Umberto Boccioni
_Ritratto_del_pittore_Umberto_Boccioni_(1914).jpg)
Tarihin Rayuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Umberto Boccioni a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1882 a Reggio Calabria . Mahaifinsa ƙarami ne a ma'aikacin gwamnati, asalinsa daga yankin Romagna a arewa, kuma aikinsa ya haɗa da sake tura wasu wurare a duk faɗin Italiya. Ba da daɗewa ba iyalin suka ƙaura zuwa arewa, kuma Umberto da babbar 'yar'uwarsa Amelia suka girma a Forlì ( Emilia-Romagna ), Genoa kuma a ƙarshe suka girma a Padua . Yana da shekaru 15, a 1897, Umberto da mahaifinsa suka ƙaura zuwa Catania, Sicily, inda zai kammala makaranta. Bayan wani lokaci bayan 1898, ya koma Rome ya yi karatun fasaha a Scuola Libera del Nudo na Accademia di Belle Arti di Roma . [1] Ya kuma yi karatu a ƙarƙashin mai zane-zane na salon Liberty Giovanni Mataloni .
Abin da ba a sani ba game da shekarunsa a Roma yana cikin tarihin rayuwarsa na abokinsa Gino Severini (1883-1966), wanda ya tuna da haɗuwarsu a 1901 da sha'awar juna a Nietzsche, tawaye, gogewar rayuwa da gurguzu. Rubuce-rubucen Boccioni a wannan lokacin sun riga sun bayyana haɗin fushi da ba'a wanda zai zama halayyar rayuwa ta har abada. Yanayinsa mai suka da tawaye, da kuma ikon tunani gabaɗaya, zai ba da gudummawa sosai ga ci gaban ƙungiyar Futurism . Bayan gina harsashin ƙwarewa, bayan ya yi nazarin tsoffin littattafai ta hanyar Impressionism, shi da Severini sun zama ɗaliban Giacomo Balla (1871-1958), mai zane mai mai da hankali kan dabarun Raba-Raba na zamani, yana zane da launuka daban-daban maimakon gauraye kuma yana raba saman da aka fenti zuwa filin dige-dige da ratsi. Severini ya rubuta "Babban sa'a ne a gare mu mu haɗu da irin wannan mutumin, wanda alkiblarsa ta kasance mai yanke hukunci ga duk ayyukanmu." [1]
A shekarar 1906, ya koma birnin Paris na ɗan lokaci, inda ya yi nazarin salon Impressionist da Post-Impressionist, kafin ya ziyarci Rasha na tsawon watanni uku, inda ya fara fahimtar tashe-tashen hankulan jama'a da kuma tashe-tashen hankulan gwamnati. Bayan ya dawo Italiya a shekarar 1907, ya ɗauki ɗan gajeren darasin zane a Accademia di Belle Arti na Venice . Ya fara ziyartar Famiglia Artistica, wata ƙungiyar masu fasaha a Milan, a shekarar 1901.
Yayin da yake tafiya daga wani birni zuwa wani, a layi ɗaya da ayyukansa na fasaha mafi girma, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane na kasuwanci. Tsakanin 1904 da 1909 ya samar da zane-zanen lithograph da gouache ga shahararrun gidajen buga littattafai na duniya, kamar Stiefbold & Co da ke Berlin. Ayyukan Boccioni a wannan fanni sun nuna saninsa game da zane-zanen Turai na zamani, kamar ayyukan Cecil Aldin, Harry Eliott, Henri Cassiers da Albert Beerts, kuma yana tabbatar da saninsa da yanayin zamani a fannin zane-zane na gani gabaɗaya.
Boccioni ya koma Milan a shekara ta 1907. A can, a farkon 1908, ya sadu da mai zane mai suna Gaetano Previati . A farkon 1910 ya sadu da Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, wanda ya riga ya buga Manifesto del Futurismo ("Manifesto of Futurism") a cikin shekarar da ta gabata. [2] A ranar 11 ga Fabrairu 1910 Boccioni, tare da Balla, Carlo Carrà, Luigi Russolo da Severini, sun sanya hannu kan Manifesto dei pittori futuristi ("Manifesto of Futurist painters"), kuma a ranar 8 ga Maris ya karanta bayanin a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Politeama Chiarella a Turin. [2][3]
Boccioni ya zama babban mai ra'ayin juyin juya halin Futurism . [4] "Sai lokacin da Boccioni, Balla, Severini da wasu 'yan Futurists suka yi tafiya zuwa Paris a ƙarshen 1911 suka ga abin da Braque da Picasso ke yi ne ƙungiyar ta fara samun siffar gaske." [5] Ya kuma yanke shawarar zama mai sassaka bayan ya ziyarci ɗakunan studio daban-daban a Paris, a cikin 1912, ciki har da na Georges Braque, Alexander Archipenko, Constantin Brâncuși, Raymond Duchamp-Villon, August Agero da, wataƙila, Medardo Rosso . [1] A shekara ta 1912 ya nuna wasu zane-zane tare da wasu masu hangen nesa na Italiya a Galerie Bernheim-Jeune, kuma a shekara mai zuwa ya dawo don nuna sassakansa a Galerie La Boétie: duk sun shafi bayanin abin da Boccioni ya gani a Paris, inda ya ziyarci ɗakunan zane-zane na masu sassaka na Cubist, gami da na Constantin Brâncuși, Raymond Duchamp-Villon da Alexander Archipenko don ƙara iliminsa game da sassaka na avant-garde. [6]
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A shekarar 1914 ya buga littafin Pittura e scultura futuriste (dinamismo plastico) wanda ke bayanin kyawun ƙungiyar:
"Yayin da masu zana hoton suke zana hoton don ba da wani takamaiman lokaci kuma suna ƙarƙashin rayuwar hoton zuwa kamanninsa da wannan lokacin, muna haɗa kowane lokaci (lokaci, wuri, tsari, launin launi) don haka muna zana hoton."
Ya yi baje kolin a Landan, tare da ƙungiyar, a shekarar 1912 ( Sackville Gallery ) da kuma 1914 (Doré Gallery): baje kolin guda biyu sun yi tasiri sosai ga wasu matasan mawakan Ingila, musamman CRW Nevinson, waɗanda suka shiga ƙungiyar. Wasu kuma sun haɗa kansu da ƙungiyar Burtaniya, Vorticism, wacce Wyndham Lewis ke jagoranta.
"Kyautar Boccioni ita ce ta kawo sabon ido ga gaskiya ta hanyoyin da, yanzu muka gane, muka bayyana yanayin motsi na zamani a cikin fasahar gani da adabi, suma." [7] --Michael Glover (mai sukar fasaha, The Independent )
Aikin soja da mutuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shiga Italiya a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya ya fara ne a ƙarshen watan Mayu na 1915 da sanarwar yaƙi da Italiya ta yi kan Daular Austro-Hungary . "Bataliyar Lombard Masu Sa-kai Masu Keke da Masu Motoci", waɗanda Boccioni yake ciki, sun tashi a farkon watan Yuni daga Milan zuwa Gallarate, sannan suka wuce zuwa Peschiera del Garda, a bayan fagen dagar Trentino . A watan Yuli na 1915, an yi nufin masu sa-kai su zama wani ɓangare na fagen daga da ke kewaye da Ala da Gardesana. A ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 1915, Boccioni ya shiga yaƙin Dosso Casina. A ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1915, an wargaza rundunar a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake tsara tsarin; an kori masu sa-kai na ɗan lokaci, sannan aka kira kowannensu tare da ajin. A watan Mayu na 1916 an tura Boccioni cikin Rundunar Sojan Italiya, kuma aka tura shi zuwa rundunar manyan bindigogi a Sorte na Chievo, kusa da Verona . A ranar 16 ga Agusta 1916, an jefar da shi daga kan dokinsa a lokacin atisayen horar da sojojin doki kuma aka tattake shi. [8][9] Ya mutu washegari, yana da shekaru talatin da uku, a Asibitin Sojoji na Verona, kuma aka binne shi a Makabartar Monumental ta wannan birnin.
Kabarin da ke Verona
Wani abin tunawa inda aka ji wa Boccioni rauni mai tsanani a Sorte na Chievo
manazarta
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