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Uwar Jones

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Uwar Jones
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Cork (mul) Fassara, 1 Mayu 1830
ƙasa United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Tarayyar Amurka
Mutuwa Silver Spring (en) Fassara, 30 Nuwamba, 1930
Makwanci Union Miners Cemetery (en) Fassara
Karatu
Harsuna Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a Malami, trade unionist (en) Fassara, Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam, marubuci, union organizer (en) Fassara da community organizer (en) Fassara
Kyaututtuka
Imani
Jam'iyar siyasa Social Democratic Party of America (en) Fassara
Socialist Party of America (en) Fassara

Mary G. Harris Jones (an haife ta a shekara ta 1837 (baftisma) - Nuwamba 30, 1930), wacce aka fi sani da Uwar Jones daga 1897 zuwa gaba, 'yar asalin Ireland ce mai shirya aikin Amurka, tsohon malamin makaranta, kuma mai yin tufafi wanda ya zama fitaccen mai shirya ƙungiyar, mai shirya al'umma, da kuma mai fafutuka. Ta taimaka wajen daidaita manyan yajin aiki, tabbatar da haramtacciyar aikin yara, kuma ta kafa kungiyar kwadago ta Labor, Ma'aikatan Masana'antu na Duniya (IWW).

Bayan da mijin Jones da yara huɗu duk sun mutu daga zazzabin rawaya a 1867 kuma an lalata shagon tufafinta a cikin Babban Wutar Chicago ta 1871, ta zama mai shirya Knights of Labor da kungiyar United Mine Workers. A shekara ta 1902, an kira ta "mace mafi haɗari a Amurka" saboda nasarar da ta samu wajen shirya masu hakar ma'adinai da iyalansu a kan masu hakar. A cikin 1903, don nuna rashin amincewa da aiwatar da dokokin aikin yara a cikin ma'adinan Pennsylvania da ma'adanai na siliki, ta shirya tafiyar yara daga Philadelphia zuwa gidan Shugaba Theodore Roosevelt a New York.

Rayuwa ta farko

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The Mother Jones Memorial near her birthplace in Cork, Ireland
Bikin Tunawa da Uwar Jones kusa da inda aka haife ta

An haifi Mary G. Harris a arewacin Cork, 'yar manoman Katolika Richard Harris da Ellen (née Cotter) Harris. Ba a tabbatar da ainihin ranar haihuwarta ba; an yi mata baftisma a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 1837.[1][2] Harris da iyalinta sun sha wahala daga Babban Yunwa, kamar sauran iyalai da yawa na Irish. Yunwa ta kori iyalai sama da miliyan ɗaya, gami da Harrises, don ƙaura zuwa Arewacin Amurka, kamar yadda dangin Harris suka yi lokacin da Harris ke da shekaru 10.

Shekaru na farko

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Mary yarinya ce lokacin da iyalinta suka yi hijira zuwa Kanada. A Kanada (kuma daga baya a Amurka), dangin Harris sun sha wahala daga nuna bambanci saboda matsayin baƙi da kuma bangaskiyar Katolika da Al'adun Irish. Mary ta sami ilimi a Toronto a Makarantar Ma'aikata ta Toronto, wacce ba ta da kyauta har ma ta biya wa kowane dalibi dala daya a kowane mako don kowane semester da aka kammala. Mary ba ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Toronto ba, amma ta sami damar samun isasshen horo don ɗaukar matsayin koyarwa a wani gidan ibada a Monroe, Michigan, a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, 1859 tana da shekaru 23. An biya ta dala takwas a kowane wata, amma an bayyana makarantar a matsayin "wurin bakin ciki".[3] Bayan ta gaji da sana'arta, ta koma farko zuwa Chicago sannan zuwa Memphis, inda a 1861 ta auri George E. Jones, memba kuma mai shirya National Union of Iron Moulders, wanda daga baya ya zama International Molders and Foundry Workers Union of North America, wanda ke wakiltar ma'aikatan da suka ƙware a cikin gini da gyaran injunan tururi, ma'adanai, da sauran kayan masana'antu. Da yake la'akari da cewa mijin Maryamu yana samar da isasshen kuɗin shiga don tallafawa iyalin, sai ta canza aikinta zuwa aikin gida.

A shekara ta 1867, Jones ta rasa mijinta da 'ya'yansu huɗu, 'yan mata uku da yaro dukansu ba su kai shekara biyar ba, a lokacin annobar zazzabin rawaya a Memphis. Bayan wannan asarar, ta koma Chicago don buɗe wani kasuwancin yin tufafi. Ta yi aiki ga membobin babban aji na Chicago a cikin shekarun 1870 da 1880. A shekara ta 1871, shekaru hudu bayan mutuwar iyalinta, Jones ta rasa gidanta, shago, da dukiya a cikin Babban Wutar Chicago ta 1871. Jones, kamar sauran mutane da yawa, ya taimaka wajen sake gina birnin. A cewar tarihin rayuwarta, wannan ya kai ta ga shiga Knights of Labor . [3]

Alamar tarihi ta jihar Pennsylvania ga Uwar Jones a Coaldale, Schuylkill County

Jones ya fara shirya yajin aiki. Da farko yajin aiki da zanga-zangar sun gaza, wani lokacin suna ƙare da harbi na 'yan sanda da kashe masu zanga-zambe. Yawancin mambobin Knights maza ne, kuma a tsakiyar shekarun 1870, lambobin membobin sun tashi zuwa sama da miliyan ɗaya, sun zama babbar ƙungiyar ma'aikata a Amurka. Haymarket Affair na 1886 da tsoron anarchism da canjin zamantakewa da kungiyoyin kwadago suka haifar da mutuwar Knights of Labor lokacin da wani mutum da ba a san shi ba ya jefa bam a cikin rikici tsakanin 'yan sanda na Chicago da ma'aikatan da ke yajin aiki. Da zarar Knights sun daina wanzuwa, Mary Jones ta shiga cikin United Mine Workers (UMW). Sau da yawa ta jagoranci masu yajin aiki na UMW a cikin zanga-zangar kuma ta ƙarfafa ma'aikatan yajin aiki su ci gaba da yajin aiki lokacin da gudanarwa ta kawo masu yajin aikin da 'yan bindiga. Ta yi imanin cewa "maza masu aiki sun cancanci albashi wanda zai ba mata damar zama a gida don kula da yaransu. " A wannan lokacin, yajin aiki yana samun tsari mafi kyau kuma ya fara samar da sakamako mafi girma, kamar mafi kyawun albashi ga ma'aikata. [3]

Jones a New York City Hall a 1915, inda ta halarci sauraron Hukumar Tarayya kan Harkokin Masana'antu

Tana aiki sosai a matsayin mai shirya da kuma malami a yajin aiki a duk faɗin ƙasar, ta kasance mai shiga tsakani musamman tare da UMW da Jam'iyyar Socialist Party of America . A matsayinta na mai shirya ƙungiyar kwadago, ta sami shahara don shirya matan da 'ya'yan ma'aikatan yajin aiki a cikin zanga-zangar a madadin su. Wani lauyan gundumar West Virginia, Reese Blizzard, ya kira ta "mace mafi haɗari a Amurka" a cikin 1902 a lokacin shari'arta don yin watsi da umarnin hana tarurruka ta masu yajin aiki. "Akwai mace mafi haɗari a Amurka", in ji Blizzard. "Ta zo cikin jihar inda zaman lafiya da wadata ke mulki... ya karkatar da yatsa, [kuma] maza dubu ashirin masu gamsuwa sun ajiye kayan aikin su kuma sun fita. "[and]

Jones ta rabu da akidar mata da yawa masu gwagwarmaya na zamaninta saboda rashin sadaukarwarta ga dalilin 'yancin mata. An nakalto ta tana cewa "ba ku buƙatar kuri'a don tayar da jahannama!" Ta yi adawa da yawancin masu gwagwarmaya saboda ta yi imanin cewa ya fi muhimmanci a ba da shawara ga ma'aikata fiye da ba da shawara don mata. Lokacin da wasu 'yan adawa suka zarge ta da kasancewa mai adawa da' yancin mata, sai ta amsa, "Ba ni da wani abu da ke kawo 'yanci ga ajin na".

An san Jones a matsayin mai magana mai ban sha'awa da tasiri a duk lokacin da ta yi aiki. Lokaci-lokaci za ta haɗa da kayan ado, kayan taimako na gani, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jawabinta. Magana ta yawanci ta haɗa da labarin wasu labaran sirri inda ta "nuni" wani nau'i na iko ko wani. An ruwaito cewa Uwar Jones ta yi magana a cikin wani sauti mai daɗi wanda ya yi kyau. Lokacin da ta yi farin ciki, muryarta ta sauka.[3]

Lokacin da ta kai shekaru 60, Jones ta ɗauki halin "Mother Jones" ta hanyar da'awar cewa ta fi ta tsufa, tana sanye da rigunan baƙar fata, kuma tana magana ne game da ma'aikatan maza da ta taimaka a matsayin "yara maza. " Magana ta farko game da ita a bugawa a matsayin Uwar Jones ta kasance a cikin 1897.

"Maris na Yaran Niƙa"

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A cikin 1901, ma'aikata a masana'antun siliki na Pennsylvania sun shiga yajin aiki. Da yawa daga cikinsu 'yan mata ne da ke neman a biya su albashin manya. Ƙididdigar 1900 ta nuna cewa kashi ɗaya cikin shida na yara na Amurka da ba su kai shekara goma sha shida ba suna aiki. John Mitchell, shugaban UMWA, ya kawo Uwar Jones zuwa arewa maso gabashin Pennsylvania a cikin watan Fabrairu da Satumba don ƙarfafa hadin kai tsakanin ma'aikatan yajin aiki. Don yin haka, ta ƙarfafa matan ma'aikata su shirya cikin rukuni wanda zai yi amfani da takalma, ya buge kan kwanon rufi, kuma ya yi ihu "suna shiga ƙungiyar!" Ta ji cewa mata suna da muhimmiyar rawa da za su taka a matsayin masu kula da masu motsawa ga maza masu yajin aiki, amma ba a matsayin abokan aiki ba. Ta yi iƙirarin cewa ana satar 'yan mata da ke aiki a cikin ma'adinai kuma ana lalata su. Ta ji cewa masu arziki suna hana wadannan yara damar zuwa makaranta don su iya biyan kuɗin karatun kolejin yara.

Don tilasta hadin kan ma'aikata, Jones ta yi tafiya zuwa ma'adinan siliki a New Jersey kuma ta koma Pennsylvania don bayar da rahoton cewa yanayin da ta lura a can ya fi kyau. Ta bayyana cewa "an fi aiwatar da dokar aikin yara ga abu daya kuma akwai maza da yawa a aiki fiye da yadda aka gani a cikin ma'adinai a nan. " A mayar da martani ga yajin aikin, masu ma'adinin sun yi iƙirarin cewa idan ma'aikatan suka nace kan ma'aunin albashi, ba za su iya yin kasuwanci ba yayin biyan albashi na manya kuma za a tilasta su rufe. Jones ya ƙarfafa ma'aikata su yarda da sasantawa. Kodayake ta amince da yarjejeniyar da ta tura 'yan mata zuwa ma'adinai, ta ci gaba da yin yaƙi da aikin yara har tsawon rayuwarta. A cikin 1903, Jones ta shirya yara da ke aiki a cikin ma'adinai da ma'adanai don shiga cikin sanannen "Maris na Mill Children", tafiya mai nisan kilomita 125 daga Kensington, Philadelphia, zuwa gidan bazara (da White House) na Shugaba Theodore Roosevelt a Long Island (a Oyster Bay, New York). Suna da banners suna buƙatar "Muna so mu je makaranta ba ma'adinai ba!" kuma suna gudanar da rallies kowane dare a cikin sabon gari a kan hanya tare da kiɗa, wasan kwaikwayo, da jawabai da ke jawo dubban 'yan ƙasa.[4][5][6][7]

Kamar yadda Uwar Jones ta lura, yawancin yara a hedikwatar ƙungiyar sun rasa yatsunsu kuma suna da wasu nakasa, kuma ta yi ƙoƙari ta sami tallace-tallace na jarida game da mummunan yanayin da yara ke aiki a Pennsylvania suka fuskanta. Koyaya, masu mallakar ma'adinai suna riƙe da hannun jari a yawancin jaridu. Lokacin da 'yan jarida suka sanar da ita cewa ba za su iya buga gaskiyar game da aikin yara ba saboda wannan, sai ta ce "To, ina da kaya a cikin waɗannan kananan yara kuma zan shirya ɗan tallace-tallace. " Sakatarensa ya ki amincewa da izinin ganin Shugaba Roosevelt, kuma an ba da shawarar cewa Jones ya aika da wasika ga shugaban yana neman ziyara tare da shi. Uwar Jones ta rubuta wasika tana neman ganawa, amma ba ta sami amsar ba. Kodayake shugaban ya ki ganawa da masu zanga-zangar, lamarin ya kawo batun aikin yara a kan gaba a ajandar jama'a. Littafin da ba na almara ba ne na 2003 Kids on Strike! ya bayyana Crusade na Yara na Jones dalla-dalla.

Gwagwarmaya da tuhumar aikata laifuka

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A lokacin yajin aikin Paint Creek-Cabin Creek na 1912 a West Virginia, Mary Jones ta isa a watan Yunin 1912, tana magana da shirya duk da yakin harbi tsakanin mambobin United Mine Workers da sojojin masu zaman kansu na masu mallakar ma'adinai. An ayyana Dokar Soja a yankin kuma an soke shi sau biyu kafin a kama Jones a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 1913, kuma a kawo shi gaban kotun soja. An zarge ta da yin makirci don aikata kisan kai da sauran zarge-zarge, ta ki amincewa da halattaccen Kotun Soja. An yanke mata hukuncin shekaru ashirin a gidan yarin jihar. A lokacin da aka kama ta a gidan Mrs. Carney, ta sami mummunar cutar huhu.[8]

An saki Jones bayan kwanaki 85 na ɗaurin, kuma an sake ta daidai da Sanata na Indiana John W. Kern na fara binciken Majalisar Dattijai game da yanayin da ke cikin ma'adinan kwal. Mary Lee Settle ta bayyana Jones a wannan lokacin a cikin littafinta na 1978 The Scapegoat . Bayan watanni da yawa, ta taimaka wajen shirya masu hakar kwal a Colorado a cikin yajin aikin United Mine Workers of America na 1913-14 a kan kamfanin Rockefeller na Colorado Fuel and Iron, a cikin abin da aka sani da Colorado Coalfield War . An sake kama ta, tana yin aiki a kurkuku da kuma cikin Asibitin San Rafael, kuma an raka ta daga jihar a cikin watanni kafin Kisan kiyashi na Ludlow . Bayan kisan kiyashi, an gayyace ta don saduwa da mai mallakar ma'adinin Ludlow, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Taron ya kasance wani bangare ne na ziyarar Rockefellers ta 1915 zuwa ma'adinan Colorado da kuma gabatar da sauye-sauyen da ake nema.

A shekara ta 1917, Uwar Jones ta taka rawar gani a cikin yajin aikin Bloomington Streetcar . [9]

Jones tare da Shugaba Calvin Coolidge, 1924

Uwar Jones ta yi ƙoƙari ta dakatar da masu hakar ma'adinai daga tafiya zuwa Logan County, West Virginia, a ƙarshen watan Agusta 1921. Mahaifiyar Jones ita ma ta ziyarci gwamnan kuma ta tafi da tabbacin cewa zai shiga tsakani. Jones ya yi tsayayya da tafiyar da makamai, ya bayyana a kan layin tafiyar kuma ya gaya musu su koma gida. A hannunta, ta yi iƙirarin cewa tana da sakon waya daga Shugaba Warren Harding yana ba da gudummawa don yin aiki don kawo ƙarshen 'yan sanda masu zaman kansu a West Virginia idan sun koma gida. Lokacin da shugaban UMW Frank Keeney ya bukaci ganin sakon, Uwargidan Jones ta ki kuma ya zarge ta da 'ƙaryaci'. Saboda ta ki nuna wa kowa sakon, kuma sakataren shugaban kasa ya musanta cewa ta taba aikawa da shi, an zarge ta da ƙirƙiri labarin. Bayan ta tsere daga sansanin, an ruwaito cewa ta sha wahala daga ciwon jijiya.

Shekaru na baya

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An zargi Jones a filin Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka a matsayin "kakar dukkan masu tayar da kayar baya".

Jones ta kasance mai shirya ƙungiyar kwadago ga UMW a cikin shekarun 1920 kuma ta ci gaba da magana game da al'amuran ƙungiyar kusan har sai da ta mutu. Ta fitar da labarinta game da abubuwan da ta samu a cikin ƙungiyar ma'aikata a matsayin The Autobiography of Mother Jones (1925). Kodayake Uwar Jones ta shirya shekaru da yawa a madadin UMWA a Yammacin Virginia har ma ta yi tir da jihar a matsayin 'na zamani', babi na wannan sunan a cikin tarihin rayuwarta, galibi tana yaba da Gwamna Ephraim F. Morgan don kare 'yancin Kwaskwarimar Farko na littafin aiki na mako-mako The Federationist don bugawa. Rashin amincewa da bukatar masu mallakar ma'adinai na hana takarda ya nuna wa Uwar Jones cewa ya 'ki bin buƙatun manyan kudade. Ga mutumin irin wannan, ina so in girmama ni'.

A cikin shekarunta na baya, Jones ta zauna tare da abokanta Adelphi, Maryland">Walter da Lillie May Burgess a gonarsu a yanzu Adelphi, Maryland. Ta yi bikin cika shekaru 100 da haihuwa a can a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1930, kuma an yi fim dinta tana yin sanarwa don fim din labarai.

Mutuwa

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Mary Harris Jones ta mutu a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 1930, a gonar Burgess, sannan a Silver Spring, Maryland, yanzu wani ɓangare na Adelphi.[10] An yi Mass na jana'izar a Cocin Katolika na St. Gabriel a Washington, DC.

jana'izar Uwar Jones, Disamba 3, 1930

An binne Jones a cikin makabartar Union Miners a Dutsen Olive, Illinois, tare da masu hakar ma'adinai da suka mutu a yakin Virden na 1898. [11] Ta kira wadannan masu hakar ma'adinai, wadanda aka kashe a tashin hankalin da ya shafi yajin aikin, "'ya'yanta." [12] A cikin 1932, kimanin ma'aikatan hakar ma'adinai 15,000 na Illinois sun taru a Dutsen Zaitun don nuna adawa da Ma'aikatan Ma'adinai na United, wanda nan da nan ya zama Ma'aikatan Ma'adinai na Ci gaba na Amurka. Da yake sun tabbata cewa sun aikata cikin ruhun Uwar Jones, masu hakar ma’adinan sun yanke shawarar sanya dutsen da ya dace a kan kabarinta. A shekara ta 1936, masu hakar ma'adinai sun adana fiye da dala 16,000 kuma sun sami damar siyan "ton tamanin na granite ruwan hoda na Minnesota, tare da tagulla na tagulla na masu hakar ma'adinai biyu da ke gefen shinge na ƙafa ashirin da ke nuna bas-relief na Mother Jones a cibiyarsa." [3] A ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 1936, wanda aka fi sani da Ranar Ma'adinai, kimanin mutane 50,000 sun isa kabarin Mother Jones don ganin sabon dutsen kabari da abin tunawa. Tun daga nan, Oktoba 11 ba kawai aka sani da ranar Miners' Day ba amma kuma ana magana da shi kuma ana yin bikin a Dutsen Zaitun a matsayin "Ranar Uwar Jones."[ana buƙatar hujja]

Kyauta

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A cikin 1930, Uwar Jones ta ce kamar haka game da gadonta: "An dauke ni Bolshevik, da Red da I.W.W., da kuma mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, kuma na yarda cewa duk abin da suka caje ni. Ni wani abu ne da zai canza wayewar da ta fi girma zuwa wayewar da za ta fi girma a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Kuma ina fatan ganin ranar da ma'aikata za su sami makomar al'umma a hannunta, kuma za ta tsaya a matsayin karfi, kuma ta nuna wa duniya abin da ma'aikatan za su iya yi.

Uwar Jones ta kasance sanannen alama ga ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta Amurka bayan mutuwarta kuma ta kasance muhimmiyar alama ce ga ikon aikin da aka tsara tsakanin masu fafutuka da masu shirya, a Amurka da duniya.

Hoton Ma'aikatar Ayyuka ta Amurka, 2010
Wurin binnewar Uwar Jones a Kabari na Union Miners a Dutsen Olive, Illinois
  • Har yanzu magoya bayan ƙungiyar suna kiran kalmomin Jones fiye da ƙarni guda daga baya: "Addu'a ga matattu kuma yi yaƙi kamar jahannama ga masu rai. " [13] An riga an san ta da "mala'ikan masu hakar ma'adinai" lokacin da aka zarge ta a bene na Majalisar Dattijan Amurka a matsayin "kakar dukkan masu tayar da hankali", ta amsa, "Ina fatan rayuwa tsawon lokaci don zama kakar dukkan masu tayarwa. "
  • An kafa mujallar Mother Jones a cikin shekarun 1970s kuma da sauri ta zama "mafi girman mujallar sayar da mujallar shekaru goma".
  • A shekara ta 1984, an shigar da ita cikin Hall of Fame na Mata na Kasa.[14]
  • A lokacin mummunan Yajin aikin Pittston Coal na 1989-90 a Virginia, West Virginia da Kentucky, matan da 'ya'ya mata na masu hakar kwal, waɗanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su ta hanyar labarun da suka tsira game da aikin Jones a cikin ƙarni na baya na masu hakerun kwal na yankin, sun kira kansu "Daughters of Mother Jones". Sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a kan layin zanga-zangar da kuma gabatar da shari'ar masu hakar ma'adinai ga manema labarai da jama'a.[15]
  • An ba da lambar yabo ta Mother Jones daga 1996 zuwa 2009, duk da cewa ta tsallake wasu shekaru, ta hanyar Shirin Tarihin Mata masu aiki da wanda ya riga shi, Shirin Tarihi na Mata da Ayyuka.[16]
  • Don ya dace da Ranar Mata ta Duniya a ranar 8 ga Maris, 2010 wani shiri daga Councillor Ted Tynan don a kafa takarda a cikin Mary Harris Jones ta Cork City an zartar da shi ta Majalisar Birnin Cork.[17] Membobin Kwamitin Tunawa da Uwar Jones na Cork sun bayyana tambarin a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, 2012 don yin bikin cika shekaru 175 da haihuwarta. An kuma gudanar da bikin Cork Mother Jones a shekarar 2012 a yankin Shandon na birnin, kusa da wurin haihuwarta, tare da masu magana da baƙi da yawa.[18] Bikin yanzu yana faruwa a kowace shekara a kusa da ranar tunawa kuma ya haifar da karuwar wayar da kan jama'a game da gadon Uwar Jones da alaƙa tsakanin masu sha'awar Ireland da Amurka.[19] Wani sabon shirin, Mother Jones and Her Children, an samar da shi ne ta hanyar Cork-based Frameworks Films kuma an fara shi a bikin Cork a shekarar 2014.[20]
  • A cikin 2019, an shigar da Uwar Jones cikin Hall of Fame na Ma'adinai na Kasa.[21]
  • Makarantar Firamare ta Mary Harris "Mother" Jones ta wanzu a Adelphi, Maryland.[22]
  • Dalibai a Jami'ar Jesuit ta Wheeling, Wheeling, West Virginia, na iya neman zama a Gidan Uwar Jones, gidan sabis na waje. Mazauna suna yin akalla sa'o'i goma na hidimar al'umma a kowane mako kuma suna shiga cikin abincin dare da abubuwan da suka faru.[23]
  • Jam'iyyar West Virginia ce ke tunawa da ɗaurin "Uwar" Jones ta hanyar alamar Hanyar Tarihi. Yankin Al'adu da Tarihi na Yammacin Virginia ne ya yi alamar. Alamar ta karanta, "PRATT. Da farko ta zauna a farkon shekarun 1780 kuma an kafa ta a cikin 1905. Muhimmin wuri a cikin 1912-13 Paint-Cabin Creek Strike. Mai shirya aikin 'Mother Jones' ta kwashe ranar haihuwarta ta 84 a kurkuku a nan. Gundumar Tarihi ta Pratt, da aka jera a cikin National Register a cikin 1984, ta fahimci muhimmin gine-ginen zama na garin daga farkon shuka zuwa Victorian Styles. " Alamar tana cikin garin Pratt, dama da West Virginia 61.

Kiɗa da sauran fasaha

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  • A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 1925, Gene Autry ya rubuta waƙar W.C. Callaway "The Death Of Mother Jones".
  • Akwai wani labari cewa a cikin The American Songbag (1927), Carl Sandburg ya ba da shawarar cewa "ta" a cikin "Za ta zo 'Round the Mountain" tana ambaton Uwar Jones da tafiye-tafiyenta zuwa sansanonin hakar kwal na Appalachian da ke inganta hadin gwiwar masu hakar ma'adinai. Koyaya, babu wata magana game da Uwar Jones a cikin The American Songbag .
  • A cikin littafin Uncle (1964) na J.P. Martin, ana kiran layin jirgin kasa da ake kira Mother Jones's Siding kuma ana jita-jita cewa Mother Jones ce za ta gudanar da shi.
  • Wasan The Kentucky Cycle: Fire in the Hole (1991) ya nuna Jones a matsayin wani adadi mai ban sha'awa daya daga cikin sauran haruffa da aka sani kuma an yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar zuwa ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyi a wasu garuruwan kwal.
  • "Matar da ta fi haɗari," aikin magana da aka yi ta hanyar mawaƙa / mai yin magana Utah Phillips tare da kiɗa da muryoyin goyon baya da aka kara da shi ta hanyar mai zane-zane Ani Difranco, ana iya samun su a cikin kundin haɗin gwiwar su Fellow Workers (1999). Taken yana nufin sunan da Lauyan Gundumar West Virginia Reese Blizzard ya ba wa Uwar Jones, yana magana da ita a matsayin "mace mafi haɗari a Amurka". Phillips ya yi waƙar "The Charge on Mother Jones. " William M. Rogers ne ya rubuta wannan waƙar gargajiya. [24]
  • Waƙar taken duo mai suna Wishing Chair da kundin Kara Barnard na 2002 Dishpan Brigade game da Jones da rawar da ta taka a yajin aikin ma'adinai na 1899-1900 a Arnot, Pennsylvania. [25][26]
  • Jones ita ce "mace" a cikin waƙar Tom Russell "Mafi Dangerous Woman in America," wani sharhi game da matsalolin masu hakar ma'adinai da suka bayyana a cikin kundin sa na 2009 Blood and Candle Smoke on the Shout! Ka yi ihu! Alamar Masana'antu.
  • "The Spirit of Mother Jones" waƙa ce a cikin kundin Abocurragh na 2010 ta mawaƙin Irish Andy Irvine .
  • Wasan Ba zai iya tsoratar da ni ba...Labarin Uwar Jones an rubuta shi kuma an yi shi ne ta hanyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, da farfesa Kaiulani Lee. An fara shi ne a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Atlas a Washington, DC a cikin 2011, kuma Lee ya ɗauki wasan kwaikwayon a kan yawon shakatawa tare da Ma'aikatan Ma'adinai na United a fadin Colorado da kuma yawon shakata a Ireland, Bangladesh, da Cambodia.[27]
  • Uwar Jones da Crusade na Yara, wani kiɗa wanda ya danganci aikinta a Pennsylvania, an fara shi a watan Yulin 2014 a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin wasan kwaikwayo na New York a NYC. Wasan ya fito da Robin de Jesus da Lynne Wintersteller . [28]
  • Nasara a Arnot aiki ne ga ƙungiyar ɗaki da mai ba da labari ta mawaƙa Eleanor Aversa . [29] Ya ba da labarin yadda Uwar Jones ta taimaka tare da yajin aikin ma'aikatan kwal a 1899-1900 a Arnot, Pennsylvania. An fara wasan ne a Philadelphia a shekarar 2016 kuma wasan kwaikwayon ya biyo baya a Boston.[30]
  • The Trial of Mother Jones, wasan kwaikwayo na Roger Holzberg, an fara shi a Oxnard, California, a cikin 2024. [31][32]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Mary Harris Jones". Mother Jones Commemorative committee. March 7, 2012. Retrieved November 30, 2012. ... This plaque will be erected near the famous Cork Butter Market and will be unveiled on 1st August 2012 which is the 175th Anniversary of her baptism in the North Cathedral [St. Mary's Cathedral] (we have not been able to ascertain her actual date of birth but it would most likely have been a few days before this date). Her parents were Ellen Cotter, a native of Inchigeela and Richard Harris from Cork city. Few details of her life in Cork have been uncovered to date, though it is thought by some that she was born on Blarney Street and may have attended the North Presentation Schools nearby. She and her family emigrated to Canada soon after the Famine, probably in the early 1850s. ...
  2. ↑ "Mother Jones (1837–1930)". AFL–CIO. Retrieved November 30, 2012.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Gorn 2002.
  4. ↑ name="PAHistory">"Mother Jones leading a protest, circa 1903". Explore PA History. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
  5. ↑ name="LaborHistory">"Today in labor history: Mother Jones leads march of miners' children". People's World. September 21, 2012. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
  6. ↑ "Mother Jones: The Woman".
  7. ↑ "Mother Jones' "Children's Crusade" returns to Philadelphia". Inquirer. 2013-08-17. Archived from the original on 2019-08-05. Retrieved 2024-10-26.
  8. ↑ "Today in labor history: Mother Jones leads march of miners' children". People's World. September 21, 2012. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
  9. ↑ "Bloomington 1917 Strike". Mother Jones Museum (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-04-08.
  10. ↑ "Mother Jones in Suburban Maryland: Folklore and History". Historian 4 Hire. January 3, 2019. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
  11. ↑ Biggers, Jeff. "Battle of Virden". Zinn Education Project. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  12. ↑ "United States Department of Labor – Labor Hall of Fame: Mary Harris "Mother" Jones". Dol.gov. Archived from the original on February 17, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
  13. ↑ "Quotations from Mother Jones (#2)". Retrieved October 14, 2011.
  14. ↑ "Jones, Mary "Mother" Harris". National Women’s Hall of Fame.
  15. ↑ "Site Unavailable". www.ic.arizona.edu. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2010.
  16. ↑ "Mother Jones Award". wwhpchicago.org. Archived from the original on 2023-03-30. Retrieved 2025-02-28.
  17. ↑ "Minutes of Ordinary Meeting of Cork City Council" (PDF). Retrieved September 6, 2010.[permanent dead link]
  18. ↑ "Mother Jones Remembered". Retrieved March 17, 2012.
  19. ↑ "Mother Jones festival begins today!". July 29, 2014.
  20. ↑ "Participate, Challenge, Community…Through Film". frameworksfilms.com.
  21. ↑ "2019 National Mining Hall of Fame Inductees". Archived from the original on May 12, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  22. ↑ "Information". www1.pgcps.org. Archived from the original on July 19, 2013. Retrieved March 22, 2010.
  23. ↑ "Wheeling University". Wheeling University. Archived from the original on February 3, 2013.
  24. ↑ Spiegel, Max. "The Charge on Mother Jones". Archived from the original on February 5, 2016. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
  25. ↑ "♫ Dishpan Brigade – Wishing Chair and Kara Barnard. Listen @cdbaby".
  26. ↑ "Blossburg: William Bauchop Wilson: United Mine Workers of America". www.blossburg.org.
  27. ↑ "Can't Scare Me". Kaiulani Lee. Archived from the original on 2021-08-03. Retrieved 2025-02-28.
  28. ↑ "New York Musical Festival :: 2014 Events". nymf.org.
  29. ↑ "eleanoraversa.com/performances". Archived from the original on August 16, 2018. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
  30. ↑ "'Victory at Arnot' – where Mother Jones and her 'pot-and-pan brigade won the day for the miners". Boston Irish. March 1, 2018.
  31. ↑ Rabinowitz, Chloe (December 7, 2023). "The Elite Theatre Company To Present THE TRIAL OF MOTHER JONES This Winter". Broadwayworld.
  32. ↑ Lorraine, Shirley (January 24, 2024). "Elite Spotlights Hidden History". Ventura Breeze.
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