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Vuk Karadžić

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Vuk Karadžić
Mayor of Belgrade (en) Fassara

Rayuwa
Haihuwa Tršić (en) Fassara, 26 Oktoba 1787 (Julian)
ƙasa Daular Usmaniyya
Principality of Serbia (en) Fassara
Mutuwa Vienna, 26 ga Janairu, 1864
Makwanci St. Michael's Cathedral (en) Fassara
St. Marx Cemetery (en) Fassara
Ƴan uwa
Abokiyar zama Ana Karadžić (en) Fassara  (28 ga Janairu, 1818 -
Yara
Karatu
Makaranta Gymnasium of Karlovci (en) Fassara
Harsuna Jamusanci
Serbian (en) Fassara
Sana'a
Sana'a linguist (en) Fassara, Masanin tarihi, mai aikin fassara, marubuci, Bible translator (en) Fassara, Mai wanzar da zaman lafiya, collector of fairy tales (en) Fassara, anthropologist (en) Fassara, philologist (en) Fassara, ethnographer (en) Fassara da folklorist (en) Fassara
Employers University of Belgrade (en) Fassara
Wanda ya ja hankalinsa Sava Mrkalj (en) Fassara
Mamba Society of Serbian Letters (en) Fassara
Russian Academy of Sciences (en) Fassara
Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences (en) Fassara
Towarzystwo Naukowe Krakowskie (en) Fassara
Imani
Addini Serbian Orthodox Church (en) Fassara

Vuk Stefanović Karadžić ( Serbian Cyrillic ,sh ; 6 Nuwamba 1787 (26 Oktoba OS) – 7 ga Fabrairu 1864) masanin ilimin falsafa ɗan Serbia ne, masanin ilimin ɗan adam kuma masanin harshe . Ya kasance daya daga cikin muhimman masu gyara harshen Serbia na zamani . [1] [2] [3] [4] Don tarinsa da adana tatsuniyoyi na Serbia, Encyclopædia Britannica ya lakafta Karadžić "mahaifin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun wallafe-wallafen Serbia ." [5] Shi ne kuma marubucin ƙamus na farko na Serbia a cikin sabon harshe da aka gyara. Ƙari ga haka, ya fassara Sabon Alkawari zuwa hanyar da aka gyara na rubutun Serbia da yare. [6]

He was well known abroad and familiar to Jacob Grimm,[1] Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and historian Leopold von Ranke. Karadžić was the primary source for Ranke's Die serbische Revolution ("The Serbian Revolution"), written in 1829.[2]

Tarihin Rayuwa

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Rayuwar farko

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Petnjica, Shavnik
Gidan Vuk Karadžić a yau a cikin ƙauyen gidan kayan gargajiya na Tršić .

An haifi Karadžić ga iyayen Serbia Stefan da Jegda (née Zrnić ) a ƙauyen Tršić, kusa da Loznica, wanda yake a lokacin a cikin Daular Ottoman . Iyalinsa sun zauna daga Drobnjaci ( Petnjica, Šavnik ), kuma an haifi mahaifiyarsa a Ozrinići, Nikšić (a cikin Montenegro na yau.) Iyalinsa suna da ƙananan yara na rayuwa, don haka ana kiransa Vuk ("wolf") don kada mayu da mugayen ruhohi ba za su cutar da shi ba (sunan da aka ba da al'ada don ƙarfafa bear). [3]

Ilimi

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Zanen mai na Pavel Đurković, tun daga 1816 (shekaru 29)

Karadžić ya yi sa'a ya zama dangi na Jevta Savić Čotric, wanda ya iya karatu a yankin a lokacin, wanda ya koya masa yadda ake rubutu da rubutu. Karadžić ya ci gaba da karatunsa a cikin Tronoša Monastery a Loznica. Tun yana yaro ya koyi zane-zane a can, yana amfani da sanda maimakon alkalami da maganin foda don tawada. A madadin takardan rubutu mai kyau, ya yi sa'a idan zai iya samun kayan kwalliyar kwali. A duk faɗin yankin, karatun yau da kullun ba ya yaɗu a lokacin kuma mahaifinsa da farko bai bar shi ya tafi Austria ba. Tun da mafi yawan lokuta, yayin da a cikin gidan sufi Karadžić an tilasta masa kiwo dabbobi maimakon karatu, mahaifinsa ya dawo da shi gida. A halin da ake ciki, tashin hankalin farko na Serbia na neman hambarar da Daular Usmaniyya ya fara ne a shekara ta 1804. Bayan yunƙurin da ba a yi nasara ba don shiga cikin dakin motsa jiki a Sremski Karlovci, [4] wanda Karadžić mai shekaru 19 ya tsufa sosai, [5] ya tafi Petrinja inda ya shafe 'yan watanni yana koyon Latin da Jamusanci. Daga baya, ya sadu da masanin da ake girmamawa Dositej Obradović a Belgrade, wanda yanzu yake hannun Serbia Revolutionary Serbia, don neman Obradović don tallafawa karatunsa. Obradović ya kore shi. Abin takaici, Karadžić ya tafi Jadar kuma ya fara aiki a matsayin magatakarda na Jakov Nenadović kuma wani lokaci daga baya ga Jevta Savić Čotrice a matsayin jami'in kwastam a duk lokacin yakin Independence (1804-1813). Bayan kafa Belgrade 's Grande école ( Jami'ar Belgrade ), Karadžić ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibansa. [6]

Daga baya rai da mutuwa

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Ba da daɗewa ba, ya yi rashin lafiya kuma ya bar magani a Pest da Novi Sad, amma ya kasa samun magani ga kafarsa. An yi jita-jita cewa Karadžić da gangan ya ƙi yankewa, a maimakon haka ya yanke shawarar yin amfani da pegleg na katako na prosthetic, wanda akwai maganganu masu yawa na sarcastic a cikin wasu ayyukansa. [ <span title="If his leg was not amputated, how could he have a prosthetic one? (November 2015)">bayani da ake buƙata</span> ] Karadžić ya koma Serbia ta 1810, kuma da yake bai dace da aikin soja ba, ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren kwamandoji Ćurčija da Hajduk-Veljko . Abubuwan da ya samu daga baya zasu haifar da littattafai guda biyu. Tare da cin nasara da Ottoman da 'yan tawayen Serbia suka yi a 1813, ya tafi Vienna daga bisani ya sadu da Jernej Kopitar, ƙwararren masanin ilimin harshe wanda ke da sha'awar Slavistics na duniya. Tasirin Kopitar ya taimaka wa Karadžić tare da gwagwarmayar sake fasalin harshen Serbian da rubutunsa Wani muhimmin tasiri akan aikinsa na harshe shine Sava Mrkalj . [7]

A cikin 1814 da 1815, Karadžić ya buga littattafai guda biyu na Waƙoƙin Jama'a na Serbia, wanda daga baya ya ƙaru zuwa huɗu, sannan zuwa shida, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa tomes tara. A cikin manyan bugu, waɗannan waƙoƙin ban sha'awa sun ja hankalin dukan wallafe-wallafen Turai da Amurka. Goethe ya kwatanta wasu daga cikinsu a matsayin "masu kyau kuma sun cancanci kwatanta da Waƙar Waƙoƙin Sulemanu ."

A cikin 1824, ya aika da kwafin tarin waƙoƙinsa zuwa Yakubu Grimm, wanda Ginin Skadar ya burge shi musamman wanda Karadžić ya rubuta daga rera waƙar Tsohon Rashko . Grimm ya fassara shi zuwa Jamusanci kuma an lura da waƙar kuma an sha'awar al'ummomi masu zuwa. Grimm ya kwatanta su da mafi kyawun furanni na shayari na Homeric, kuma na Ginin Skadar ya ce: " daya daga cikin waƙoƙin da suka fi dacewa da dukan al'ummai da kuma kowane lokaci. " Wadanda suka kafa Makarantar Romantic a Faransa, Charles Nodier, Prosper Mérimée, Lamartine, Gerard de Nerval, da Claude Fauriel Finnish sun fassara, kuma sun jawo hankalin Rashanci na Pukin Pukin . mawaki Johan Ludwig Runeberg, Czech Samuel Roznay, Pole Kazimierz Brodzinski, Turanci marubuta Walter Scott, Owen Meredith, da John Bowring, da sauransu.

Vuk Karadžić a 1850.

Karadžić ya ci gaba da tattara waƙa har cikin 1830s. [8] Ya isa Montenegro a cikin kaka na 1834. Rashin ƙarfi, ya gangara zuwa Tekun Kotor don hunturu a can, kuma ya dawo a cikin bazara na 1835. A can ne Karadžić ya sadu da Vuk Vrčević, mai sha'awar littérateur, wanda aka haifa a Risan . Tun daga wannan lokacin, Vrčević ya zama mai aminci da aminci na Karadžić wanda ya tattara waƙoƙin jama'a da tatsuniyoyi kuma ya aika su zuwa adireshinsa a Vienna na shekaru masu zuwa. [9] [10] Wani ma'aikaci mai ƙwazo na Vuk Karadžić wani suna ne daga Boka Kotorska firist Vuk Popović. Dukansu Vrčević da Popović sun kasance a hankali kuma ba tare da son kai ba a cikin tattara abubuwan al'adu, al'adu da ƙamus na Karadžić. [10] Daga baya, wasu masu haɗin gwiwa sun shiga Karadžić, ciki har da Milan Đ. Milićević .

Yawancin ayyukan Karadžić an dakatar da su daga bugawa a Serbia da Ostiriya a lokacin mulkin Yarima Miloš Obrenović . [11] Kamar yadda aka gani daga ra'ayi na siyasa, Obrenović ya ga ayyukan Karadžić a matsayin haɗari mai haɗari saboda dalilai masu yawa, daya daga cikinsu shine yiwuwar abubuwan da ke cikin wasu ayyukan, ko da yake kawai mawallafi ne a cikin yanayi, yana iya haifar da wani ma'anar kishin kasa da sha'awar 'yanci da 'yancin kai, wanda mai yiwuwa ya sa jama'a su dauki makamai. Wannan, bi da bi, zai kawo lahani ga siyasar Yarima Miloš ga Daular Ottoman, wanda a kwanan nan ya samar da zaman lafiya maras dadi. A Montenegro, duk da haka, na'urar bugu ta Njegoš tana aiki ba tare da wasiƙar da aka fi sani da " alama mai wuya ". Yarima Miloš zai ji haushin watsin da Njegoš ya yi na alamar tauraro, wanda a wancan lokacin, ana fama da yaƙe-yaƙe na ilimi, tare da manyan majami'u. Ayyukan Karadžić, duk da haka, sun sami babban yabo da karramawa a wani wuri, musamman a cikin Daular Rasha . Bugu da ƙari, an ba Karadžić cikakken fensho daga Sarkin sarakuna na Rasha a 1826.

Ya auri Ana Maria Kraus daga 1818 har zuwa karshen rayuwarsa. Sun haifi ’ya’ya 13 tare, amma biyu ne kawai daga cikinsu suka wuce iyayen. [12]

Vuk Karadžic ya mutu a shekara ta 1864 a Vienna. Ya rasu da matarsa, da 'yarsa Mina Karadžić, wanda ya kasance mai zane-zane da marubuci, da dansa Dimitrije Karadžić, wani jami'in soja. An mayar da gawarsa zuwa Belgrade a 1897 kuma an binne shi tare da babban girmamawa kusa da kabarin Dositej Obradović, a gaban St. Michael's Cathedral (Belgrade) . [13]

Aiki

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Gyaran harshe

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Misalin rubutun kafin gyara a cikin littafin makaranta daga 1787.

A lokacin ƙarshen karni na sha takwas da farkon karni na sha tara, yawancin al'ummomi a Yammacin Turai da Gabashin Turai sun sami wani lokaci na gyare-gyaren harshe tare da Jamus Johann Christoph Gottsched da Johann Christoph Adelung, Norway Aasmund Olavsson Vinje, Ivar Aasen, da Knud Knudson, Italiya, Alessandro Cars, Sweden., Andrés Bello na Spain, Adamantios Korais na Girka, Yakov Grot na Rasha da sauransu.

A daidai wannan lokacin, Vuk Karadžić ya gyara yaren adabin Sabiya kuma ya daidaita haruffan Sabiya ta Cyrillic ta hanyar bin ka'idojin sauti mai tsauri akan tsarin Johann Christoph Adelung da haruffan Jan Hus ' Czech . Sauye-sauyen da Karadžić ya yi na yaren adabin Sabiya ya sabunta shi kuma ya nisanta shi daga Slavonic Church na Serbia da Rasha kuma ya kusantar da shi ga maganganun jama'a. Alal misali, Karadžić ya watsar da alamomi da wasiƙu na farko waɗanda ba su da madaidaicin magana ɗaya na Serbia, kuma ya gabatar da haruffa 6 na Cyrillic don yin rubutun Serbian cikin sauƙi. [14] Karadžić kuma ya fassara Sabon Alkawari zuwa Serbian, wanda aka buga a 1847.

Domin rubutaccen harshen Slavonic-Serbian na farkon karni na 19 ya ƙunshi kalmomi da yawa da ke da alaƙa da cocin Orthodox da adadi mai yawa na lamuni daga Cocin Rasha Slavonic, Karadžić ya ba da shawarar yin watsi da wannan rubutun da aka rubuta kuma ya ƙirƙiri wani sabon, bisa yare na Gabashin Herzegovina wanda ya yi magana. Wasu limaman Serbia da sauran masana harsuna sun yi hamayya da shi, alal misali, limaman Serbian da ke da tushe a yankin da ke kusa da Novi Sad na zamani, wanda ya kalli nahawu da ƙamus na yaren Herzegovin na Gabas a matsayin kusan harshen waje wanda ba a yarda da shi a matsayin tushen harshen zamani. Amma Karadžić ya yi nasarar nanata cewa matsayinsa na yare ya fi kusa da shahararrun maganganu kuma mutane da yawa za su iya fahimta da rubuta su. Ya kira yarensa Herzegovina domin, kamar yadda ya rubuta, "Ana magana da Sabiya a cikin mafi tsarki kuma mafi daidai hanya a Herzegovina da kuma a Bosnia." Karadžić bai taɓa ziyartar waɗannan ƙasashe ba, amma tushen danginsa da magana sun fito ne daga Herzegovina. Daga ƙarshe, ra'ayoyin Vuk Karadžić da ma'auni na harshe sun yi nasara a kan malaman addininsa da abokan adawar kimiyya. Karadžić ya kasance, tare da Đuro Daničić, babban dan Serbian da ya rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Adabi ta Vienna na 1850 wanda, wanda hukumomin Ostiriya suka karfafa, ya kafa harsashin harshen Serbo-Croatian ; Karadžić da kansa kawai ya taba kiran harshen a matsayin "Serbian".

Ƙoƙarin Vukovian na daidaita harshe ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin ƙarni. Kafin nan Sabiyawan sun sami cikakkiyar 'yancin kai (1878), da kuma al'adun ƙasa masu bunƙasa a Belgrade da Novi Sad. Duk da yarjejeniyar Vienna, Sabiyawan a wannan lokacin sun haɓaka lafazin Ekavian, wanda shi ne jawabin na asali na manyan al'adunsu guda biyu da kuma mafi yawan al'ummar Serbia. Vuk Karadžić ya yi tasiri sosai ga masana harsunan Kudancin Slavic a kudu maso gabashin Turai. Mujallun Serbian a Ostiryia-Hungary da kuma a cikin Serbia daidai sun fara amfani da mizanin yarensa. A cikin Croatia, masanin ilimin harshe Tomislav Maretić ya yarda da aikin Karadžić a matsayin tushen tushen sa na nahawu na Croatian. [15]

Karadžić yana da ra'ayin cewa duk Slavs ta Kudu da ke magana da yaren Shtokavian Sabiyawa ne ko kuma na asalin Serbia, kuma ya ɗauki dukansu suna magana da harshen Serbian (saboda sakamakon irin wannan ra'ayin duba Greater Serbia#Vuk Karadžić's Pan-Serbism ), wanda a lokacin kuma har yanzu yana jayayya da masana harsuna da masana tarihi (duba harshen Shrhito ). Shi da kansa ya ɗauki Sabiyawa a matsayin ɗarikai guda uku ( Serbian ), musamman na Orthodox, Katolika da Mohammedan, suna ambaton kamanceceniya a cikin al'adun gida waɗanda kawai suka bambanta saboda addinin gida kuma, a cikin yanayin Katolika da Islama, tasirin waje. [16] [17] Duk da haka, Karadžić ya rubuta daga baya cewa ya daina wannan ra'ayi domin ya ga cewa Croat na zamaninsa ba su yarda da shi ba, kuma ya canza zuwa ma'anar al'ummar Serbia bisa ga Orthodoxy da kuma al'ummar Croatia bisa Katolika.

Adabi

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Baya ga gyare-gyaren harshe, Karadžić kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga adabin jama'a, yana amfani da al'adun manoma a matsayin tushe. Saboda irin tarbiyyar da ya yi ta balaga, ya sa ya yi cudanya da adabin baka na manoma, inda ya hada su don yin amfani da shi a cikin tarin wakokinsa da tatsuniyoyi da karin magana. [18] Duk da yake Karadžić da wuya yayi la'akari da rayuwar baƙauye, ya ɗauke shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adun Serbia. Ya tattara kundin litattafai da yawa na al'adun gargajiya da wakoki, gami da littafin sama da waƙoƙi 100 na kaɗe-kaɗe da almara waɗanda aka koya tun yana yaro kuma an rubuta su daga ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Ya kuma buga ƙamus na farko na harshen Serbian. Don aikinsa ya sami taimakon kuɗi kaɗan, a wasu lokuta yana rayuwa cikin talauci, ko da yake a cikin shekaru 9 na ƙarshe ya sami fensho daga yarima Miloš Obrenović . [19] A wasu lokuta Karadžić ya ɓoye gaskiyar cewa ba kawai ya tattara waƙoƙin jama'a ta hanyar yin rikodin wallafe-wallafen ba amma ya rubuta su daga littattafan waƙa na wasu masu tarawa daga Syrmia .

Ayyukansa yana da babban matsayi wajen kafa mahimmancin Ƙimar Kosovo a cikin asalin ƙasar Serbia da tarihin. [20] [21] Karadžić ya tattara kasidun almara na gargajiya da suka shafi batun yakin Kosovo kuma ya fitar da abin da ake kira "zagayen Kosovo", wanda ya zama sigar karshe na sauya tatsuniya. [20] Ya fi buga wakokin baka, tare da yin la’akari da irin jaruntakar da yarima Marko ya yi da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi yakin Kosovo, kamar yadda mawakan suka rera ba tare da canji ko kari ba. [22] Karadžić ya tattara mafi yawan wakokin game da Yarima Lazar kusa da gidajen ibada a kan Fruška Gora, galibi saboda wurin zama na Cocin Orthodox na Serbia ya koma can bayan Babban Hijira na Serbs . [23]

Ba aikin falsafa ba

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Bayan babban nasarar da ya samu a fagen adabi, Karadžić ya ba da gudummawarsa ga ilimin halayyar dan adam na Serbia tare da ilimin kabilanci na wancan lokacin. Ya bar bayanin kula akan sassan jiki na jikin ɗan adam tare da bayanin ƙabilar sa. Ya gabatar da kyawawan kalmomi akan sassan jiki (daga kai har zuwa yatsun kafa) cikin harshen adabi. Ya kamata a ambata cewa har yanzu ana amfani da waɗannan kalmomin, duka a cikin kimiyya da maganganun yau da kullun. Ya ba da, a cikin wasu abubuwa, fassarar nasa game da alaƙa tsakanin muhalli da mazauna, tare da sassa game da abinci, yanayin rayuwa, tsabta, cututtuka da al'adun jana'izar. Duk wannan gagarumin gudunmawar Vuk Karadžić ba ta shahara ko karatu ba.

Ganewa da gado

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Vuk Karadžić, lithography na Josef Kriehuber, 1865
Diploma da aka bai wa Karadžić, yana mai da shi ɗan ƙasa mai daraja na Zagreb
Monument zuwa Vuk Karadžić, Belgrade.

Masanin tarihin wallafe-wallafen Jovan Deretić ya taƙaita aikinsa a matsayin "A cikin shekaru hamsin da ya yi na ayyukan da ba ya gajiyawa, ya cim ma kamar dukan makarantar kimiyya."

An karrama Karadžić a duk faɗin Turai. An zabe shi a matsayin memba na al'ummomin da suka koyi Turai daban-daban, ciki har da Kwalejin Kimiyya na Imperial a Vienna, Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Prussian da Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Rasha. [24] Ya sami digirin girmamawa da yawa. [25] kuma an yi masa ado da sarakunan Rasha da Austro-Hungary, Sarkin Prussian, [24] Order of Prince Danilo I da kuma Rasha Academy of Science. UNESCO ta shelanta 1987 shekarar Vuk Karadzić. [11] An kuma nada Karadžić ɗan ƙasa mai daraja na birnin Zagreb . [26]

An kafa taron al'adu na Vukov Sabor a Tršić a ranar bude gidan haihuwa na Vuk Karadžić, Satumba 17, 1933. Tun daga wannan lokacin ana gudanar da shi kowace shekara a watan Satumba, tare da baƙi 20-30,000 suna halarta. [27] A ranar tunawa da 100th na mutuwar Karadžić (a cikin 1964) ɗalibai na aiki brigades a kan aikin matasa "Tršić 64" ya tayar da wani wasan kwaikwayo tare da matakin da ake bukata don shirya Vukov sabor, da dalibai 'Vukov sabor. A cikin 1987 Tršić ya sami cikakkiyar sabuntawa azaman abin tarihi na al'adu. Har ila yau, an gina hanyar daga gidan Karadžić zuwa gidan sufi na Tronoša. An ayyana gidan Haihuwar Karadžić Tunawa da Al'adu na Muhimmanci a cikin 1979, kuma Jamhuriyar Serbia tana kiyaye shi. [28] Kwanan nan, yawon shakatawa na karkara ya zama sananne a cikin Tršić, tare da iyalai da yawa suna canza gidajensu zuwa gine-ginen da aka tsara don ɗaukar baƙi. An watsa jerin shirye-shiryen TV dangane da rayuwarsa a Gidan Gidan Rediyon Serbia . Ana yawan ganin hotonsa a makarantun Serbia. Tarayyar Yugoslavia da Serbia da Montenegro sun ba da odar Vuk Karadžić na jiha. [29]

Gidauniyar Vuk tana kula da gadon Vuk Stefanović Karadžić a cikin Sabiya da ƴan ƙasashen waje na Sabiya. [30] Dalibin firamare (shekaru shida ko bakwai zuwa sha huɗu ko sha biyar) ko sakandare (shekaru goma sha huɗu ko goma sha biyar zuwa sha takwas ko sha tara) makaranta a Serbia, wanda aka ba da mafi kyawun maki ga duk batutuwa a ƙarshen shekara ta makaranta, don kowace shekara bi da bi, ana ba shi a ƙarshen shekararsa ta ƙarshe "Vuk Karadžić diploma", kuma an san shi (a cikin magana mafi girma) na "difloma na rukuni" masu yin dalibai. [31]

Ayyuka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Mala prostonarodna slaveno-serbska pesnaric, Vienna, 1814
  • Pismenica serbskoga jezika, Vienna, 1814
  • Narodna srbska pjesnarica II, Vienna, 1815
  • Ya Vidakovićevom romanu, 1817
  • Srpski rječnik isstolkovan njemačkim i latinskim riječma (Kamus na Serbia, mai kama da Jamusanci da kalmomin Latin), Vienna, 1818
  • O Ljubibraticevim prevodima, 1820
  • Narodne srpske pripovjetke, Vienna, 1821, ƙarin bugun, 1853
  • Narodne srpske pjesme IV, Vienna da Leipzig, 1823-1864
  • Luke Milovanova Opit nastavlenja k Srbskoj sličnorečnosti i slogomjerju ili prosodii, Vienna, 1823
  • Mala Srpska Gramatika, Leipzig, 1824
  • Žizni i podvigi Knjaza Miloša Obrenovića, Saint Petersburg, 1825
  • Žitije Ajduk-Veljka Petrovića, 1826
  • Danica IV, Vienna, 1826-1834
  • Žitije Đorđa Arsenijevića, Emanuela, Buda, 1827
  • Prvi srpski bukvar, 1827
  • Miloš Obrenović, knjaz Srbije ili gradja za srpsku istoriju našega vremena, Buda, 1828
  • Prva godina srpskog vojevanja na daije, 1828
  • Kao srpski Plutarh, ili žitija znatni Srbalja, 1829 [32]
  • Druga godina srpskog vojevanja na daije, 1834
  • Narodne srpske poslovice i druge različne, kao i one u običaj uzete riječi, Cetinje, 1836
  • Montenegro und die Montenegriner: ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der europäischen Türkei und des serbischen Volkes, Stuttgart da Tübingen, 1837 [33]
  • Odgovori Jovanu Hadžiću – Milošu Svetiću na njegove Sitnice jezikoslovne (1839) da Utuke (1843, 1847) [34]
  • Odgovor na laži i opadanja u «Srpskom ulaku», 1844
  • Pisma Platonu Atanackoviću, Vienna, 1845
  • Kovčežić za istoriju, jezik i običaje Srba sva tri zakona (" A Case of History, Language and Traditions of Serbs of all three Creeds "), Vienna, 1849
  • Primeri Srpsko-slovenskog jezika, Vienna, 1857
  • Praviteljstvujušči sovjet, Vienna, 1860
  • Harshen Hercegovine, Vienna, 1866
  • Život i običaji naroda srpskog, Vienna, 1867
  • Nemačko srpski rečnik, Vienna, 1872
  • Sunce se djevojkom ženi

Kuskure

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Write as you speak and read as it is written.

— The essence of modern Serbian spelling

Ko da yake ana danganta maganar da ke sama zuwa Vuk Stefanović Karadžić a Sabiya, amma a haƙiƙa ƙa'ida ce ta orthographic wanda masanin ilimin nahawu da ilimin falsafa na Jamus Johann Christoph Adelung ya tsara. [35] Karadžić yayi amfani da waccan ka'idar kawai don tura ta hanyar gyaran harshe. Halin da aka ambata zuwa Karadžić kuskure ne na kowa a Serbia, Montenegro da sauran tsohuwar Yugoslavia .[ana buƙatar hujja]Saboda wannan gaskiyar, jarrabawar shiga Jami'ar Belgrade Faculty of Philology lokaci-lokaci yana ƙunshe da tambaya kan marubucin zancen (a matsayin wata tambaya [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">dabara</span> ] .[ana buƙatar hujja]

Duba kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

 

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Selvelli, Giustina. "The Cultural Collaboration between Jacob Grimm and Vuk Karadžić. A fruitful Friendship Connecting Western Europe to the Balkans" (in Turanci).
  2. ↑ "Vuk Stefanović Karadžić Biografija". Biografija.org (in Sabiyan). 19 April 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  3. ↑ "Vuk Stefanovic Karadzic". www.loznica.rs. Retrieved 12 May 2021.[permanent dead link]
  4. ↑ "Историја | Sremski Karlovci" (in Sabiyan). Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  5. ↑ "Koreni obrazovanja u Srbiji". Nedeljnik Vreme. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  6. ↑ "Biografija: Vuk Stefanović Karadžić". 19 April 2018.
  7. ↑ Đorđević, Kristina. "Jezička reforma Vuka Karadžića i stvaranje srpskog književnog jezika.pdf" (in Turanci).
  8. ↑ Sremac, Radovan. "Vuk St. Karadžić i Šiđani (Sremske novine br. 2915 od 11.1.2017)" (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2024-07-23. Retrieved 2025-02-22.
  9. ↑ "Vuk Karadzic – Vuk Vrcevic, Srpske narodne pjesme iz Hercegovine". Scribd (in Turanci). Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 ПАТриот (8 December 2017). "Вук Караџић препродао стотине старих српских књига странцима". Патриот (in Sabiyan). Archived from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Kostić, Jelena (11 April 2018). "Vuk Stefanović Karadžić – Reformator Srpskog Jezika I Velikan Srpske Književnosti | Jelena Kostić". Svet nauke (in Turanci). Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  12. ↑ "RTS:: Svet poznatih:: Žene koje su obeležile život Vuka Stefanovića Karadžića". rts.rs. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
  13. ↑ "Vuk Stefanovic Karadzic". www.loznica.rs. Archived from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  14. ↑ "Azbuka (ćirilica) – Opšte obrazovanje" (in Sabiyan). Retrieved 2022-08-03.
  15. ↑ Barac, Antun (2006). "Iz bliske prošlosti hrvatskoga jezika, O hrvatskim vukovcima". Jezik: Časopis Za Kulturu Hrvatskoga Književnog Jezika. 53 (2): 60–63. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  16. ↑ Balikić, Lucija (July 2018). "Croats and Serbs through the Lens of Vuk Karadžić's Serbian Language Reform and Ilija Garašanin's Serbian National Program". Carnival. 18/19: 1–9.[permanent dead link]
  17. ↑ Melichárek, Maroš (July 2018). "The Role of Vuk Karadžić in the History of Serbian Nationalism (In the Context of European Linguistics in the First Half of 19th Century)". Serbian Studies Research. 5 (1): 55–74.
  18. ↑ Sudimac, Nina; Stojković, Jelena S. "SYNTAX OF VERB FORMS IN SERBIAN FOLK PROVERBS BY VUK STEFANOVIĆ KARADŽIĆ" (in Turanci).
  19. ↑ Antić, Dragan (6 September 2017). "Životni put Vuka Karadžića po godinama (Biografija)". Moje dete (in Sabiyan). Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Greenawalt, Alexander (2001). "Kosovo Myths: Karadžić, Njegoš, and the Transformation of Serb Memory" (PDF). Spaces of Identity. 3Greenawalt. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
  21. ↑ Selvelli, Giustina. "The Cultural Collaboration between Jacob Grimm and Vuk Karadžić. A fruitful Friendship Connecting Western Europe to the Balkans" (in Turanci).
  22. ↑ Miles Foley, John; Chao, Gejin (2012). "Challenges in Comparative Oral Epic" (PDF). Oral Tradition. 27/2: 381–418.
  23. ↑ Pavlović, Aleksandar; Atanasovski, Srđan (2016). "From Myth to Territory: Vuk Karadžić, Kosovo Epics and the Role of Nineteenth-Century Intellectuals in Establishing National Narratives". Hungarian Historical Review. 2: 357–376. S2CID 209475358.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Serbia.com – Vuk Karadzic". www.serbia.com. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  25. ↑ "Riznica srpska — Vuk i jezik". Archived from the original on 9 April 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
  26. ↑ Milutinović, Zoran (2011). "Review of the Book Jezik i nacionalizam" (PDF). The Slavonic and East European Review. 89 (3): 520–524. doi:10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.89.3.0520. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
  27. ↑ "Вуков сабор" (in Sabiyan). Retrieved 2024-12-18.
  28. ↑ "Споменици културе у Србији, Родна кућа Вука Караџића". spomenicikulture.mi.sanu.ac.rs. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  29. ↑ "Država bez odlikovanja". Politika Online. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  30. ↑ "Vukova zaduzbina". www.loznica.rs. Archived from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  31. ↑ "Правилник-о-дипломама-за-изузетан-успех-ученика-у-основној-школи" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-22. Retrieved 2025-02-22.
  32. ↑ "Дела Вука Караџића". Вукова задужбина (in Sabiyan). 2014-03-31. Retrieved 2024-12-11.
  33. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  34. ↑ "Дела Вука Караџића". Вукова задужбина (in Sabiyan). 2014-03-31. Retrieved 2024-12-11.
  35. ↑ Đorđević, Kristina. "Jezička reforma Vuka Karadžića i stvaranje srpskog književnog jezika.pdf" (in Turanci).
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vuk_Karadžić&oldid=611985"