Urho Kekkonen
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Urho Kaleva Kekkonen (pronunciation Finnish: [ˈurho ˈkɑleʋɑ ˈkekːonen] i; 3 Satumba 1900 - 31 Agusta 1986), sau da yawa ana kiransa da sunansa UKK, ɗan siyasan Finland ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Finland na takwas kuma mafi tsawo daga 1956 zuwa 1982. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista (1950-1953, 1954-1956), kuma ya rike wasu mukamai daban-daban.[1] Shi ne shugaban na uku kuma na baya-bayan nan daga Agrarian League / Center Party . Shugaban kasa kusan kusan shekaru 26, ya mamaye siyasar Finland na tsawon shekaru 31 gabaɗaya. Da yake riƙe da iko mai yawa, ya lashe zaben da ya yi daga baya ba tare da adawa ba kuma sau da yawa ana rarraba shi a matsayin mai mulkin kama-karya.fififi
A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, Kekkonen ya ci gaba da manufofin "tsakanin tsaka-tsaki" na wanda ya riga shi Shugaba Juho Kusti Paasikivi wanda aka fi sani da koyarwar Paasikiwi-Kekkonen, wanda Finland za ta ci gaba da samun 'yancin kanta yayin da take da kyakkyawar dangantaka da cinikayya mai zurfi tare da mambobin NATO da Warsaw Pact. Masu sharhi masu sukar sun kira wannan manufofin kwantar da hankali a matsayin Finlandization. Masana tarihi na Finland sun yaba masa saboda manufofinsa na kasashen waje da na kasuwanci, wanda ya ba da damar tattalin arzikin kasuwa Finland ya bi hanyar tafiya tare da Yammacin Turai ko da tare da Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin makwabta, da kuma Finland ta shiga cikin tsarin hadin kan Turai. A gefe guda, yunwa da ya gani don iko, rabuwa da mulki a cikin siyasar cikin gida da rashin adawa ta siyasa ta gaskiya, musamman a ƙarshen shugabancinsa, ya raunana dimokuradiyya ta Finland a lokacin shugabancinsa. [2] An zabi Kekkonen don Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya a shekarar 1962 saboda "ƙoƙarin da ya samu na kiyaye zaman lafiya da tsaro a kasashen Nordic, sabili da haka yana ba da gudummawa ga zaman lafiya da sulhu a duniya". [3] [4] An kuma dauke shi dan takara don kyautar a lokuta masu zuwa.[5]
An zabe shi a Zaben shugaban kasa na 1956, Kekkonen ya karfafa iko ta hanyar samun nasarar gabatar da kansa a matsayin mai ba da tabbaci ga Dangantakar Soviet a cikin lokaci mai rikitarwa da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa. An sake zabarsa a shekarar 1962 Bayani Rikicin Note da kuma janyewar babban dan takarar adawa. Kekkonen yawanci ya fi son nada "mashahuriyar gaba" majalisun da suka hada da jam'iyyun tsakiya da na hagu da Tarayyar Soviet ta amince da su yayin da suke barin babbar jam'iyyar National Coalition Party ta dama.[6] An zabe shi zuwa wa'adin shekaru shida na uku a shekarar 1968 kuma ya sami matsayi mafi girma a cikin shekarun 1970s; a shekarar 1973, dokar gaggawa da ta tsawaita wa'adinsa da shekaru hudu ta wuce majalisar tare da kuri'u 170 da 28 kawai a kan. A shekara ta 1975, an yi la'akari da shekarar da ta fi dacewa da aikinsa, Kekkonen ya dauki bakuncin taron kan tsaro da hadin kai a Turai a Helsinki kuma ya warware rikicin siyasa na cikin gida ta hanyar matsawa shugabannin jam'iyya su shiga sabuwar majalisar "mashahuriyar gaba" a gaban kyamarorin talabijin. An zabe shi zuwa wa'adinsa na huɗu kuma na ƙarshe ta hanyar rinjaye mai yawa a shekara ta 1978, amma lafiyarsa da ikon tunaninsa sun lalace, sun tilasta masa ya miƙa murabus dinsa a ƙarshen 1981 kuma ya yi ritaya. Bayan shugabancin Kekkonen, magajinsa ne suka fara sake fasalin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Finland don kara karfin majalisar da Firayim Minista a kan kudin shugaban kasa da kuma gabatar da iyakar wa'adin.
Kekkonen ya kasance memba na Majalisar dokokin Finland daga 1936 har zuwa lokacin da ya hau shugabancin. Ko dai a baya, a lokacin ko tsakanin firaministansa, ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan shari'a (1936-37, 1944-46, 1951), Ministan cikin gida (1937-39, 1950-51), kakakin majalisar dokokin Finland (1948-50) da kuma Ministan harkokin waje (1952-53, 1954). Baya ga aikinsa na siyasa, ya kasance lauya ne ta hanyar ilimi, ɗan sanda da ɗan wasa a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, tsohon soja na Yaƙin basasar Finland, kuma marubuci mai ƙwazo. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, rahotonsa game da yaƙin da siyasar kasashen waje sun sami babban masu sauraro a cikin mujallar Suomen Kuvalehti . Ko da a lokacin shugabancinsa, ya rubuta ginshiƙai masu ban dariya, na al'ada (causerie) don wannan mujallar, wanda abokinsa na dogon lokaci Ilmari Turja ya shirya, a ƙarƙashin sunaye da yawa.
Tarihin rayuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tarihin iyali
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kekkonens tsohuwar iyalin Savonian ce. Kakannin Urho Kekkonen sun zauna a yankin Savonia kafin karni na 16. Kodayake ba a san inda Kekkonens suka zo Savonia ba, an yi hasashe cewa sun fito ne daga Karelia kamar yadda aka san mutanen da ke da sunan sun zauna a wasu ƙauyuka na Karelian Isthmus na ƙarni da yawa. Kekkonen da kansa ya yi tunanin cewa yana yiwuwa cewa dangin na iya samo asali ne daga Yammacin Finland, misali daga Tavastia, inda akwai sunayen wurare da ke da alaƙa da sunansu daga farkon karni na 15. Kakansa na bakwai Tuomas Kekkonen (an haife shi a shekara ta 1630) an fara ambata shi a cikin takardu a cikin Pieksämäki a cikin shekara ta 1673. Wataƙila ya fito ne daga ko dai Kangasniemi ko Joroinen .
Tsararru goma sha biyu na kakannin Urho Kekkonen manoma ne daga gabashin Finland. Iyalan Kekkonen sun yi aikin gona da ƙonewa kuma mahaifiyarsu ta kasance a shafin su. Kakan mahaifin Kekkonen Eenokki ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar da ba ta da ƙasa da ta girma a ƙarni na 19 kuma ta zauna a kan aikin wucin gadi kuma tana aiki a matsayin Ma'aikacin gona.[1] Kodayake Urho Kekkonen bai taɓa saduwa da kakansa ba (Urho yana da shekaru 9 lokacin da Eenokki ya mutu), sau da yawa yakan yi amfani da koyarwarsa, kamar yadda suke da imani ɗaya game da aiki: dole ne mutum ya kasance mai haɗama don aiki.[2]
Bayan ya yi aiki a gidaje da yawa Eenokki Kekkonen ya auri Anna-Liisa Koskinen . Suna da 'ya'ya maza huɗu, masu suna Taavetti, Johannes, Alpertti da Juho . Juho Kekkonen, ƙaramin ɗan iyali, wanda ya tafi tafiya daga gidan dangin a Korvenmökki a ƙauyen Koivujärvi, shi ne mahaifin Urho Kekkonon. Aatu Pylvänäinen, kakan mahaifiyar Urho Kekkonen, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin manomi a gonar Tarkkala a Kangasniemi, ya auri Amanda Manninen a lokacin rani na 1878 lokacin da take da shekaru 16 kawai. Yaran su, 'ya'ya mata uku da' ya'ya maza uku, sune Emilia, Elsa, Siilas, Tyyne, Eetu, da Samuel.
A matsayinsa na ɗan iyali matalauta, Juho Kekkonen ya tafi aiki a cikin gandun daji kuma ya ƙare a wani wurin aiki a Kangasniemi a cikin 1898. Emilia Pylvänäinen ta kiwon shanu a can, a bakin tekun ƙasar Haahkala, inda Juho Kekkonen ya yi aiki tare da wasu masu katako. Matasa biyu sun san juna kuma sun yi aure a shekara ta 1899. Ma'auratan sun koma Otava, inda Juho Kekkonen ya sami aiki a Koivusaha sawmill na Halla Oy . Daga baya aka nada shi shugaban aikin gandun daji da kuma mai kula da kasuwancin katako.
The couple moved to Pielavesi along with the working grounds, where Juho Kekkonen bought a smoke hut which he later repaired and expanded into a proper house. He built a chimney in the house shortly before the birth of his first son Urho. Because of the beautiful alders growing behind the house, the house became known as Lepikon torppa (lit. 'croft of alders'). There was a smoke sauna in the yard, where Urho Kekkonen was born on 3 September 1900.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="Citation needed that UKK was born in a savusauna. (December 2023)">citation needed</span>] The family lived in Lepikon torppa for six years and Urho Kekkonen's sister Siiri was born in 1904. The family moved along with Juho Kekkonen's forestry work to Kuopio in 1906 and to Lapinlahti in 1908. The family had to live modestly but did not suffer from poverty. The youngest child of the family, Jussi, was born in 1910.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Ministerikortisto". Valtioneuvosto. Archived from the original on 6 April 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedbio - ↑ "Ministerikortisto". Valtioneuvosto. Archived from the original on 6 April 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
- ↑ Kekkonen, Urho. Kansallisbiografia (English edition). (The section "The rise to the position of 'autocrat'")
- ↑ "Nobel literature prize slated for Thursday". United Press International. October 8, 1980.
Other potential peace laureates are Finnish President Urho Kekkonen, Austrian Premier Bruno Kreisky and Prime Minister Robert Mugabe of Zimbawe.
- ↑ "Ministerikortisto". Valtioneuvosto. Archived from the original on 6 April 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2008.