglou, mafi girman zagaye tulou, kuma mafi tsufa a cikin wannan rukuni, an gina shi a cikin 1419 a lokacin mulkin Yongle Emperor na Daular Ming. Ya ƙunshi zobe biyu masu ma'ana, ginin zobe na waje yana da hawa huɗu, tare da ɗakuna 53 a kowane matakin. Zagayen waje yana da matakala 72. Zagaye na biyu gini ne mai hawa daya.
Zhenchenglou (振成樓), wanda ake kira "sarki na tulou", na cikin rukunin Hongkeng Tulou ne. Tana cikin ƙauyen Hongkeng, garin Hukeng na gundumar Yongding kuma an rubuta ta a matsayin Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO 1113-002. An gina shi a cikin 1912 ta zuriyar wani attajiri mai sayar da taba. Zhenchenglou zobe ne na biyu tulou, zobe na waje yana da hawa huɗu tare da jimlar ɗakuna 184, zobe na ciki yana da hawa biyu tare da ɗakuna 32. An raba zobe na waje zuwa kashi huɗu bisa ga Ra'ayin Bagua na Fengshui na kasar Sin.
Tasirin Yammacin Turai ya bayyana a cikin ginshiƙan salon Girkanci na zauren kakanninmu, da kuma cikin katako na ƙarfe na mataki na biyu.
Chengqi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Chengqilou (承啟楼) wanda ake kira "sarkin tulou", na Gaobei Tulou cluster 高北土楼群 a ƙauyen Gaobei (Gaotou Township) na gundumar Yongding an gina shi a cikin 1709, kuma an rubuta shi a matsayin UNESCO World Heritage Site 1113-003 a cikin 2008. Yana da babban zagaye na tulou tare da zobe huɗu masu ma'ana da ke kewaye da zauren kakanninmu a tsakiya, zobe na waje yana auna mita 62.6 a diamita kuma yana da hawa huɗu masu tsayi, yana dauke da ɗakuna 288, tare da zagaye na zagaye a hawa na 2 zuwa na 4, tare da matakan hawa huɗu a wuraren da ke haɗa ƙasa zuwa bene na sama. Babban rufin da ke fadada waje ya rufe babban zobe. Gidajen bene suna aiki a matsayin ɗakin abinci don rassan iyali, ɗakunan ajiya na biyu suna aiki a cikin ɗakunan ajiyar hatsi, kuma ɗakunan bene na 3 da 4 sune ɗakunan zama da ɗakunan kwana. Zagaye na biyu na dakuna 80 yana da hawa biyu, tare da dakuna 40 a kowane matakin, zobe na uku yana aiki a matsayin ɗakin karatu na al'umma, yana auna labarin tare da dakkuna 32. Akwai dakuna 370 gabaɗaya. Zagaye na 4 shi ne zagaye-da-rufe corridor kewaye da kakanninmu zauren. Idan mutum ya zauna dare daya a kowane ɗaki, zai dauki shi fiye da shekara guda don shiga dukkan ɗakunan.[1] Gidan kakanninmu yana tsakiyar. Chengqilou yana da manyan ƙofofi biyu da ƙofoci biyu na gefe. Gidan Jiang na ƙarni na 15 tare da iyalai 57 da mutane 300 suna zaune a nan. A lokacin da yake da kyau, akwai rassan iyali sama da 80 da ke zaune a Chengqilou.
Sauran gine-gine a cikin wannan rukuni sun haɗa da: Shenyuanlou mai zobe uku tare da zobe na waje mai mita 70 a diamita, Wujiaolou (pentagon) tare da tsarin bene na pentagonal mara kyau, da tulou na rectangular, Shi-Ze Lou.
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Ƙauyuka tare da majami'u masu garu a Transylvania, Romania - Ƙungiyar al'adun UNESCO na majami'un da aka gina waɗanda ganuwarsu masu garu suna aiki a matsayin rayuwar jama'a
- Circulades, ƙauyuka masu zagaye a kudancin Faransa
- Garin Hakka mai ganuwa
- ↑ Huang 2009
- ↑ Huang 2009
- 1 2 Huang 2009 (Chapter 3, Definition of the Fujian Tulou Concept)
- ↑ Huang 2009
- ↑ Huang 2009