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Vizier

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Vizier
position (en) Fassara, noble title (en) Fassara da historical position (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na minista
Ƙasa Daular Usmaniyya

A Vizier (/ˈvɪziər/;[1] Larabci: وزير, an fassara shi zuwa romanized: wazīr; Farisa: وزیر, an fassara shi zuwa romanized: vazīr) babban mai ba da shawara ne na siyasa ko minista a ƙasashen "babban Farisa".[2] Halifofin Abbas sun ba wa wani minista da ake kira katib (sakatare) lakabin wazir, wanda da farko kawai mataimaki ne amma daga baya ya zama wakili da magajin dapir (magatakarda ko sakatare na hukuma) na sarakunan Sassani.[3]

A cikin amfani na zamani, an yi amfani da kalmar ga ministoci gwamnati a yawancin Gabas ta Tsakiya da bayan. Ana amfani da wasu maganganu da yawa a cikin Turanci, kamar su vizir, wazir, da vezir.

Tarin Vizier na iya gabatar da Babban Vizier, a cikin wayewarsu.

Magana

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Vizier na iya samo asali ne daga Larabci wazara (lit. ''), daga Tushen Semitic W-Z-R . An ambaci kalmar a cikin Alkur'ani, inda aka bayyana Haruna a matsayin wazir (mai taimakawa) na Musa, da kuma kalmar wizr (nauyi) wanda kuma ya samo asali ne daga wannan tushen. Daga baya aka karbe shi a matsayin lakabi, a cikin nau'in wazīr āl Muḥammad (lit. 'Mai ba da agaji na Iyali na Muhammadu') ta shugabannin proto-Shi'a al-Mukhtar da Abu Salama . [1] A karkashin Khalifancin Abbasid, kalmar ta sami ma'anar "wakilin" ko "mataimakin".[1]

Wani yiwuwar shi ne cewa kalma ce Dan Iran, daga Fushi Pahlavi na vičir, wanda da farko yana da ma'anar doka, 'umurni', da umarni, amma daga baya kamar yadda amfani da shi a Dinkard ya nuna, ya zo yana nufin 'Alƙali' ko majistare.[2] Arthur Jeffery ya ɗauki kalmar a matsayin "mai kyau na Iran", saboda tana da tushe mai kyau a cikin Harshen Avestan.[2] Pahlavi vičir, a zahiri daga Avestan vīčira ne, wanda ke nufin yanke shawara.[2] Wannan tushen Avestan yana bayan fasalin Farisa ta zamani wanda shine Poti wanda ke nufin alƙali. Wannan asalin yana tallafawa - daga cikin sauran masana kimiyya - ta hanyar Johnny Cheung, Ernest David Klein [3] da Richard Nelson Frye [4] .

Diwan na hunturu na Mughal Vizier

Ofishin vizier ya tashi ne a karkashin Khalifancin Abbasid na farko, kuma ya bazu a duk faɗin duniyar musulmi.[1]

Vizier ya tsaya tsakanin mai mulki da talakawa, yana wakiltar tsohon a duk al'amuran da suka shafi na ƙarshe.[1] Masanin ilimin Shari'a na ƙarni na 11 al-Mawardi ya bayyana nau'ikan viziers guda biyu: wazīr al-tanfīdh ("vizier na kisa"), wanda ke da iyakantaccen iko kuma ya yi aiki don aiwatar da manufofin Khalifa, da kuma mafi iko wazīr al-tafwīd ("vizier tare da ikon wakilci"), tare da iko kan harkokin farar hula da soja, kuma yana jin daɗin irin wannan iko kamar Khalifa, sai dai a batun maye gurbin ko nadin jami'ai.[1] Al-Mawardi ya jaddada cewa na ƙarshe, a matsayin mataimakin sarki mai tasiri, dole ne ya zama Musulmi da ya san Shari'a, yayin da tsohon zai iya zama wanda ba Musulmi ba ko ma bawa, kodayake mata sun ci gaba da hana su daga ofishin.[1]

A tarihi, an yi amfani da kalmar don bayyana hanyoyi biyu daban-daban: ko dai don matsayi na musamman, Firayim Minista a kan shugaban gwamnatin sarki (kalmar Grand Vizier koyaushe tana nufin irin wannan mukamin), ko kuma a matsayin 'yan majalisa', kamar sakataren jihar Burtaniya. Idan daya daga cikin irin wannan vizier shine Firayim Minista, yana iya riƙe da taken Grand Vizier ko wani lakabi.

A cikin jihohin Musulunci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Hoton Amir Kabir, Vazir na Naser al-Din Shah Qajar (Daular Qajar)
  • An fara amfani da taken ne a farkon Khalifancin Abbasid, cf. Vizier (Abbasid Caliphate) .
  • A cikin Musulmi Farisa, Firayim Minista a ƙarƙashin ikon siyasa na Shahanshah ana kiransa Vazīr-e Azam ('Mafi Girma -, watau Babban Vizier'; wasu lakabi sun haɗa da Atabeg-e Azum da Sardār-e Azim), da Ministoci daban-daban da ke da matsayi na majalisa a matsayin Vazir, gami da Vazir-i-Daftar (ministan kudi) da Vazir-i-Lashkar (fadarwar).
  • A cikin al-Andalus, Khalifancin Umayyad na Córdoba sun nada adadin viziers, a matsayin shugabannin sassan a cikin bureaucracy, ministoci tare da takamaiman ayyuka, da kuma masu ba da shawara na sarauta; a wani lokaci, a cikin 1008, akwai kusan 29 viziers a lokaci guda. Ba kamar gabashin Musulunci ba, babban ofishin jihar Umayyad shine na chamberlain (hajib). [5] A karkashin Masarautun Taifa taken ya karu kuma ya zama taken kotu.[5] A lokacin Umayyads na baya, an kuma nada viziers a waje da babban birnin a matsayin gwamnonin lardin ko kwamandoji, aikin da ya ci gaba har zuwa faduwar Masarautar Granada a karni na 15. Kalmar Mutanen Espanya alguacil (gwamna, jami'in da ke da ayyukan farar hula ko na laifi) ta samo asali ne daga wannan.[5]
  • A cikin Musulmi Masar, ƙasar Larabawa mafi yawan jama'a: Vizier a ƙarƙashin Fatimid Caliphs . Har ila yau tun ƙarshen mulkin Ottoman, mai ban mamaki tun 1857 (watau kafin Wali na ƙarshe (gwamna), Isma Chanil Pasha, an tashe shi Khedive (kimanin Mataimakin Sarkin, a ranar 8 ga Yuni 1867), an musayar shi ga Firayim Ministocin Yamma a ranar 28 ga Agusta 1878 (kafin a ayyana mulkin mallaka mai zaman kansa).
    • Vizier a karkashin Fatimid Caliphs .
    • Har ila yau tun ƙarshen mulkin Ottoman, mai ban mamaki tun 1857 (watau kafin Wali na ƙarshe (gwamna), Isma Chanil Pasha, an tashe shi Khedive (kimanin Mataimakin Sarkin, a ranar 8 ga Yuni 1867), an musayar shi ga Firayim Ministocin Yamma a ranar 28 ga Agusta 1878 (kafin a ayyana mulkin mallaka mai zaman kansa).
  • A zamanin Daular Ottoman, Babban Vizier shine - sau da yawa mai mulki - Firayim Minista, na biyu kawai ga Sultan kuma shine shugaban Divan, Majalisar Imperial. "Vizier" kuma shine taken wasu gwamnonin lardunan Ottoman, kamar a Bosnia da Herzegovina, inda amfani da taken sau da yawa yana nuna babban matsayi na cin gashin kai ga lardin da ke ciki da kuma mafi girman matsayi na mai riƙe da taken (wannan shine, alal misali, babban batun a cikin Tashin hankali na Bosnia na 1831). Har ila yau, yawancin viziers sun fito ne daga Bosnia da Herzegovina, Serbia, da sauran ƙasashe da kuma kabilun daban-daban.
  • A cikin mulkin Sherifi na Maroko (a tarihi sultanate har sai wanda ke mulki ya ɗauki mafi girman salon sarauta na Malik a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta 1957, jim kadan bayan ƙarshen masu kariya na Faransa da Mutanen Espanya; ƙarin taken Islama Amir al-Mu'minin "Kwamandan Mai Aminci" ya kasance ana amfani dashi), Sadr al-A'zam (Babban Vizier) ya kasance a ofis har zuwa 22 ga Nuwamba 1955, an maye gurbinsa tun daga 7 ga Disamba 1955 Firayim Minista (sashi na siyasa) don wasu lakabi daban-daban.
  • A cikin Adal Sultanate da ke cikin Horn of Africa .
  • A cikin Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz (daga baya ya haɗu da Saudi Arabia ta yanzu), Vizier guda ɗaya shine (10 Yuni 1916 - 3 Oktoba 1924) sarki na biyu na gaba Ali ibn Hussein al-Hashimi, a ƙarƙashin mahaifinsa Hussein ibn Ali al-Hashima (na farko da ya ɗauki taken Malik, watau Sarki, maimakon Babban Shari'a), wanda aka kiyaye bayan ƙaddamar da salon Khalifa (kawai 11 Maris 1924 - 3 Oktoba 1924). –  –
  • A cikin 'regency' na Tunisiya, a ƙarƙashin Daular Husainid, ministoci daban-daban na Bey, ciki har da: Wazir al-Akbar (ko El Ouzir El Kébir): 'babban minista', watau babban vizier, babban minista ko Firayim Minista. Wazir al-'Amala (ko El Ouzir El Amala): Ministan Cikin Gida. Wazir al-Bahr (ko El Ouzir El Bahr): Ministan 'na Tekun', watau na Sojan Ruwa / Marine. Wazir al-Harb (ko El Ouzir El Harb): Ministan Sojoji ko Ministan Yakin. Wazir al-Istishara (ko El Ouzir El Istichara): Minista-Mai ba da shawara. Wazir al-Qalam: Ministan Pen. Wazir ud-Daula (ko El Ouzir El Dawla): Ministan Jiha. Wazir us-Shura (ko El Ouzir Ech Choura): Mai ba da shawara.
    • Wazir al-Akbar (ko El Uzir El Kébir): 'babban minista', watau babban vizier, babban minista ko Firayim Minista.
    • Wazir al-'Amala (ko El Ouzir El Amala): Ministan Cikin Gida.
    • Wazir al-Bahr (ko El Ouzir El Bahr): Ministan 'na Tekun', watau na Sojan Ruwa / Marine.
    • Wazir al-Harb (ko El Ouzir El Harb): Ministan Sojoji ko Ministan Yakin.
    • Wazir al-Istishara (ko El Ouzir El Istichara): Minista-Mai ba da shawara.
    • Wazir al-Qalam: Ministan Pen.
    • Wazir ud-Daula (ko El Ouzir El Dawla): Ministan Jiha.
    • Wazir us-Shura (ko El Ouzir Ech Choura): Mai ba da shawara.
  • A Oman babban ministan Hami / Sultan an kira shi Wazir har zuwa 1966, amma a cikin 1925-1932 akwai kuma ko a maimakon haka shugaban majalisar Ministoci; tun daga 1970 salon shine Firayim Minista.
  • A cikin Bengal Sultanate, jami'an gida da yawa suna da taken Wazir / Uzir
  • Viziers zuwa Sultans na Zanzibar (reshe na daular Omani); tun daga 1890 ya cika da Birtaniya, wanda aka fi sani da ministoci na farko, (1 ga Yuli 1913 - 23 ga Fabrairu 1961) mazaunin Burtaniya (Minista) s, wani nau'i na kai tsaye na mulkin kai tsaye (kafin da bayan shugaban- ko Firayim Ministoci, gabaɗaya 'yan asalin ƙasar). –
  • Grand Viziers zuwa Sultan na Sokoto - duk da haka, wannan ana jayayya. Taken "Waziri" a bayyane yake ya samo asali ne daga wannan kalmar, kuma lakabi ne mai daraja sosai a mafi yawan arewacin Najeriya. Lalle ne, yawancin sarakuna a arewacin Najeriya suna da "Waziri", wanda yawanci babban mai ba da shawara ne ga sarkin.
  • A cikin mulkin mallaka da mulkin mallaka (musamman na Burtaniya) Indiya da yawa sarakuna, har ma da wasu sarakunan Hindu, suna da vizier a matsayin babban minista - kwatanta Diwan, Nawab wasir, Pradhan, da sauransu.
  • A cikin (tsohon) sultanate na Maldives (harshe na Divehi), Firayim Minista an kira shi Bodu Vizier, kuma Ministoci daban-daban sun rike mukamin ministoci a matsayin Vauderin (jama'a), gami da Hakura'a (fayyadadden Ayyukan Jama'a), Shahbandar (fayyadaddun Sojan Ruwa, kuma admiral a matsayin shugaban), Vela'ana'a (Hamuran Kasashen Waje).
  • A Afghanistan, a ƙarƙashin daular Durrani, babban ministan an kira shi Vazīr-e Azam ko Wazir-i-azam (1801-1880); Vazīr -e Darbār ko Wazir al-durbar shine ('House') Ministan Kotun Sarauta.
  • Jerin masu Viziers na Ghaznavid
  • A cikin Mataram Sultanate da kuma sultanates na gaba, wazir ya kasance babban minista ga sultan.
  • A cikin Daular Durrani, an nada wazirs da yawa a kan sarakuna daban-daban.

Matsayin katin wasa

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A cikin katunan Ganjifa, vizier Ƙari" id="mwAd8" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Face card">katin fuska ne wanda ke riƙe da matsayi na biyu mafi girma a cikin suit, bayan sarki. A cikin Mamluk Kanjifa, akwai matsayi biyu na vizier: na farko vizier (na'ib malik), da na biyu vizier (n'ib thani). Lokacin da aka gabatar da Mamluk Kanjifa zuwa Turai, an canza matsayi biyu zuwa jarumi da ƙwarewa a cikin Katunan wasa na Latin, da kuma cikin ober da unter a cikin katun wasa na Swiss- da Jamusanci. Mai yiwuwa mai kunnawa ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a farkon wasannin katin wasa kamar yadda kalmar Larabci don mai kunnawa (na'ib) ya zama daidai da sunan don kunna katunan a cikin Renaissane na Italiya (naibi) har ma a Spain a yau (naipes).

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Zaman 2002.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named jeffery
  3. ↑ "vizier". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2017-07-22.
  4. ↑ R. A. Nicholson, A Literary History of the Arabs, p. 257
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Carmona 2002.
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