Vel' d'Hiv Roundup

Vel' d'Hiv Roundup
mass arrest (en) da Nazi roundup (en)
Bayanai
Bangare na	Operation Spring Breeze (en) da The Holocaust in France (en)
Fuskar	WWII Axis collaboration in France (en)
Suna saboda	Vélodrome d'Hiver (en) da Operation Spring Breeze (en)
Lokacin farawa	16 ga Yuli, 1942
Lokacin gamawa	17 ga Yuli, 1942

Vel' d'Hiv' Roundup ( [vel ˈdiv] vell-DEEV; daga Faransanci: la rafle du Vel'd'Hiv', gajeriyar la rafle du Vélodrome d'Hiver) wani taro ne da aka yi wa Yahudawa a birnin Paris a ranar 16-17 ga Yuli 1942 da Vichy Faransa 'yan sandan Jamus suka yi. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Yahudawan da aka kama a lokacin zagayawa an kora su zuwa Jamus na Nazi kuma aka yi niyya don halaka su a matsayin wani ɓangare na Holocaust. Yana daya daga cikin matakai da yawa da nufin kawar da yahudawan Faransa a duka yankin Faransa karkashin mamayar Jamus kai tsaye da kuma abin da ake kira "yankin libre" wanda ya faru a 1942 a matsayin wani bangare na Opération Vent printanier (Operation Spring Wind). René Bousquet, Louis Darquier de Pellepoix, Theodor Dannecker da Helmut Knochen ne suka shirya, taron shine mafi girma da aka kori Yahudawa daga Faransa.

Dangane da bayanan 'yan sanda na Paris, an kama Yahudawa 13,152, ciki har da yara 4,115. An tsare su a cikin Vélodrome d'Hiver, filin wasanni na cikin gida, a cikin yanayin da ya cika sosai ba tare da wani shiri da aka yi don abinci, ruwa ko wuraren tsabta ba. A cikin mako bayan kamawar, an kai Yahudawa da aka kama zuwa sansanonin Drancy, Pithiviers da Beaune-la-Rolande kafin a kore su a cikin motocin shanu zuwa sansanoni na Nazi, da farko Auschwitz.

A ra'ayin gwamnatin shugaba Charles de Gaulle da kuma gwamnatocin Faransa masu zuwa, ba za a iya daukar nauyin Faransa game da zagaye na biyu na zaben ba tunda jihar Vichy ta kasance "ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ba ta halal ba". Shugaba François Mitterrand ya ki amincewa da alhakin gwamnatin Faransa, yana mai cewa "Vichy ba jamhuriyar ba ce". Sai dai a shekara ta 1995, sabanin shurun magabata, shugaba Jacques Chirac ya nemi afuwar ‘yan sandan Faransa da ma’aikatan gwamnati a wannan zagayen, inda ya kira sa’o’i mafi duhu da za su bata tarihin mu har abada. A cikin 2017, Shugaba Emmanuel Macron na musamman ya amince da alhakin ƙasar Faransa a cikin zagaye kuma don haka a cikin Holocaust a Faransa.

Vélodrome d'Hiver babban filin wasa ne na cikin gida a kusurwar boulevard de Grenelle da rue Nélaton a cikin 15th arrondissement na Paris, ba da nisa da Hasumiyar Eiffel. Henri Desgrange, editan L'Auto ne ya gina shi, wanda daga baya ya shirya Tour de France, a matsayin velodrome (waƙar keke) lokacin da aka jera waƙarsa ta asali a kusa da Salle des Machines don rushewa a 1909 don inganta ra'ayi na Hasumiyar Eiffel . Kazalika da tseren keke, an yi amfani da sabon ginin don wasan hockey a kankara, kokawa, dambe, wasan motsa jiki, wasan kwaikwayo da zanga-zangar. A cikin Wasannin Olympics na bazara na 1924, an gudanar da abubuwa da yawa a can, gami da shinge, dambe, keke (hanya), ɗaga nauyi, da kokawa.

Vel d'Hiv kuma shine shafin yanar gizon tarurruka na siyasa da zanga-zangar, gami da babban taron da Xavier Vallat, Philippe Henriot, Leon Daudet da sauran sanannun masu adawa da Yahudawa suka halarta lokacin da aka saki Charles Maurras daga kurkuku. A cikin 1939 an shigar da 'yan gudun hijira Yahudawa a can kafin a tura su sansanonin a yankin Paris kuma a cikin 1940 an yi amfani da ita a matsayin cibiyar kula da mata 'yan kasashen waje, lamarin da ya zama abin misali na zabar sa a matsayin wurin da aka ba da horo.

"Vel' d'Hiv' Roundup" ba shine karo na farko na irin wannan ba a Faransa lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin abin da aka fi sani da zagayen tikitin kore (Faransanci: rafle du billet vert), an kama Yahudawa 3,747 a ranar 14 ga Mayu 1941, bayan Yahudawa 6,694 na kasashen waje da ke zaune a Faransa sun karbi sammaci a cikin wasiku (an aika da tikitin kore) zuwa nazarin matsayi (Faransanci: examen de situation). Kira ya kasance tarko: an kama wadanda suka girmama kiran su kuma an kai su bas a wannan rana zuwa Gare d'Austerlitz, sannan aka tura su cikin jiragen kasa na musamman guda hudu zuwa sansanoni biyu a Pithiviers da Beaune-La-Rolande a cikin sashen Loiret. Mata, yara, da sauran maza sun biyo baya a watan Yulin 1942. French-language_text" id="mweA" rel="mw:PageProp/Category"/>

Vel' d'Hiv' Roundup, a matsayin wani ɓangare na "Maganin Ƙarshe", wani shiri ne na nahiyar baki ɗaya don yin horo da kuma kawar da al'ummar Yahudawa na Turai. Wani aiki na haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin Jamusawa da masu gudanar da harkokin Faransa masu haɗin gwiwa. Dokar farko ta kin jinin Yahudawa ta ranar 27 ga Satumba 1940, wacce hukumomin Jamus suka yi, ta tilasta wa Yahudawan da ke yankin da aka mamaye, ciki har da baki, yin rajista a ofisoshin 'yan sanda ko a sous-prefectures ("sub-prefectures"). Kusan mutane 150,000 ne suka yi rajista a sashen Seine wanda ya ƙunshi Paris da kewayenta. 'Yan sandan Faransa sun ajiye sunayensu da adireshi a cikin fichier Tulard, fayil mai suna André Tulard. Theodor Dannecker, kyaftin din SS wanda ya jagoranci 'yan sandan Jamus a Faransa ya ce: "Wannan tsarin shigar da bayanai ya kasu kashi-kashi zuwa faifai da aka jera ta haruffa; Yahudawan da ke da 'yan asalin Faransa da Yahudawan kasashen waje suna da fayiloli masu launi daban-daban, kuma an jera fayilolin, bisa ga sana'a, kasa da kuma titi." An ba da waɗannan fayilolin ga Gestapo, masu kula da "matsalar Yahudawa." Bisa buƙatar hukumomin Jamus, gwamnatin Vichy ta ƙirƙira a cikin Maris 1941 Commissariat Général aux Questions Juives ko CGQJ (Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs) tare da aikin aiwatar da manufofin kyamar Yahudawa.

A ranar 4 ga Yuli 1942 René Bousquet, babban sakataren 'yan sanda na kasa, da Louis Darquier de Pellepoix, wanda ya maye gurbin Xavier Vallat a watan Mayu 1942 a matsayin shugaban CGQJ, sun yi tafiya zuwa hedkwatar Gestapo a 93 rue Lauriston a cikin 16th arrondissement na Paris don saduwa da Dannecker da Helmut. Zagayen da aka yi a baya ya yi kasa da Yahudawa 32,000 da hukumomin Faransa suka yi wa Jamusawa alkawari. Darquier ya ba da shawarar kama Yahudawa marasa ƙasa a Yankin Kudancin da kuma lalata duk Yahudawa da suka sami 'yancin zama na Faransa tun 1927. An sake gudanar da wani taro a ofishin Dannecker a kan titin Foch a ranar 7 ga Yuli. Har ila yau, Jean Leguay, mataimakin Bousquet, Jean François, wanda ya kasance darektan gwamnatin 'yan sanda a gundumar Paris, Émile Hennequin, shugaban' yan sanda na Paris, da André Tulard.

Dannecker ya sadu da Adolf Eichmann a ranar 10 ga Yuli 1942. Wani taro ya faru a wannan rana a CGQJ, wanda Dannecker, Heinz Röthke, Ernst Heinrichsohn, Jean Leguay, Gallien, mataimakin Darquier de Pellepoix, da dama jami'an 'yan sanda da wakilan Faransa Railway sabis, da SNCF. An jinkirta zagayen har sai bayan ranar Bastille a ranar 14 ga Yuli bisa bukatar Faransawa. Ba a gudanar da wannan biki na kasa a yankin da aka mamaye ba, kuma sun yi fatan kaucewa tada zaune tsaye. Dannecker ya bayyana cewa: "'Yan sandan Faransa, duk da ƴan la'akari da tsaftataccen tsari, dole ne kawai su aiwatar da umarni!".

An gudanar da taron ne ga Yahudawa daga Jamus, Ostiriya, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Tarayyar Soviet da apatrides ("marasa kasa"), wanda ba a iya tantance asalinsu ba, masu shekaru 16 zuwa 50. Dole ne a sami keɓancewa ga mata "a cikin yanayin ci gaba na ciki" ko waɗanda ke shayar da nono, amma "don adana lokaci, za a yi rarraba ba a gida ba amma a farkon".

Jamusawan sun shirya 'yan sandan Faransa su kama Yahudawa 22,000 a babban birnin Paris. Daga nan za a kai su sansanonin horarwa a Drancy, Compiègne, Pithiviers da Beaune-la-Rolande. André Tulard "zai samu daga shugaban 'yan sanda na birni fayilolin Yahudawa da za a kama.  Za a aika da yaran da ba su wuce shekaru 15 ko 16 ba zuwa ga Union générale des israélites de France (UGIF, Janar Ƙungiyar Yahudawa ta Faransa), wadda za ta sanya su cikin tushe. Za a yi rarrabuwar yara a wuraren taro na farko." 

Haɗin gwiwar 'yan sanda

Mata biyu Yahudawa a cikin Paris da aka mamaye suna sanye da lambar Star of David a watan Yunin 1942, 'yan makonni kafin kama jama'a

Matsayin 'yan sandan Faransa ya kasance mai sarkakiya da ikon mulkin gwamnatin Vichy, wanda ke gudanar da mulkin Faransa da sunan sa yayin da yake karbar mamaya a arewacin kasar. Ko da yake a aikace Jamusawa sun yi mulki a arewa, matsayin da aka saba shi ne cewa Faransa da Jamus sun rabu. Matsayin Vichy da shugabanta, Marshal Henri Philippe Pétain, gwamnatocin kasashen waje da yawa sun amince da shi a duk lokacin yakin.

Dole ne a kiyaye wannan 'yancin kai. Kutsawar Jamus a harkokin 'yan sanda na cikin gida, in ji masanin tarihi Julian T. Jackson, "zai kara ruguza wannan ikon da Vichy ta himmatu wajen kiyayewa. Wannan ba za a iya kauce masa ba ne kawai ta hanyar tabbatar wa Jamus cewa Faransawa za su aiwatar da matakan da suka dace. " Jackson ya kara da cewa yanke shawarar kame Yahudawa da 'yan gurguzu da kuma Gaullists "siyasa ce mai cin gashin kanta, da tushenta na asali." Watau, shawarar yin hakan ba ta tilasta wa gwamnatin Vichy ta Jamusawa ba. Har ila yau, Jackson ya bayyana cewa, dole ne Faransawa ne suka gudanar da jerin gwano na Yahudawa, tun da Jamusawan ba za su sami cikakkun bayanai ko ma'aikata ba don gano da kama mutane kusan 13,000.

A ranar 2 ga Yuli 1942, René Bousquet ya halarci wani taron tsarawa wanda bai nuna rashin amincewa da kama ba, kuma ya damu kawai game da gênant ("abin kunya") gaskiyar cewa 'yan sandan Faransa za su aiwatar da su. Bousquet ya yi nasarar cimma matsaya - cewa 'yan sanda za su tara Yahudawa 'yan kasashen waje ne kawai. Vichy ya amince da wannan yarjejeniya washegari.

Ko da yake an zargi 'yan sanda da tara yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 16 - an saita shekarun ne don adana labarin almara cewa ana buƙatar ma'aikata a gabas - Firayim Minista na Vichy, Pierre Laval ne ya ba da umarnin yin hakan, wanda ake tsammanin a matsayin matakin '' ɗan adam '' don haɗa dangi tare. Shi ma wannan tatsuniya ce, ganin cewa an riga an kori iyayen wadannan yaran; Takardun wannan lokacin sun nuna cewa babban abin da Laval mai adawa da Yahudawa ke da shi shi ne abin da zai yi da yaran Yahudawa da zarar an kori iyayensu. Yaron ƙarami da aka aika zuwa Auschwitz a ƙarƙashin umarnin Laval yana da watanni 18.

Tsoffin jami'an SS guda uku sun shaida a 1980 cewa jami'an Vichy sun kasance masu farin ciki game da korar Yahudawa daga Faransa. Mai bincike Serge Klarsfeld ya sami mintuna a cikin tarihin Jamus na tarurruka tare da manyan jami'an Vichy da kuma shawarar Bousquet cewa ya kamata taron ya rufe Yahudawa wadanda ba na Faransa ba a duk faɗin ƙasar. A cikin 1990, an gabatar da tuhumar aikata laifuka a kan bil'adama a kan Bousquet dangane da rawar da ya taka a cikin Vel' d'Hiv' na Yahudawa, bisa ga korafe-korafe da Klarsfeld ya gabatar.

Masana tarihi Antony Beevor da Artemis Cooper sun rubuta:

Klarsfeld ya kuma bayyana sakon da Bousquet ya aika wa Prefects na départements a cikin yankin da aka mamaye, yana ba su umarni su fitar da ba kawai manya Yahudawa ba har ma da yara waɗanda Nazis ba su nemi fitar da su ba.

Rarrabawar

Tun daga karfe 4:00 na safe ranar 16 ga Yulin 1942, 'yan sandan Faransa da yawansu ya kai 9,000 suka fara farautar. Rundunar ‘yan sandan ta hada da jandarmomi, wayoyin hannu, jami’an tsaro, ‘yan sintiri da ‘yan banga; an raba su zuwa kame gungun mutane uku ko hudu kowanne, suna ta yadawa a fadin birnin. 'Yan ɗaruruwan mabiyan Jacques Doriot sun ba da kansu don taimakawa, suna sanye da rigar hannu mai launukan Jam'iyyar Fassarancin Faransanci (PPF).

An kama Yahudawa 13,152 a cikin duka. Dangane da bayanan 'yan sanda na Paris, 5,802 (44%) daga cikin wadannan mata ne kuma 4,051 (31%) yara ne. Mutane da ba a san adadi ba sun yi nasarar tserewa, an yi gargadi da jaridar Yahudawa ta ɓoye ko kuma Faransanci, makwabta suka ɓoye ko amfana daga rashin himma ko zurfin wasu 'yan sanda. Ƙuntatawa ga kaya ga waɗanda aka kama sun kasance masu tsanani: za su iya ɗaukar bargo kawai, sutura, takalma da riguna biyu. Yawancin iyalai sun rabu kuma ba su sake haɗuwa ba.

Vel' d'Hiv'

Vel' d'Hiv' yana samuwa don hayar duk wanda yake so. Daga cikin wadanda suka yi rajista shi ne Jacques Doriot, wanda ya jagoranci babbar jam'iyyar Fascist ta Faransa, Parti Populaire Français (PPF). Ya kasance a Vel' d'Hiv' tsakanin sauran wuraren da Doriot, tare da gaisuwarsa kamar Hitler, ya tayar da taron jama'a don shiga cikin manufarsa. Daga cikin wadanda suka taimaka a cikin Rafle du Vel' d'hiv' sun kasance matasa 3,400 na PPF na Doriot.

Jamusawa sun bukaci maɓallan Vel' d'Hiv daga mai shi, Jacques Goddet, wanda ya karɓe shi daga hannun mahaifinsa Victor da Henri Desgrange. Halin da Goddet ya mika ma makullin ya zama abin ban mamaki kuma an ba da labarin kaɗan ne kawai a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa.

Vel' d'Hiv' yana da rufin gilashi, wanda aka fentin shi mai launin shudi don kauce wa jan hankalin masu ba da bam. Gilashin duhu ya kara zafi, kamar yadda gaskiyar cewa an rufe windows don tsaro. Lambobin da aka gudanar a can sun bambanta daga asusun daya zuwa wani, amma adadi daya da aka kafa shine 7,500 na adadi na ƙarshe na 13,152. Babu wuraren wanka: daga cikin 10 da ke akwai, an rufe biyar saboda windows ɗin su sun ba da hanyar fita, kuma an toshe sauran. An tsare Yahudawa da aka kama a can tare da abinci da ruwa kawai da Quakers suka kawo. An ba da izinin Red Cross da wasu likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya su shiga. Akwai maɓuɓɓugar ruwa guda ɗaya kawai. Wadanda suka yi ƙoƙarin tserewa an harbe su nan take. Wasu sun kashe kansu.

Bayan tarawa

An gudanar da zagaye a yankunan arewa da kudancin Faransa, amma fushin jama'a ya fi girma a birnin Paris saboda yawan mutanen da ke cikin yankin da aka mai da hankali. Vel' d'Hiv' alama ce a tsakiyar gari. Cocin Roman Katolika na daga cikin masu zanga-zangar. Halin jama'a ya tilasta Laval ya tambayi Jamusawa a ranar 2 ga Satumba kada su bukaci karin Yahudawa. Bayar da su, ya ce, ba kamar sayen abubuwa a cikin kantin sayar da ragi ba ne. Laval ya sami nasarar iyakance fitarwa galibi ga Yahudawa na kasashen waje; shi da masu kare shi sun yi jayayya bayan yaƙin cewa barin 'yan sanda na Faransa su gudanar da taron ya kasance ciniki don tabbatar da rayuwar Yahudawa na ƙasar Faransa.

A zahiri, "Vichy bai zubar da hawaye ba game da makomar Yahudawa na kasashen waje a Faransa, waɗanda aka gan su a matsayin matsala, 'dashes' ("garbage") a cikin kalmomin Laval. Laval ya gaya wa wani jami'in diflomasiyyar Amurka cewa yana da "farin ciki" don kawar da su.

sansanin Drancy da korar mutane

Hanyar korar mutane daga Paris zuwa Auschwitz

Sansanin horon da ke Drancy ya kasance cikin sauƙi don kare shi saboda an gina shi da ginshiƙan hasumiya a cikin siffar takalmin doki. Jandarma na Faransa ne suka tsare shi. Aikin sansanin yana ƙarƙashin sashin harkokin Yahudawa na Gestapo. Theodor Dannecker, babban jigo a cikin zagayawa da kuma aikin Drancy, Maurice Rajsfus ya bayyana a cikin tarihin sansanin a matsayin "mai tashin hankali mai hankali .... Shi ne ya umarci masu shiga tsakani su ji yunwa, wanda ya hana su tafiya cikin sansanin, shan taba, yin katunan wasa, da dai sauransu." 

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1941, an kashe fursunoni arba'in daga Drancy a matsayin fansa ga harin da Faransa ta kai wa jami'an 'yan sanda na Jamus.

Gudanar da sansanin yana ƙarƙashin Heinz Röthke. A karkashin jagorancinsa daga Agusta 1942 zuwa Yuni 1943 cewa kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na waɗanda aka kora a cikin akwatin motar SNCF da Nazis suka buƙata daga Drancy an aika zuwa Auschwitz. Drancy kuma ita ce inda aka tura yaran Yahudawa da aka kama a wani samame da aka yi a wani gidan yara a Izieu kafin a kai su Auschwitz, inda aka kashe su. Yawancin wadanda abin ya shafa na farko, ciki har da na Vel' d'Hiv', an cushe su a cikin kekunan da aka rufe kuma sun mutu a kan hanyarsu ta rashin abinci da ruwa. An kashe wadanda suka tsira da ransu a cikin dakunan gas.

A lokacin 'Yanci na Paris a watan Agustan 1944, sansanin ya gudana ne daga Resistance - "ga takaici ga hukumomi; Prefect of Police ba shi da iko kwata-kwata kuma ba a maraba da baƙi ba" - wanda ya yi amfani da shi don ba Yahudawa ba, amma waɗanda ya ɗauka masu haɗin gwiwa tare da Jamusawa. Lokacin da aka ba da izinin fasto a ranar 15 ga Satumba, ya gano sel masu auna mita 3.5 (11 da mita 1.75 (5.7 wanda ya rike Yahudawa shida tare da matattara biyu tsakanin su. Gidan kurkuku ya koma aikin kurkuku na al'ada a ranar 20 ga Satumba.

Sakamakon haka

Pierre Laval tare da shugaban rundunar 'yan sanda ta Jamus a Faransa, Carl Oberg

Tattaunawar ta kai fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na Yahudawa 42,000 da aka aika daga Faransa zuwa Auschwitz a 1942, waɗanda 811 ne kawai suka koma Faransa a ƙarshen yaƙin.

Ban da matasa shida, babu ko daya daga cikin yara 3,900 da aka tsare a gidan rediyon Vel d'Hiv sannan aka kora daga kasar.

Pierre Laval's trial opened on 3 October 1945. His first defence was that he had been obliged to sacrifice foreign Jews to save the French. Uproar broke out in the court, with supposedly neutral jurors shouting abuse at Laval, threatening "a dozen bullets in his hide". It was, said historians Antony Beevor and Artemis Cooper, "a cross between an auto-da-fé and a tribunal during the Paris Terror". From 6 October, Laval refused to take part in the proceedings, hoping that the jurors' interventions would lead to a new trial. Laval was sentenced to death, and tried to commit suicide by swallowing a cyanide capsule. Revived by doctors, he was executed by a firing squad at Fresnes Prison on 15 October.

Jean Leguay ya tsira daga yakin da sakamakonsa kuma ya zama shugaban Warner Lambert, Inc. a London (yanzu ya haɗu da Pfizer), kuma daga baya shugaban Substantia Laboratories a Paris. A shekara ta 1979, an tuhume shi da rawar da ya taka a cikin taron.

An yanke wa Louis Darquier hukuncin kisa a cikin 1947 don haɗin gwiwa. Koyaya, ya gudu zuwa Spain, inda gwamnatin Francisco Franco ta kare shi. A shekara ta 1978, bayan da ya ba da wata hira da ke da'awar cewa an yi amfani da ɗakunan gas na Auschwitz don kashe tsutsa, gwamnatin Faransa ta nemi a mika shi. Spain ta ki. Ya mutu a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta 1980, kusa da Málaga, Spain.

Wata kotun soji ta Birtaniya ta yanke wa Helmut Knochen hukuncin kisa a shekara ta 1946 saboda kisan wasu matukan jirgin Birtaniya. Ba a taba aiwatar da hukuncin ba. An mika shi zuwa Faransa a shekara ta 1954 kuma an sake yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Daga baya aka mayar da hukuncin zuwa daurin rai da rai. A cikin 1962, shugaban Faransa Charles de Gaulle ya gafarta masa kuma aka mayar da shi Jamus, inda ya yi ritaya a Baden-Baden kuma ya mutu a 2003.

An yanke wa Émile Hennequin, shugaban ‘yan sandan Paris hukuncin daurin shekaru takwas a watan Yuni 1947.

23 Janairu 1943: Taron Jamusanci-Vichy Faransanci a daga]-linkid="1093" href="./Marseille" id="mwAbQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Marseille">Marseille . SS-Sturmbannführer Bernhard Griese , Antoine Lemoine (prefet na yanki na Marseille), Rolf Mühler [de], (Kwamandan Sicherheitspolizei na Marseille"), - dariya- René Bousquet (Janar Sakataren 'yan sanda na ƙasar Faransa da aka kirkira a 1941) mahaliccin GMRs, -bayan- Louis Darquier na Pellepoix (Kwamishinan Harkokin Yahudawa).

An dai gurfanar da René Bousquet na karshe, a shekara ta 1949. An wanke shi daga laifin "lalata muradun tsaron kasa", amma an bayyana shi da laifin shiga cikin gwamnatin Vichy. An ba shi shekaru biyar na zama ɗan ƙasa, matakin da aka ɗauka nan da nan don "samun taka rawar gani da ci gaba a cikin tsayin daka a kan mamaya". Matsayin Bousquet koyaushe yana da shakku; akwai lokutan da ya yi aiki tare da Jamusawa da sauransu lokacin da ya yi aiki da su. Bayan yakin ya yi aiki a Banque d'Indochine da kuma jaridu. A cikin 1957, Conseil d'État ya mayar da Légion d'honneur, kuma an yi masa afuwa a ranar 17 ga Janairu 1958. Ya tsaya takara a waccan shekarar a matsayin ɗan takarar Marne. Jam'iyyar Democrat da Socialist Union na Resistance sun tallafa masa; na biyun shi ne Hector Bouilly, babban kansila mai ra'ayin gurguzu. A cikin 1974, Bousquet ya taimaka wajen ba da kuɗin yaƙin neman zaɓe na François Mitterrand akan Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. A cikin 1986, yayin da zarge-zargen da aka yi wa Bousquet ya karu sosai, musamman bayan da Louis Darquier ya nada shi. shi da Mitterrand sun daina ganin juna. The parquet général de Paris ta rufe shari'ar ta hanyar aika ta zuwa kotun da ba ta wanzu. Lauyoyin kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa da kasa sun yi magana game da "yanke shawarar siyasa a manyan matakai don hana al'amarin Bousquet bunkasa". A cikin 1989, Serge Klarsfeld da ƙungiyarsa des Fils et Filles des déportés juifs de France, National Federation of Deportees and internees, Resistants and Patriots and the Ligue des droits de l'homme sun shigar da kara kan Bousquet kan laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama don korar yara 194. Bousquet ya jajirce wajen fuskantar shari'a amma a ranar 8 ga watan Yunin 1993 wani majinyaci mai shekaru 55 mai suna Christian Didier ya shiga gidansa ya harbe shi har lahira.

Sojojin Amurka sun tsare Theodor Dannecker a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1945 kuma bayan 'yan kwanaki ya kashe kansa.

Jacques Doriot, wanda mabiyansa na hannun dama na Faransa suka taimaka a wannan zagaye, ya gudu zuwa yankin Sigmaringen a Jamus kuma ya zama memba na gwamnatin Vichy mai gudun hijira a can. Ya rasu a watan Fabrairun 1945 lokacin da mayakan kawance suka makale da motarsa yayin da yake kan hanyarsa daga Mainau zuwa Sigmaringen. An binne shi a Mengen.

Ayyuka a kan 'yan sanda

Wani 'Yan sanda na Faransa da ke kula da Yahudawa da aka tsare a sansanin Drancysansanin fursunoni na Drancy

Bayan 'Yanci, waɗanda suka tsira daga sansanin horo a Drancy sun fara shari'a game da gendarmes da ake zargi da kasancewa masu haɗaka da Nazis. An fara gudanar da bincike a kan jami'an Jandarma 15, wadanda 10 daga cikinsu an zarge su a Kotun Koli ta Seine da laifin yin barazana ga tsaron jihar. Uku sun gudu kafin a fara shari'ar. Sauran bakwai din sun ce suna bin umarni ne kawai, duk da shaidu da yawa da kuma bayanan wadanda suka tsira daga zaluncin su.

Kotun ta yanke hukunci a ranar 22 ga Maris 1947 cewa bakwai ɗin sun yi laifi amma yawancin sun gyara kansu "ta hanyar shiga aiki, masu amfani da ci gaba, miƙa wa Resistance da abokan gaba." An kuma daure wasu biyun shekaru biyu a gidan yari kuma an yanke musu hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar. Bayan shekara guda aka yi musu jinkiri.

Shigar da gwamnati

Shekaru da yawa gwamnatin Faransa ta ki neman gafara saboda rawar da 'yan sanda na Faransa suka taka a cikin taron ko kuma hadin kan jihar. De Gaulle da sauransu sun yi jayayya cewa an rushe Jamhuriyar Faransa lokacin da Philippe Pétain ya kafa sabuwar Jiha ta Faransa a lokacin yakin kuma An sake kafa Jamhuriyar bayan ''Yanci'. Saboda haka, ba Jamhuriyar ta nemi gafara ba ne saboda abubuwan da suka faru da jihar da Faransa ba ta amince da ita ba. Shugaba François Mitterrand ya sake jaddada wannan matsayi a cikin jawabin Satumba 1994.

Suna son Jamhuriyar, suna son Faransa ta yi kasa a gwiwa, ta nemi afuwar laifin Vichy. To, wannan,... Ba zan taɓa yarda da shi ba domin a tarihi ba daidai ba ne. Maganar gaskiya ita ce, a ranar 10 ga Yuli, 1940, Jamhuriyar ta mika wa Marshal Pétain takardar shaidar da ba ta da tushe, ba tare da sanin abin da zai yi da ikon da ya ke karba ba. Kuma a ranar 11 ga Yuli, ya kawar da duk wani nau'i na mulki na Jamhuriyar. Don haka jamhuriyar ba ta da wata alaka da abin da ya faru daga ranar 11 ga watan Yuli zuwa ‘yantar da kasar. Vichy tsarin mulki ne na bazata wanda ya wanzu kawai saboda makiya.

— François Mitterrand

A ranar 16 ga Yulin 1995, sabon zababben shugaban Gaullist, Jacques Chirac, ya sauya wannan matsayi, yana mai cewa lokaci ya yi da Faransa ta fuskanci abubuwan da suka gabata. Ya amince da irin rawar da "Daular Faransa" ta taka wajen musgunawa Yahudawa da wasu a lokacin yakin.

Yana da wahala a ambaci su, saboda waɗannan sa'o'i masu duhu suna ƙazantar tarihinmu har abada, kuma suna ɓata wa rayuwarmu da al'adunmu. Haka ne, faransanci, da Gwamnatin Faransa sun goyi bayan hauka mai mulkin mallaka. Shekaru hamsin da uku da suka gabata, a ranar 16 ga Yuli 1942, 'yan sanda 450 da' yan sanda na Faransa, a karkashin ikon shugabanninsu, sun cika bukatun Nazi. A wannan rana, a babban birnin da yankin Paris, kusan maza, mata da yara dubu goma na Yahudawa an kama su a gidajensu da sassafe, kuma an tara su a ofisoshin 'yan sanda. ... Faransa, ƙasar Haske da 'Yancin Dan Adam, ƙasar karɓar baƙi da mafaka, Faransa, a wannan rana, ta cika abin da ba za a iya gyarawa ba. Ba ta cika alkawarinta ba, sai ta ba da mutanen da take kula da su ga masu azabtar da su. ("Waɗannan sa'o'in baƙar fata za su lalata tarihinmu har abada kuma suna da rauni ga abubuwan da suka gabata da al'adunmu. Haka ne, faransanci sun taimaka wa mahaukaciyar mai mamayewa. Shekaru hamsin da uku da suka gabata, a ranar 16 ga Yuli 1942, 'yan sanda da' yan sanda 450 na Faransa, a ƙarƙashin ikon shugabanninsu, sun yi biyayya ga bukatun Nazis. A wannan rana, a babban birnin da yankin Paris, kusan 10,000 Yahudawa maza, mata da yara an kama su a gida, a farkon safiya, kuma sun taru a gidan, kuma sun kare su, sun kare su. 

Don bikin cika shekaru 70 na zagaye na Vél d'Hiv, shugaba François Hollande ya ba da jawabi a wurin tunawa da ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2012. Shugaban ya fahimci cewa wannan taron wani laifi ne da aka aikata "a Faransa, da Faransa ta yi," kuma ya jaddada cewa korar da 'yan sandan Faransa suka shiga, laifuka ne da suka sabawa dabi'u, ka'idoji, da manufofin Faransa.

Da'awar da aka yi a baya na cewa gwamnatin Faransa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu wasu haramtacciyar kungiya ce da Marine Le Pen shugabar jam'iyyar National Front ta sake yi a lokacin yakin neman zabe na 2017. A cikin jawabai, ta yi ikirarin cewa gwamnatin Vichy "ba Faransa ba ce".

A ranar 16 ga watan Yulin 2017, kuma a bikin tunawa da wadanda suka mutu a zagaye na biyu, shugaba Emmanuel Macron ya yi tir da rawar da kasarsa ta taka a kisan kiyashi da sake fasalin tarihi wanda ya musanta alhakin Faransa na zagaye na 1942 da kuma korar Yahudawa 13,000 daga baya. "Hakika Faransa ce ta shirya wannan [taron]", in ji shi, 'yan sandan Faransa suna hada kai da Nazis. Ya kara da cewa, "Ba wani Bajamushe ko daya da ya shiga ba." Chirac ya riga ya bayyana cewa gwamnati a lokacin yakin tana wakiltar kasar Faransa. Macron ya fi takamaiman wannan bangaren: "Yana da kyau a ga mulkin Vichy kamar yadda aka haife shi daga komai, ya koma komai. Haka ne, yana da kyau, amma karya ne. Ba za mu iya gina alfahari a kan ƙarya ba. "

Macron ya yi tsokaci a hankali game da uzurin da Chirac ya yi a shekarar 1995 lokacin da ya kara da cewa, "Na sake fada a nan. Hakika Faransa ce ta shirya zagaye, korar, kuma ta haka, kusan duka, mutuwa."

Abubuwan tunawa da abubuwan tunawa

Paris

Alamar tunawa da wadanda aka kashe 8,160 da aka gudanar a Vel' d'Hiv bayan 16-17 Yuli 1942 da aka tara Yahudawa a Paris. An kaddamar da shi a ranar 20 ga Yulin 2008, takardar tana fuskantar tashar metro ta Bir-Hakeim a Boulevard de Grenelle [fr] a cikin (15th arrondissement na Paris), 'yan mita daga shafin tsohon Vel d'Hiv

Wuta ta lalata wani yanki na Vélodrome d'Hiver a shekara ta 1959 kuma an ruguza sauran ginin. Wani katafaren gidaje da wani gini mallakar ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida sun tsaya a wurin. An sanya plaque mai alamar Vel' d'Hiv' Roundup akan ginin waƙar bayan Yaƙin kuma ya koma 8 boulevard de Grenelle a 1959.

A ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 1993, Shugaba François Mitterrand ya ba da umarnin gina wani abin tunawa a shafin. Yana tsaye yanzu a kan tushe mai laushi, don wakiltar hanyar zagaye, a gefen quai de Grenelle. Ayyukan masanin zane-zane ne na Poland Walter Spitzer da masanin gine-gine Mario Azagury. Iyalin Spitzer sun tsira daga korar zuwa Auschwitz. Hoton yana wakiltar duk wadanda aka kwashe amma musamman wadanda ke cikin Vel' d'Hiv'. Hotunan sun hada da yara, mace mai ciki da kuma mutumin da ba shi da lafiya. Kalmomin da ke kan abin tunawa na zamanin Mitterrand har yanzu suna nuna bambanci tsakanin Jamhuriyar Faransa da Gwamnatin Vichy da ta yi mulki a lokacin WW II, don haka ba su yarda da alhakin Jiha na tara Yahudawa ba. Kalmomin suna cikin Faransanci: "La République française en hommage aux victimes des persécutions racistes et antisémites et des crimes contre l'humanité commis sous l'autorité de fait dite 'gouvernement de l'État français" (1940-1944) N"oublions jamais", wanda aka fassara kamar haka: "Jamhuriyar Faransa ta girmama wadanda ke fama da tsanantawa da wariyar launin fata da kuma adawa da Yahudawa da laifuka da aka aikata a karkashin ikon da ake kira 'Gwamnatin Jihar Faransa' a ranar 17 ga watan Yulin 1994. Ana gudanar da bikin tunawa a nan a kowace shekara a watan Yuli.

An sanya takardar tunawa don tunawa da wadanda aka kashe a harin Vel' d'Hiv' a Paris Metro)">Tashar Bir-Hakeim na Paris Métro a ranar 20 ga Yuli 2008. Jean-Marie Bockel, Sakataren Tsaro da Harkokin Tsohon Sojoji ne ya jagoranci bikin, kuma Simone Veil, wanda aka kwashe kuma tsohon minista, mai fafutukar adawa da Nazi Beate Klarsfeld, da kuma manyan mutane da yawa sun halarta.

Rashin ƙarfi

Wani motar jirgin kasa da aka yi amfani da ita don ɗaukar fursunoni zuwa Auschwitz kuma yanzu ana nuna shi a Drancy

An kuma gina wani abin tunawa a 1976 a sansanin Drancy, bayan gasar zane da Shelomo Selinger ya lashe. Yana tsaye kusa da motar dogo na irin wanda aka yi amfani da shi don kai fursunoni zuwa sansanonin mutuwa. Yana da tubalan uku da suka samar da wasikar Ibrananci Shin, wanda aka rubuta a kan Mezuzah a ƙofar gidajen da Yahudawa ke zaune. Sauran tubalan biyu suna wakiltar ƙofofin mutuwa. Shelomo Selinger ya ce game da aikinsa: "Tsakiyar tsakiya ta ƙunshi adadi 10, adadin da ake buƙata don addu'a ta gaba ɗaya (Minyan). Harafin Ibrananci guda biyu Lamed da Vav an kafa su ne da gashi, hannu da gemu na mutane biyu a saman siffar. Waɗannan haruffa suna da lambobi 36, yawan masu adalci godiya ga waɗanda duniya ta wanzu bisa ga al'adar Yahudawa. "

A ranar 25 ga Mayu 2001, cité de la Muette - sunan hukuma na ɗakunan Drancy - an ayyana shi a matsayin abin tunawa na kasa ta ministan al'adu, Catherine Tasca.

An buɗe sabon gidan kayan gargajiya na tunawa da Shoah a cikin 2012 a gaban abin tunawa da zane-zane da motar jirgin ƙasa ta Shugaba François Hollande. Ya ba da cikakkun bayanai game da tsananta wa Yahudawa a Faransa da kuma abubuwan tunawa da fursunoni da yawa kafin a kore su zuwa Auschwitz da mutuwarsu. Sun haɗa da saƙonnin da aka rubuta a bangon, rubutun, kofuna masu sha da sauran kayan mutum da fursunoni suka bari, wasu daga cikinsu an rubuta su da sunayen masu su. Gidan bene kuma yana nuna canjin fuskokin fursunoni da sunaye, a matsayin abin tunawa da ɗaurin su sannan kuma kisan da Jamusawa suka yi, tare da taimakon 'yan sanda na Faransa.

Mai binciken Holocaust Serge Klarsfeld ya ce a shekara ta 2004: "Drancy shine wuri mafi sananne ga kowa da kowa na ƙwaƙwalwar Shoah a Faransa; a cikin kabari na Yad Vashem (Jerusalem), inda aka zana duwatsu tare da sunayen sanannun sansanonin Yahudawa da hallakawa, Drancy shine kawai wurin ƙwaƙwalwa a Faransa don nunawa. "

Hotunan fina-finai da littattafai

• [Hasiya] ICH BIN tare da tallafi daga Fondation Hippocrène da kuma daga Hukumar EACEA ta Hukumar Tarayyar Turai (Shirin Turai don 'yan ƙasa - Tunawa da Turai mai aiki), RTBF, VRT.
• William Karel, 1992. Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha.
• An samo asali ne daga littafin nan The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Sabuwar fitowar Annette da Manek Muller, La petite fille du Vel' d'Hiv, Publisher Cercil, Orléans, 2009, gabatarwa ta Serge Klarsfeld, kyautar Lutèce (Shaidar).
• Tatiana na Rosnay, Sarah's Key (novel), littafi: St. Martin's Press, 2007, (kuma Fim na 2010) ISBN 978-0-312-37083-1

Abubuwan da suka faru sun samar da tsarin:

• [Hasiya] Fim din Faransa wanda Michel Mitrani ya jagoranta.
• Mista Klein, 1976 Fim din Faransa wanda Joseph Losey ya jagoranta, wanda aka harbe yawancin su a wurin. Fim din ya lashe lambar yabo ta César ta 1977 a cikin rukunin fina-finai mafi kyau, Darakta mafi kyau, da Tsarin samarwa mafi kyau.
• Filin wasa na hunturu, 2001. Littafin Juana Salabert wanda ya lashe kyautar 2001 Premio Biblioteca Breve .
• The Round Up (La Rafle), 2010. Fim din Faransa wanda Roselyne Bosch ya jagoranta Ruwa Alain Goldman ya samar da shi.
• Sarautar Sarauta, 2010. Fim din Faransa wanda Gilles Paquet-Brenner ya jagoranta kuma Stéphane Marsil ya samar da shi.

Dubi kuma

• Gyara (adalci na canji)
• Kisan kiyashi a Faransa
• Jerin lokaci na korar Yahudawa na Faransa zuwa sansanin mutuwa
• Babban Tarayyar Isra'ilawa na Faransa
• Vichy Faransa