Vizier (Abbasid Caliphate)
 Vizier (Abbasid Caliphate) | |
|---|---|
position (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | Vizier |
| Ƙasa | Daular Abbasiyyah |
Vizier (Larabci: وزير, wanda aka fassara zuwa roman: wazīr) shine babban ministan Khalifancin Abbas, kuma ya kafa wani tsari wanda aka yi koyi da shi sosai a duniyar Musulmi. Mutane da yawa masu wa'azi sun sami iko mai yawa, har ma a wasu lokutan suna mamaye khalifofin Abbas suna amfani da su a matsayin 'yan tsana. Yawancin masu wa'azi ba asalin Larabawa ba ne, kuma da yawa daga cikinsu sun kasance masu kula da mawaka da malamai, suna tallafawa Harkar Fassara da ayyukan addini.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kalmar wazīr da farko tana nufin 'mai taimako', kuma ta bayyana a wannan ma'anar a cikin Alkur'ani. Daga baya aka karbe shi a matsayin lakabi, a cikin nau'in wazīr āl Muḥammad (lit. 'Mai ba da agaji na Iyali na Muhammadu') ta shugabannin proto-Shi'a al-Mukhtar da Abu Salama. [1] A karkashin Khalifancin Abbasid, kalmar ta sami ma'anar 'wakilin' ko 'mataimakin'. [1]
Lokacin farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Takamaiman asalin ofishin vizier ba a bayyane yake ba. Wasu masana tarihi sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a gano shi zuwa ayyukan kafin Islama a Farisa ta Sasanian (cf. wuzurg framadār), amma wasu sun jaddada juyin halitta mai zaman kansa a duniyar Larabawa-Islama, daga matsayin marubucin sakatare (kātib) zuwa na mai ba da shawara na sarauta.[1] Wannan al'amari ya kara rikitarwa ta hanyar amfani da kalmar ga jami'an Abbasid na farko da masana tarihi suka yi daga baya. Bugu da kari, masana tarihi galibi suna amfani da kalmar ga manyan ministocin da ba su rike mukamin ba.[1]
Na farko da ya rike taken na iya zama Ya'qub ibn Dawud a karkashin Khalifa al-Mahdi (r. 775-785). [1] Tarihin farko na ofishin ya mamaye dangin Barmakid na Iran, wanda ke da iko mara misaltuwa a lokacin mafi yawan mulkin Harun al-Rashid (r. 786-809). Barmakids sun bambanta kansu da ikonsu, karimci, da kuma girman goyon bayansu, amma galibi ana tunawa da su saboda faduwarsu ta kwatsam a cikin 803, watakila yayin da Khalifa ya ji barazanar ikonsu.[1]
A lokacin yakin basasa tsakanin 'ya'yan Harun al-Rashid al-Amin (r. 809-813) da al-Ma'mun (r. 813-833), viziers biyu sun taka muhimmiyar rawa. Al-Fadl ibn al-Rabi, wanda ya yi aiki da Harun al-Rashid a matsayin vizier, yana daga cikin manyan muryoyi wajen shawo kan al-Amin ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da ɗan'uwansa wanda ya haifar da barkewar yakin basasa.[1] A gefe guda, al-Ma'mun ya dogara da wanda ya fi so, al-Fadl ibn Sahl, tsohon mai kula da Barmakid, wanda ya zama mai iko bayan nasarar al-Ma-mun kuma sunansa ya bayyana har ma a tsabar kudi, tare da salon Dhu'l-Ri'āsatayn ('Shi ne na Shugabannin Biyu'), yana nuna ikonsa a kan harkokin farar hula da soja.[1]
Ikon Ibn Sahl ya haifar da kisan kai a cikin 818, kuma bayan haka, al-Ma'mun ya yi hankali kada ya ba da damar kowane jami'in ya sami irin wannan iko mai yawa. Ga mafi yawan mulkinsa, shi ne shugaban qāḍī, Ahmad ibn Abi Du'ad, wanda shine mafi tasiri a cikin gwamnati, wanda ya haifar da babbar gasa tsakanin wannan da viziers na lokacin.[1]
Rikicin daular Abbasid da kuma iyakar vizierate
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Gabatar da sojojin bayi na Turkiyya (ghilmān) ta magajin al-Ma'mun al-Mu'tasim (r. 833-842), da kuma ikon da suka tara da sauri, ya haifar da kishiya tsakanin kwamandojin Turkiyya da farar hula kan kula da kudaden shiga. [1][2] Raguwa da rarraba yankuna na daular Abbasid bayan "Anarchy a Samarra" a cikin 860s, kuma buƙatar gaggawa don samun kudaden shiga ya haifar da ba da izini ga masana na kudi, musamman manyan iyalai biyu na Banu'l-Furat da Banu' l-Jarrah, waɗanda suka fito a lokacin Khalifancin al-Mu'tadid (r. 892-902) kuma tsakanin su sun mamaye vizierate da gwamnatin Abbasid sama da ƙarni. [1] [2][2][3]
Shekaru tsakanin 908 da 936 sun nuna alamar ikon vizieral, lokacin da masanin tarihin zamani na Abbasid vizierate, Dominique Sourdel, ya kira shi "grande époque".[1] Koyaya, wannan lokacin kuma ya kasance alama ce ta mummunan kishiya tsakanin Banu'l-Furat da Banu' l-Jarrah, da abokan cinikin su, wanda ya ci gaba zuwa mummunan rabuwa: faduwar wani vizier daga ƙungiya ɗaya yana nufin korar dukkan ƙananan jami'an wannan ƙungiya, sannan sabon ƙungiya mai tasowa ya ƙare da azabtar da waɗanda suka riga su don cire kuɗi, bisa ga al'adar da aka kafa da ake kira muṣādara.[1][3]
Kungiyoyin biyu sun wakilci bangarori daban-daban a cikin gwagwarmayar neman ofis da iko, amma akwai alamun abin da za a iya kira "bambance na akidar": yawancin iyalai na Banu'l-Jarrah sun fito ne daga iyalai masu tuba na Nestorian kuma sun yi amfani da Kiristoci a cikin aikin gwamnati, ban da kiyaye kusanci da sojoji, yayin da Banu'el-Furat ya yi ƙoƙari ya sanya iko da farar hula na sojoji kuma - ba a bayyane ba - ya fi son Shi'ism.[1][1] Manyan mutane na wannan lokacin Shi'a da bambanci sosai a cikin tushe: Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat an san shi da cin hanci da rashawa da zalunci, da kuma gazawarsa na fuskantar Karmatians, yayin da abokin hamayyarsa, Ali ibn Isa ibn al-Jarrah, ana tunawa da shi a duniya a matsayin "mai kyau vizier" a tarihin Larabci.[1]
Rushewar daular Abbasid da kuma lokacin da ya biyo baya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A ƙarshe, viziers ba su iya dakatar da faduwar jihar Abbasid ba. Rashin larduna, tare da raguwar yawan aiki na Sawad, ya rage kudaden shiga da ake samu don biyan kuɗin da kotun Khalifa ke kashewa da kuma buƙatar biyan sojoji, yayin da cin hanci da rashawa da fadace-fadace a cikin gwamnati sun hana gwamnati da kuma kokarin sake fasalin.[2] Wadannan dalilai sun haɗu don rushe gwamnatin Abbasid, wanda ya haifar da nadin, a cikin 936, na wani soja mai karfi, Ibn Ra'iq, zuwa matsayin amīr al-umarāʾ, haɗuwa da ikon farar hula na vizier tare da na babban kwamandan soja.[1][2] Wannan ya kawo karshen ikon Khalifanci, ya rage su zuwa kawai; a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, jerin manyan sojoji sun yi gasa don nadin ga taken amīr al-umarāʾ da kuma kula da Khalifanci. Wannan tsari ya ƙare a cikin kama Baghdad a cikin 946 da Buyids, waɗanda suka kawo ƙarshen 'yancin kai na Khalifa har ma da suna.[1][2]
Bayan 946, Khalifancin Abbasid sun ci gaba da samun nasu viziers, amma shi ne viziers na sabon daular da suka mamaye Iraki, Buyids, kuma daga baya Seljuks, wanda ke amfani da iko na gaske. Wadannan sun samar da fitattun mutane kamar Abu'l-Fadl ibn al-Amid da Nizam al-Mulk.[1] A karkashin Buyids, hakika, Khalifan ba su da wani vizier kwata-kwata, amma kawai 'sakatare' (kātib), kodayake tarihin sau da yawa ba sa nuna bambanci; har zuwa mulkin al-Qa'im (r. 1031-1075) cewa manyan ministocin Khalifan sun ɗauki taken vizier.[4] Bayan faduwar Seljuks a farkon karni na 12 da kuma farfadowar ikon mulkin mallaka na Abbasid, wanda ya sake zama sarki a kan Iraki, Abbasid vizierate ya sake farfadowa, a hannun mutane kamar Awn al-Din ibn Hubayra da dansa Izz al-Din.[1]