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Unity Dow

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Unity Dow
Foreign Minister of Botswana (en) Fassara

2 Nuwamba, 2019 - 26 ga Augusta, 2020
Minister of Infrastructure and Housing Development (en) Fassara

ga Afirilu, 2018 - ga Yuni, 2018
Minister of Education and Skills Development (en) Fassara

Satumba 2016 - ga Afirilu, 2018
Minister of Education and Skills Development (en) Fassara

ga Faburairu, 2015 - Satumba 2016
member of the National Assembly of Botswana (en) Fassara

2014 -
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Mochudi (en) Fassara, 23 ga Afirilu, 1959 (67 shekaru)
ƙasa Botswana
Ƴan uwa
Yara
Karatu
Makaranta University of Edinburgh (mul) Fassara Bachelor of Laws (mul) Fassara
Kenyon College (en) Fassara 2001)
University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland (en) Fassara Bachelor of Laws (mul) Fassara
St Michael's College (en) Fassara 2007)
Harsuna Turanci
Harshen Tswana
Sana'a
Sana'a marubuci, alƙali, lauya, ɗan siyasa, Marubuci, minista, member of parliament (en) Fassara da mamba na board
Muhimman ayyuka Far and Beyon' by Unity Dow (en) Fassara
[[Unity Dow v. Attorney-General (Botswana) [June 1991]|Unity Dow v. Attorney-General (Botswana) [June 1991]]] (en) Fassara
Kyaututtuka
Imani
Jam'iyar siyasa Botswana Democratic Party (en) Fassara
Botswana Congress Party (en) Fassara

Unity Dow ( née aka haifa a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1959) lauya ce a Motswana [ Bayani na 1 ], marubuciya, mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam kuma 'yar majalisa ce ta Kgatleng West tun daga Nuwamba 2024. Ta taba yin aiki a matsayin alkali a Babbar Kotun Botswana da kuma a ma'aikatun gwamnatin Botswana daban-daban. An haife ta a Bechuanaland Protectorate ga wata mai dinki da manomi, wacce ta dage sai 'ya'yansu sun sami ilimi, Dow ta girma a wani ƙauyen karkara na gargajiya kafin a fara amfani da zamani. Ta sami digirin shari'a a shekarar 1983 daga Jami'ar Botswana da Swaziland, kodayake ta kammala karatunta a Swaziland da Jami'ar Edinburgh, Scotland, saboda Botswana ba ta da makarantar shari'a a lokacin. Bayan kammala karatunta, Dow ta bude kamfanin lauyoyi na farko na mata gaba daya a Botswana kuma a shekarar 1997 ta zama mace ta farko da aka nada a matsayin alkali a Babbar Kotun kasar.

A lokacin da take kara, Dow ta shiga cikin shari'o'i uku na tarihi a Botswana. A shekarar 1992, ita ce mai shigar da kara a shari'ar shari'a mai muhimmanci, Unity Dow da Babban Lauya, wadda ta kawo karshen wariyar jinsi a dokokin kasa na kasar da a da ba ta ba wa yara damar samun kasa daga uwayensu da suka yi aure ba. Shari'ar ta jawo hankalin Dow a duniya kuma ta haifar da sauye-sauye da dama wadanda suka kawar da bambancin jinsi a dokokin kasa a fadin Afirka. A shekarar 2006, a matsayinta na alkali mai kula da shari'ar Roy Sesana da Sauransu da Gwamnatin Botswana, Dow ta yanke hukunci kan matakin gwamnati na hana 'yan asalin Basarwa zama da farauta a filayen kakanninsu, wanda hakan ya tilasta musu sake tsugunar da su a wajen Kalahari Namun Daji na Tsakiya . Ta yanke hukuncin cewa dole ne gwamnati ta dawo da ayyukan yau da kullun, ta bar Basarwa ta koma ƙasar ta kuma sami izinin farauta, da kuma biyan diyya ga wadanda aka tilasta musu ƙaura idan suka zabi kada su koma. A shekarar 2014, Dow ta yi aiki a matsayin lauya ga LEGABIBO ('Yan Madigo, Luwadi & Maza Biyu na Botswana) a shari'arsu don yin rijistar ƙungiyarsu da Ma'aikatar Rijistar Farar Hula da Ƙasa kuma ta sami nasarar samun hukuncin gwamnati na ba da damar yin rijistar ƙungiyar.

An fara zaɓen Dow a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a shekarar 2014, lokacin da Shugaba Ian Khama ya zaɓe ta a matsayin zaɓaɓɓiyar 'yar majalisa. An fara naɗa ta a matsayin Mataimakiyar Ministar Ilimi kuma a shekarar 2015 ta zama Ministar Ilimi da Ci gaban Ƙwarewa. Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Ilimi ta Asali, Ministar Kayayyakin more rayuwa da Ci gaban Gidaje, da Ministar Harkokin Ƙasa da Haɗin gwiwa, kafin ta zama mai riƙe da muƙamin a 2020. Ta yi aiki a kwamitoci da kwamitoci na ƙasa da ƙasa da dama, tana tantance aiwatar da dokokin da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam a Kenya, Falasɗinu, Rwanda da Saliyo . A shekarar 2000, Dow ta fara buga littattafai, galibi tana mai da hankali kan batutuwan zamantakewa da shari'a da tasirinsu ga jinsi da tsarin iko. Ayyukan sun yi nazari kan ayyukan zamantakewa da cin zarafi ta hanyar cin zarafi, tashin hankali, da danne haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ta sami yabo da girmamawa da yawa saboda aikinta na jin kai, gami da Legion of Honour a 2010.

Rayuwar farko da ilimi

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An haifi Unity Diswai a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 1959, a Mochudi, Gundumar Kgatleng, Botswana (wanda a lokacin shine Kariyar Bechuanaland ), [1] [2] ga iyaye Phiri da Maefshane Diswai (wanda aka fi sani da Moses da Ellen Diswai), zuriyar mutanen Mosarwa 'yan asalin ƙasar kuma membobin ƙabilar BaKgatla. [ 5 ] [ Bayani na 2 ] Ƙauyen karkara da ta girma a ciki ba shi da hanyoyi masu shimfidawa, wutar lantarki ko ruwan famfo. Babu waya kuma ba ta ga firiji ba sai lokacin da take matashiya, ba ta kuma ga talabijin ba sai da ta kai shekara ashirin. [3] [4] Mahaifiyarta ma'aikaciyar dinki ce, wadda take iya karatu da rubutu a SeTswana, amma ba Turanci ba. [5] [3] Mahaifinta, wanda ke aiki a ƙaramin gona, yana magana da karanta Turanci. [3] [6] Lokacin da mahaifinta yake makaranta, ya sami tallafin karatu don halartar Jami'ar Fort Hare, amma an ba wa ɗan sarkin tallafin karatu maimakon haka. Ga iyayenta biyu, ilimi ya zama abin fifiko kuma shida daga cikin 'ya'yansu bakwai sun kammala karatun jami'a. [3] Darussansu na Yamma ba su da yawa a Botswana da ke karkara a lokacin. [5] Diswai ta kammala karatun firamare da sakandare a Mochudi. [1] Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, ta yi karatun lauya a Jami'ar Botswana da Swaziland . [1] [4] Saboda babu makarantar lauya a Botswana a lokacin, a ƙarƙashin shirin taimakon Birtaniya ta halarci jami'a a Swaziland kuma ta kammala karatun shekaru biyu a Scotland, a Jami'ar Edinburgh, kafin ta sami digirin farko na shari'a a 1983 daga Jami'ar Botswana da Swaziland. [1] [7] [3]

Doka da fafutuka

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Farkon aikin (1983–1991)

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Unity Dow

Diswai ta cancanci zama lauya a shekarar 1983 kuma ta fara aiki a ɗakin Babban Lauyan Botswana a matsayin mai gabatar da ƙara a Gaborone . Ta auri wani ɗan ƙasar Amurka, Peter Nathan Dow, a ranar 7 ga Maris 1984. Ma'auratan sun zauna a Mochudi, tare da 'ya'yansu uku. [1] A shekarar 1986, Dow ta shiga aikin sirri wanda ya ƙware a fannin shari'ar laifuka, inda ta buɗe kamfanin Dow Malakaila, kamfanin lauyoyi na farko da ya ƙunshi mata gaba ɗaya a ƙasar. A wannan shekarar, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar mata ta farko a Botswana Emang Basadi (Tsaya Tsaye ga Mata). A shekarar 1988, an canza sunan kamfanin zuwa Dow Lesetedi and Company. [1] [8] [7] A wannan shekarar, ta haɗu da kafa ƙungiyar Mata da Shari'a a Kudancin Afirka (WLSA) don fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata da yara ta hanyar shari'a. [1] Daga 1988 zuwa 1991, Dow ta gudanar da bincike ga WLSA, inda ta taimaka wajen kammala wani bincike na yanki kan haƙƙin ɗan adam ga mata a ƙasashe shida maƙwabta. [8] [5] A shekarar 1990, ta taimaka wajen kafa Cibiyar Bayar da Bayanai ta Mata ta Metlhaetsile don haɓaka ilimi kan haƙƙin mata a ƙarƙashin doka. [1]

A shekarar 1990, Dow ta shigar da ƙara a Babbar Kotun Botswana don ƙalubalantar dokar ƙasa ta Botswana . [1] A ƙarƙashin Dokar zama ɗan ƙasa ta 1984, yara marasa aure ne kawai za su iya samun ƙasa ta hanyar mahaifiyarsu. [9] Yayin da aka haifi 'ya'yanta biyu daga cikin uku tare da Peter bayan aurensu, ba a ɗauke su a matsayin 'yan Batswana ba. [10] Saboda tsoron cewa akwai yiwuwar lokacin da izinin zama na Peter ya ƙare a 1992, iyalinta za a iya tilasta musu ƙaura ko su rabu, Dow ta fara shari'ar Unity Dow da Babban Lauyan Gwamnati, tana zargin cewa Dokar zama ɗan ƙasa ta nuna wariya kuma ta saɓa wa haƙƙinta na guje wa hukunci mai wulaƙanci da rashin tausayi. Kotun ta ga Dow ta amince da cewa dokar ta shafi zaɓin 'yancinta na wanda za ta aura, kuma za ta iya tilasta mata rabuwa da iyalinta idan ba a sabunta izinin zama na mijinta da 'ya'yanta ba, kuma ta nuna wariya. [11]

Matsayin tsakiya (1991–2009)

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Dow ta ɗauki hutun shekaru biyu daga aikin lauyanta a shekarar 1991 don shari'ar, kuma a wannan lokacin, ta haɗu ta kafa Makarantar Firamare ta Baobobob a Gaborone da kuma Hukumar Tallafawa Masu Yaƙi da Cututtuka ta AIDS. [7] [12] Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da WLSA daga 1992 zuwa 1994, [8] yayin da ake jiran ɗaukaka ƙarar shari'arta. A lokacin ɗaukaka ƙarar, Babban Lauya da Unity Dow, jihar ta yi jayayya cewa wariya ga mata tana da kariya daga tanadin kundin tsarin mulki don kiyaye al'adun gargajiya na Botswana, wanda al'umma ce ta uba . [10] [13] Babban Lauya ya kuma musanta cewa Dow tana da tsayayye, yana mai cewa ita da kanta ba ta sami wata illa ba. [13] Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Shugaban Alƙali Austin Amissah, ta kammala da cewa wariyar jinsi ta saɓa wa Kundin Tsarin Mulki kuma al'adar gargajiya ba za ta iya shawo kan tanade-tanaden kundin tsarin mulki na daidaiton kariya a ƙarƙashin doka ba, ko kuma wajibai da Botswana ke da su a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda suka sanya hannu a kansu. [10] [13] Dangane da batun tsayawa takara, kotun ta gano cewa dole ne ta tabbatar da cewa akwai yiwuwar doka ta cutar da ita, ba wai ta yi hakan ba, kuma rabuwa da iyalinta zai zama abin wulakanci da rashin tausayi. [13] A cikin hukuncin rinjaye uku zuwa biyu, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta tabbatar da hukuncin Babbar Kotun tare da ɗan gyare-gyare, tana mai bayyana Sashe na 4 da 5 na Dokar 'Yan Kasa ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki. [13]

Sakamakon wannan hukunci mai muhimmanci, a shekarar 1995 an gyara Dokar 'Yan Kasa don kawar da bambancin jinsi wajen mallakar kasa a Botswana. [1] [14] Wannan hukunci ya zama tushen da ƙungiyoyin mata a duk faɗin Afirka suka matsa lamba don a canza dokokin ƙasarsu da kuma kawar da bambancin jinsi, wanda ya haifar da kusan rabin ƙasashen Afirka suka yi wa dokokin ƙasa kwaskwarima nan da shekarar 2010. [15] [14] Daga 1994 zuwa 1998, Dow ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan Cibiyar Bayar da Bayanai ga Mata ta Metlhaetsile kuma a lokacin ta buga The Citizenship Case a 1995, tana ba da cikakken bayani game da shari'arta. [8] [7] A shekarar 1996, ta yi aiki a kan wata shari'a da ta shafi kula da yara wanda ya haifar da gyare-gyare ga dokokin tallafi, kuma a shekarar 1997 ta gabatar da ƙara kan cutar mata da aka yi wa duka, tana mai la'akari da waɗannan a matsayin manyan batutuwa ga mata. [8] [16] A wannan shekarar, an naɗa Dow a matsayin alkali a Babbar Kotun Botswana, kuma ta fara yi wa kotun hidima a watan Janairun 1998. [1] [8] Naɗin nata ya kasance karo na farko da aka naɗa mace don yin aiki a matsayin alkali a Babbar Kotun. [1]

A shekara ta 2004, Dow ta yi aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na wani aiki na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don sake duba aikace-aikacen cikin gida na haƙƙin ɗan adam na mata na duniya a Saliyo tare da Charlotte Abaka, tsohuwar shugabar Kwamitin Kawar da Wariya ga Mata ; [17] Feride Acar, shugabar kafa shirin nazarin jinsi da mata na Jami'ar Fasaha ta Gabas ta Tsakiya, a Ankara, Turkiyya; [17] [18] Dorcas Coker-Appiah, lauya 'yar Ghana kuma wacce ta kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Jinsi da Takardun Haƙƙin Dan Adam da ke Accra ; [17] [19] da kuma 'yar Afirka ta Kudu, Tiyanjana Maluwa, farfesa a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania . [17] An zabi Dow a matsayin kwamishina na Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya a shekarar 2004 kuma aka sake zabenta a matsayin kwamishina a shekarar 2009. [20] A shekarar 2006, an zabe ta don ta yi aiki a kwamitin zartarwa na Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya tare da kwamishinoni shida da suka dawo da kuma sabbin membobi uku, ciki har da kanta, Vojin Dimitrijević na Serbia da Raji Sourani na Falasdinu . [21]

Dow shine alkalin da ke jagorantar shari'ar, tare da Maruping Dibotelo da Mphaphi Phumaphi, a shari'ar Roy Sesana da Sauransu da Gwamnatin Botswana da aka gabatar a Babbar Kotun a shekarar 2002 da mutanen Basarwa [22] (wani lokacin ana kiransu da mutanen daji na Kalahari) [12] [16] game da korarsu daga filayen kakanninsu a Tsakiyar Kalahari na Namun daji . [8] Sesana da Keiwa Setlhobogwa sun gabatar da karar a madadin wasu masu kara 241 lokacin da Gwamnatin Botswana ta dakatar da samar da ruwa a wurin ajiyar, ta ki samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya da sufuri ga yaran makaranta, ta dakatar da rarraba abinci ga marayu da talakawa, sannan ta yi yunkurin tilasta wa Basarwa daga matsugunansu. Sun gyara shari'arsu don ta hada da kin amincewa da Ma'aikatar Namun Daji da Wuraren Shakatawa ta Kasa don ba su damar shiga wurin ajiyar ba tare da izini ba ko kuma bayar da lasisin namun daji na musamman a gare su. [22] Bayan zaman sauraren ƙara na tsawon shekaru huɗu, a shekara ta 2006, Dow ta yanke hukuncin cewa dakatar da ayyukan da kuma tilasta wa Basarwa ƙaura ya zama keta haƙƙinsu na rayuwa wanda kundin tsarin mulki ya kare. [8] [22] Ta ba da umarnin a dawo da ayyukan kuma a biya diyya ga waɗanda aka ƙaura kuma ba su da sha'awar komawa. [22] Dangane da batun lasisin wasanni, dukkan alkalai uku sun yarda cewa an hana su ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, domin duk da cewa ba a tilasta wa Ma'aikatar Namun Daji ta bayar da izini ba, sun saba yin hakan; hana su yayin da a lokaci guda dakatar da rabon abinci, ya shafi ikon mutanen Basarwa na kula da kansu. [22] Dangane da batun izinin shiga wurin ajiyar, Dow ta gano cewa sun kawo cikas ga mutanen Basarwa wajen aiwatar da haƙƙinsu na 'yancin walwala. [22] Shari'ar, a cewar farfesa na shari'a Clement Ng'ong'ola, ita ce shawara ta farko a Botswana da ta amince da haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar zuwa filayen kakanninsu. [22]

A shekara ta 2007, Dow ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na manufa ta musamman ta Kungiyar Taimako ta Shari'a ta Duniya don tantance tsarin shari'a na Rwanda da kuma kimanta yadda kasar za ta iya fitowa daga rikici-rikice da kuma sake farfado da tsarin shari'arta don tabbatar da cewa wadanda ake tuhuma a cikin shari'o'in Kisan kare dangi na 1994 sun sami shari'a mai adalci.[23][24] Ɗaya daga cikin shari'o'in karshe da ta jagoranci ya shafi karuwar harajin gwamnati akan abin sha. Dow ya jinkirta aiwatar da karuwar kashi 30 cikin dari kuma an sauke shari'ar.[8] Ta yi ritaya daga benci a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009 don yin lacca a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Washington da Lee a Lexington, Virginia da Jami'ar Cincinnati a Ohio, kafin ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara a Makarantar Dokoki ta Columbia a Birnin New York.[12][24]

Daga baya aiki (2010 - yanzu)

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A watan Fabrairun 2010, Dow ta kafa kamfanin shari'a na Dow & Associates kuma a wannan watan ne Shugaban Kenya ya rantsar da ita a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin alkalan Kotun Tsare-tsare Mai Zaman Kanta ta Tsarin Mulki don taimakawa aiwatar da sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kenya. [25] [16] A shekarar 2011, an zaɓe ta a matsayin shugabar Kwamitin Zartarwa na Kwamishinan Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya. [26] A wannan shekarar Dow ta fara aiki tare da Ricki Kgositau da wani mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam game da rashin iya samun katunan shaida tare da jinsi da ya dace. [27] A lokacin a Botswana babu wata hanyar doka da za ta sa mutanen da suka canza haƙƙin ɗan adam su daidaita alamomin jinsi a kan takardun hukuma. Lokacin da masu fafutuka suka tuntuɓi ofishin rajista na farar hula da na ƙasa don canza takardunsu, an shawarce su da su sami umarnin kotu. [27] Sun nemi Dow don taimaka musu, kuma ita ma ta tuntuɓi Cibiyar Shari'a ta Kudancin Afirka don taimakawa da tallafin shari'a da tallafin kuɗi. [27] Domin tabbatar da cewa za a yi shari'ar adalci, da kuma kawar da yiwuwar rasa shari'ar, an yanke shawara don kafa misali ga haƙƙin LGBT a shari'ar da ba ta da haɗarin cutarwa da kuma jinkirta shari'o'in da ke nuna alamun jinsi. [27] [ Bayani na 3 ]

Don haka, Dow ta wakilci ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta LEGABIBO ('Yan Madigo, Luwadi & Maza Biyu na Botswana) a shari'arsu don yin rijistar ƙungiyarsu da Ma'aikatar Rijistar Farar Hula da ta Ƙasa. Daraktan sashen da kuma Ministan Kwadago da Harkokin Cikin Gida Edwin Batshu, sun ƙi yin rijistar ƙungiyar bisa dalilin cewa ayyukan luwadi haramun ne a gundumar. Dow ta yi jayayya cewa ƙin yin rijistar ƙungiyar ya keta haƙƙin 'yancin yin hulɗa da jama'a kuma ta ba da shawarar cewa shari'ar ba game da 'yancin yin jima'i ba ce, amma ko membobin za su iya tattarawa da raba bayanansu tare. [28] A cikin 2014, Mai Shari'a Terrence Rannowane na Babbar Kotun ya yanke hukuncin cewa ƙin yin rijistar ƙungiyar da kuma ba su damar yin taro ya saɓa wa Kundin Tsarin Mulki, Sashe na 3, 12, da 13, waɗanda suka ba da 'yancin faɗin albarkacin baki, 'yancin yin ƙungiya, da kuma 'yancin yin taro bi da bi. [29] [ Bayani 4 ]

Photograph of two seated women, attended by two witnesses standing beside them, signing documents on a table.
Ministoci Dow da Macsuzy Mondon (Seychelles) suna rattaba hannu kan takardar fahimtar juna don shirin musayar malamai, 2015

A ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2012, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta naɗa Dow a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararru uku masu zaman kansu don gudanar da wani bincike kan yadda matsugunan Yammacin Kogin Jordan na Isra'ila ke shafar Falasdinawa. [20] A wannan shekarar, ta yanke shawarar shiga siyasa ta kuma shiga Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Botswana . [30] Ta tsaya takara a babban zaɓen 2014 na Gundumar Yammacin Mochudi, amma ta sha kaye a zaɓen Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa . [31] A ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2014, Shugaba Ian Khama na Botswana ya zaɓi Dow, tare da wasu 'yan takara shida, a matsayin zaɓaɓɓen ɗan majalisa na musamman. Tare da Kenneth Matambo, Kitso Mokaila, da Eric Molale, ta lashe zaɓen kuma aka naɗa ta Mataimakin Ministan Ilimi a Gwamnati. [32] [33] A watan Fabrairun 2015, Khama ta naɗa ta a matsayin Ministar Ilimi da Ci Gaban Ƙwarewa, inda ta maye gurbin Mokgweetsi Masisi, Mataimakin Shugaban Botswana mai ci. [34] A lokacin da take aiki a Ma'aikatar, Dow ta kafa wani shiri na horar da malamai daga Seychelles a Botswana da kuma tura malaman Batswana zuwa ƙasashen waje don taimakawa Seychelles game da ƙarancin malamai. [35] Ta yi aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa Satumba 2016, lokacin da aka yi wani sauyi a majalisar ministoci, aka naɗa ta a matsayin Ministar Ilimi ta Asali. [36]

Bayan Khama ta sauka daga mukamin shugaba a watan Maris na 2018, Shugaba mai jiran gado Masisi ya mayar da Dow daga Ilimi zuwa mukamin Ministar Kayayyakin more rayuwa da Ci gaban Gidaje. [37] [38] A ranar 20 ga Yunin 2018, a wani sauye-sauye na majalisar ministoci, an nada ta Ministar Harkokin Kasashen Duniya da Haɗin Kai, inda ta sauya matsayinta a fannin Kayayyakin more rayuwa da gidaje tare da Vincent Tina Seretse, wacce ta rike harkokin kasashen duniya a baya. [39] Masisi ta lashe shugabancin kasa a babban zaben 2019 kuma ta sake nada Dow a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Kasashen Duniya da Haɗin Kai a majalisar dokoki ta 12 ta Botswana. [40] Tare da 'ya'yanta mata Cheshe da Natasha, Dow ta bude Kwalejin Dow a Mochudi, gundumar Kgatleng a watan Janairun 2020. Makarantar mai zaman kanta tana ba da ilimin firamare da sakandare. [41] A watan Agusta na 2020, Dow ta ajiye aikinta kuma Lemogang Kwape ta maye gurbinsa a wani sauye-sauye na majalisar ministoci. [42] [43] Dow ya ce game da wannan mataki, "A matsayinka na minista, galibi kana magana ne game da fayil ɗinka. Amma ' yan majalisar dokoki na baya-bayan nan suna ba ka 'yancin yin tambayoyi game da batutuwa daban-daban na muradun ƙasa. Iyakance kawai shine matsayin jam'iyyata kan wani batu da aka bayar". [42]

Rubutu

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A shekara ta 2000, lokacin da Dow ta fara buga labaran almara, marubutan Batswana kaɗan ne suka samar da ayyukan da suka isa ga masu sauraro a wajen Botswana. [2] [ Bayanan kula 5 ] Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan hakan shine adawar da shugabannin Batswana suka nuna wa Birtaniya don haɗa yankinsu da na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya haifar da juriya ga Pan-Africanism da kuma rashin saka hannun jari a cikin kayayyakin more rayuwa da ci gaban ilimi na ƙasar. [2] Duk ayyukanta na almara da na almara sun haɗa batutuwan zamantakewa da shari'a da tasirinsu ga jinsi da tsarin iko. [16] [2] Kowanne daga cikin ayyukan Dow yana bincika ayyukan zamantakewa waɗanda ke haifar da rashin daidaito a dangantakar iko da kuma haifar da tashin hankali ga mata, cin zarafin yara, rikicin AIDS, da rashin daidaiton jinsi . [44] Halayenta suna amfani da hankali don tsayayya da al'ada mara hankali amma suna tunatar da mai karatu muhimmancin al'adar gargajiya. [44]

Da littafinta na farko, Far and Beyon′ (2000), Dow ta mayar da hankali kan babban jigon annobar cutar kanjamau da tasirin tashin hankali ga iyalai, musamman yadda mata da ke zaune a cikin al'umma mai kabilanci ke jure wa iyalai marasa uba saboda barnar da ta haifar a yankunan karkara na Botswana. [1] [45] Ta binciko iyakokin da al'adu, al'adu, da cibiyoyi suka sanya wa 'yan mata da mata ta hanyar amfani da tsarin maza. [45] A cikin labarin, Mara, wata uwa mara ilimi da iyawarta ta kula da kanta, ta riga ta sami miji ɗaya da 'ya'ya maza biyu sun mutu sakamakon cutar kanjamau, wani miji ya yashe ta, kuma abokin tarayya na uku ya ci zarafinta. [2] [45] Mara ta danganta mutuwar 'ya'yanta maza ga wani maƙiyi da aka ɓoye kuma tana neman amsoshi daga mai duba . Kodayake 'yarta, Mosadi (ma'ana mace), wanda aka sani da Mosa, da ɗanta da ya rage, Stan, ba su yi imanin cewa al'adun mai duba za su bayyana dalilin da ya sa 'yan'uwansu suka mutu ba, suna bin bukukuwan da aka tsara. [2] Lokacin da Mosa ta gano tana da juna biyu kuma mahaifin yaron ya yi watsi da ita, ta yanke shawarar yin zubar da ciki a ɓoye, maimakon ƙara wa mahaifiyarta nauyi. [45] A ƙoƙarinta na warkar da iyalinta, Mosa ta kimanta ayyukan zamantakewa waɗanda ke raba maza da mata da kuma ɗaga matsayin maza, tana koya wa mata su yi watsi da laifukansu. [45] Ta ci gaba da kasancewa da aminci ga iyalinta da al'adunta, ta koyi ƙin amincewa da halaye masu laifi a cikin al'ummarta. [45] Ta wannan hanyar, Dow ta bincika yadda shagala da shiru game da kurakurai a cikin al'umma ke haifar da rudani a akida da kuma cin zarafin marasa ƙarfi ta hanyar waɗanda suka fi ƙarfi. [2]

Photograph of asmiling African woman wearing a grey tweed jacket over a white v-necked blouse with a purple scarf and beaded necklace around her neck.
Dow, 2011

Irin waɗannan jigogi da aka ɗauka a cikin littafin Dow na biyu, The Screaming of the Innocent (2001), wanda kuma ya yi nazari kan ƙarfafa mata a cikin ƙasar da ke cike da cin hanci da rashawa na 'yan sanda, kisan kai na al'ada, sirrin hukumomi, da shiru na zamantakewa. [ [2] Ta hanyar bincika al'adar dipheko, kisan wani don girbe gabobin jikinsu don sihirin sa'a da wadata, Dow ya nuna yadda masu kuɗi da ƙarfi ke farautar mutanen karkara marasa ilimi da kuma siyan shiru na hukumomi. [2] A cikin littafin, an kashe wata ƙaramar yarinya a cikin daji kusa da ƙauyenta kuma 'yan sanda da manyan maza na yankinta sun danne bayanai game da lamarin. An ɓoye yankewar jikinta a cikin littafin a matsayin alamar nuna rashin amincewa da irin waɗannan ayyuka a cikin al'umma gabaɗaya. [2] Jarumar, Amantle Bokaa, wacce ke kammala hidimarta ta ƙasa (wanda aka sani a Botswana a matsayin Tirelo Sechaba), ta gano tufafi masu zubar da jini a cikin kabad na asibitin da aka tura ta. [2] Tufafin mallakar wani wanda aka yi wa fyade ne a baya, amma lokacin da aka gabatar wa mutanen ƙauyen sun farkar da cewa an ɓoye musu gaskiyar lamarin. Bokaa, saboda mutanen ƙauyen sun yi imanin cewa ba za a gan ta a cikin mummunan yanayin da hukumomi ke ɗauka ba, an zaɓe ta don ta yi magana da 'yan sanda a madadin mutanen ƙauyen. [2] Saboda ita mace ce kuma yarinya, za ta yi kama da ba ta da ƙarfi, amma iliminta, wanda ya koya mata dabarun magance adawa da kuma tambayar imani, ya ba ta iko da kwarin gwiwa don ƙalubalantar dokar shiru da shingayen zamantakewa da ke kan hanyarta. [2] [46] Aikin Dow ba wai kawai ya jawo hankali kan dangantakar iko ba, har ma da mummunan kisan kai na al'ada da kisan mata . [46] Ta bayyana a sarari imaninta cewa mata za su zama masu haifar da canje-canje a manufofi don kawo ƙarshen irin waɗannan ayyuka. [46]

An fara fitar da Far da Beyon′ a Botswana sannan daga baya aka buga su a Ostiraliya. An fara buga littafin The Screaming of the Innocent a Ostiraliya kuma aka sake buga shi a Afirka ta Kudu a 2003. An buga littafinta na uku, Juggling Truths, a wannan shekarar a Ostiraliya kuma aka sake shi a shekara mai zuwa a Afirka ta Kudu. [45] Dow ta sake tantance ayyukan al'adu masu muni da ƙa'idodin zamantakewa tare da dabarun yaƙi da su. [45] Duk da cewa ta yi bincike a baya kan al'ummar Afirka da batutuwan da suka haifar da adawa da zamani na Yamma da al'adun gargajiya na gida, aikin ya mayar da hankali kan daidaita ayyukan da suka dace da kyawawan ayyuka marasa kyau a cikin al'adun gida. [45] Ta amfani da halin Monei, wata ƙaramar yarinya da ke zaune a ƙauyen ƙauye, Dow ta yi nazarin al'adun baki da kuma amfani da tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi a matsayin hanyar da za a sanya jagororin ɗabi'a da kuma iko a kan zamantakewa ga yara. [47] Littafin ya yi tambayoyi game da batutuwa kamar imani cewa kashe ƙadangaren mai lura yana haifar da guguwa mai ƙarfi, cewa yin abota da wani da zabiya zai kawo sa'a, ko kuma shan fitsarin bijimi zai taimaka wa mutum ya koyi yin busa. Ya kuma haɗa da labaran wani dodo namiji wanda ya haɗiye yara da kuma wani firist wanda ke cin zarafin ƙananan 'yan mata. Jigogin da ke cikin labarin sun haɗa Juggling Truths da littattafan Dow guda biyu na farko kuma suna nuna cewa 'yan mata da mata suna iya haɓaka ƙarfinsu ta hanyar ilimi da tunani mai zaman kansa. [47] [45] Dow ta kusanci nazarinta game da sarkakiyar zamantakewa ta amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban, tana gane cewa babu mafita mai sauƙi. [45] Juggling Truths ta kasance wacce aka zaɓa don Kyautar Percy FitzPatrick a cikin rukunin matasa a 2006. [44]

Littafin Dow na shekarar 2007 mai suna The Heavens May Fall ya yi magana ne game da asalin mutane da ke canzawa daga al'umma ta gargajiya zuwa duniyar zamani da ta dunkule. A idanun Dow, al'umma tana canzawa koyaushe; sakamakon haka, al'ada, jinsi, asali, harshe, gina zamantakewa, da cibiyoyi suna da sauƙin fahimta. [48] Wani tunani na rayuwar Dow, labarin ya ba da labarin sauyawa daga hanyoyin da ba a shimfida su ba zuwa bututun ruwa na cikin gida da kuma yadda arzikin lu'u-lu'u ya samar da damar samun ilimi, kiwon lafiya, da kayayyakin more rayuwa. [48] Littafin ya sadaukar da kansa ga 'ya'yanta uku, yana mai sake nanata yadda ra'ayoyi game da su suka canza, domin su 'yan Afirka ne, amma kuma suna da wani yanayi mai rikitarwa saboda mahaifinsu ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne. A lokacin da labarin ya bayyana, da al'umma za ta gan su a matsayin baƙi. [48] Labarin ya ba da labarin Naledi, wanda aka haifa kafin zamanin zamani na Botswana kuma ya faru ne a lokacin da Dow ta ƙalubalanci dokar ƙasa. [48] A matsayinta na lauya, Naledi tana wakiltar mata da yara masu rauni waɗanda ke buƙatar sulhu ko taimakon shari'a. Ta ɗauki shari'ar wata matashiya da aka yi wa fyaɗe kuma ta fallasa haɗin gwiwar tsarin shari'a wanda maza suka mamaye, wanda ya yi watsi da shari'ar ba tare da an yi zaman sauraren ƙara ba. Duk da cewa ba a warware shari'ar ba, an umarci wanda ake tuhuma da ya yi gwajin cutar kanjamau, saboda an yi wa wanda aka yi wa fyaden ba tare da kariya ba, [48] wanda ke nuna canje-canje a cikin al'umma da kuma rashin sassauci. Mace ba ta ba wa wanda ake tuhuma gata ko iko na guje wa gwajin a ƙasar da tsarin shari'a ke da kariya don haɗawa da kariya ga mata ba, [48] duk da cewa tsarin shari'a ya gaza Naledi a ƙarshe. [44]

Dow ta ba da gudummawa ga littafin Schicksal Afrika (Fate of Africa) wanda tsohon shugaban ƙasar Jamus Horst Köhler ya tattara a shekarar 2010, wanda ya tattara ayyukan marubuta sanannu. [49] Rubutunta ya mayar da hankali kan mulkin mallaka da rashin yarda da Afirka ta samu saboda hikimarta. [50] A wannan shekarar, ta kuma buga littafin Saturday Is for Funerals tare da Max Essex, farfesa a Harvard kuma mai bincike kan cutar kanjamau. An rubuta littafin ne a matsayin tattaunawa tsakanin Dow da Essex. Ta fara kowane babi, tana ba da labarin gaskiya game da mutumin da cutar kanjamau ta shafa, wanda kuma sharhin Essex game da gwaji, magungunan hana kamuwa da cutar, da mafita ga matsayin Botswana a matsayin ƙasar da ke da mafi girman adadin cutar kanjamau a duniya. Duk da cewa Helen Epstein, masaniyar ilmin halittu kuma 'yar jarida wacce ke rubutu game da cutar kanjamau, [51] ta yi kuka cewa yawancin hanyoyin Essex suna buƙatar fasaha mai zurfi, ta ga labaran Dow sun burge ta kuma ta nuna sha'awar al'ummar Batswana don magance matsalarta da cutar cikin gaskiya da tausayi. [52] Fetson Kalua, farfesa a fannin Nazarin Turanci a Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu, [53] ya kira Dow "marubucin almara mafi tasiri a Botswana a yau". [48]

Girmamawa da kyaututtuka

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Dow ta sami kyaututtuka da kyaututtuka da dama, ciki har da digirin girmamawa na shari'a daga Kwalejin Kenyon (Gambier, Ohio, 2001), Kwalejin Saint Michael (Colchester, Vermont, 2007), [24] da Jami'ar Edinburgh (Edinburgh, Scotland, 2009). [7] An karrama ta saboda aikinta na kare hakkin dan adam tare da Kyautar William Brennan Human Rights Award (2003) na Jami'ar Rutgers da ke New Brunswick, New Jersey; Kyautar Phyllis N. Stern Distinguished Lectureship Award (2008) na Majalisar Duniya kan Matsalolin Lafiyar Mata ; da Kyautar Fitattun Mata a Shari'a ta Duniya (2009) na Ƙungiyar Mata a Shari'a ta Duniya ta Amurka . [24] [54] Ta kuma kasance wacce aka zaɓa don baje kolin Mata Masu Sha'awar Canji na Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard (2014). [55] A ranar 14 ga Yuli 2010, jakadan Faransa a Botswana, Geneviève Iancu, ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Legion of Honor . [56] An karrama ta da lambar yabo ta Global Nasara ta Cibiyar Ba da Lamuni ta Gabas ta Tsakiya ta Dubai saboda aikinta na samar da zaman lafiya da ci gaban bil'adama a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 2012. [57]

Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka

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Ilimi

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  •  
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  • (Edward K. ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
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  • Horst Köhler. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  • Dow, J. U. (2001). How the global informs the local: The Botswana citizenship case. Health Care for Women International, 22(4), 319-331. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399330120965

Adabi

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Duba kuma

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  • Lauyoyi mata na farko a duniya

Bayanan kula

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Manazarta

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Ambato

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Lederer & Macharia-Mokobi 2012.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Lenta 2004.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Daymond & Lenta 2004.
  4. 1 2 Ellis 2012.
  5. 1 2 3 Sunday Standard 2007.
  6. ↑ Narloch 2012.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 University of Edinburgh 2010.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Segwai 2008.
  9. ↑ Quansah 1992.
  10. 1 2 3 Beyani 1994.
  11. ↑ Coldham 1992.
  12. 1 2 3 Columbia Law School 2009.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Quansah 1993.
  14. 1 2 Manby 2010.
  15. ↑ Pailey 2020.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Davis 2014.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Division for the Advancement of Women 2004.
  18. ↑ Bianet 2019.
  19. ↑ Bowman 2019.
  20. 1 2 Lazaroff 2012.
  21. ↑ Palestinian Centre for Human Rights 2006.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ng'ong'ola 2007.
  23. ↑ Åhlund 2007.
  24. 1 2 3 4 University of South Australia 2009.
  25. ↑ NSW Bar Association 2011.
  26. ↑ Crowe 2011.
  27. 1 2 3 4 Camminga 2020.
  28. ↑ Mokwape 2014a.
  29. ↑ Mokwape 2014b.
  30. ↑ Sunday Standard 2012a.
  31. ↑ Basimanebotlhe 2014.
  32. ↑ Motsamai 2014.
  33. ↑ Mosikare 2014.
  34. ↑ Piet 2015.
  35. ↑ Philo & Bonnelame 2015.
  36. ↑ Mmegi 2016b.
  37. ↑ Mwakideu 2018.
  38. ↑ Gabathuse 2018.
  39. ↑ Morupisi 2018.
  40. ↑ Mmegi 2019.
  41. ↑ Luebering 2020.
  42. 1 2 Motlhoka 2020.
  43. ↑ Gabathuse 2020.
  44. 1 2 3 4 Jenkins 2012.
  45. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Gagiano 2004.
  46. 1 2 3 Ngom 2018.
  47. 1 2 M'Raiji 2017.
  48. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kalua 2010.
  49. ↑ Wiegmann 2010.
  50. ↑ Schamburek 2010.
  51. ↑ Starita 2008.
  52. ↑ Epstein 2010.
  53. ↑ Baker 2009.
  54. ↑ Tabak 2018.
  55. ↑ Harvard Law School 2014.
  56. ↑ Lory 2014.
  57. ↑ Sunday Standard 2012b.

Littattafan tarihi

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Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

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Samfuri:Foreign Ministers of Botswana

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