W. E. B. Du Bois
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William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (/ duːˈbɔɪs/ doo-BOYSS;[1][2] Fabrairu 23, 1868 - Agusta 27, 1963) masanin ilimin zamantakewa ɗan Amurka ne, ɗan gurguzu, ɗan tarihi, kuma ɗan fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na Pan-African.
An haife shi a Great Barrington, Massachusetts, Du Bois ya girma a cikin ɗan haƙuri da haɗin kai. Bayan kammala aikin digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Friedrich Wilhelm da ke Berlin da Jami'ar Harvard, inda shi ne Ba'amurke na farko da ya sami digiri na uku, Du Bois ya yi fice a kasa a matsayin jagoran kungiyar Niagara, kungiyar masu fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a bakar fata da ke neman daidaito. Du Bois da magoya bayansa sun yi adawa da yarjejeniyar Atlanta. Maimakon haka, Du Bois ya dage kan cikakken 'yancin ɗan adam da kuma ƙara yawan wakilcin siyasa, wanda ya yi imanin cewa ƙwararrun ƙwararrun 'yan Afirka-Amurka za su kawo. Ya kira wannan kungiya a matsayin ta goma mai hazaka, ra'ayi a karkashin inuwar daukaka launin fata, kuma ya yi imanin cewa 'yan Afirka na bukatar damar samun ilimi mai zurfi don bunkasa jagorancinta.
Du Bois yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru (NAACP) a cikin 1909. Du Bois ya yi amfani da matsayinsa a cikin NAACP don amsa matsalolin wariyar launin fata. Bayan yakin duniya na farko, ya halarci taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Pan-African Congress, ya rungumi tsarin gurguzu kuma ya zama Farfesa a Jami'ar Atlanta. Da zarar Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya ƙare, ya shiga fafutukar zaman lafiya kuma Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya ya kai shi hari. Ya shafe shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa a Ghana kuma ya rasu a Accra a ranar 27 ga Agusta, 1963.
Du Bois ƙwararren marubuci ne. Da farko ya yi niyya da wariyar launin fata tare da rubuce-rubucensa, wanda ya nuna rashin amincewarsa da zage-zage, dokokin Jim Crow, da kuma wariyar launin fata a cikin muhimman cibiyoyin zamantakewa. Dalilinsa ya haɗa da mutane masu launi a ko'ina, musamman 'yan Afirka da Asiyawa a cikin yankunan da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka. Ya kasance mai goyon bayan Pan-Africanism kuma ya taimaka wajen shirya tarurruka da dama na Majalisar Pan-African Congress don yaki da 'yancin cin gashin kan Afirka daga turawa. Du Bois ya yi tafiye-tafiye da yawa zuwa Turai, Afirka da Asiya. Tarin kasidunsa, The Souls of Black Folk, aiki ne na seminal a cikin wallafe-wallafen Ba-Amurke; da magnum opus na 1935, Black Reconstruction in America, sun kalubalanci ka'idodin ka'idodin da baƙar fata ke da alhakin gazawar zamanin Sake ginawa. Aron wata magana daga Frederick Douglass, ya ba da damar amfani da kalmar layin launi don wakiltar rashin adalci na rabe-rabe amma daidaitaccen koyaswar da ke cikin rayuwar zamantakewa da siyasa ta Amurka. Tarihin rayuwarsa na 1940 Dusk of Dawn ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin litattafan kimiyya na farko a fagen ilimin zamantakewar jama'a na Amurka. A matsayinsa na editan mujallar NAACP The Crisis, ya wallafa wasu abubuwa masu tasiri da yawa. Du Bois ya yi imanin cewa jari-hujja shine farkon dalilin wariyar launin fata kuma yana da tausayi ga al'amuran gurguzu.
Rayuwar farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Iyali da kuruciya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Du Bois a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 1868, a Great Barrington, Massachusetts, ga Alfred da Mary Silvina Burghardt Du Bois.[3] Iyalin Mary Silvina Burghardt wani yanki ne na ƴan ƙaramin baƙar fata na Great Barrington kuma sun daɗe suna mallakar filaye a cikin jihar. Ta fito ne daga kakannin kakannin Dutch, Afirka, da Ingilishi.[4] Kakan kakan mahaifiyar William Du Bois shine Tom Burghardt, bawa (an haife shi a yammacin Afirka a kusa da 1730) wanda dan mulkin mallaka na Holland Conraed Burghardt ya rike. Tom a takaice ya yi aiki a Sojan Nahiyar A lokacin Yakin Juyin Juyin Halitta na Amurka, wanda watakila shine yadda ya sami 'yancinsa a ƙarshen karni na 18. Ɗansa Jack Burghardt shi ne mahaifin Othello Burghardt, wanda kuma shi ne mahaifin Maryamu Silvina Burghardt.[5]
Karatun jami'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dangane da wannan kuɗin da makwabta suka ba da gudummawa, Du Bois ya halarci Jami'ar Fisk, kwalejin baƙar fata ta tarihi a Nashville, Tennessee, daga 1885 zuwa 1888.[6] Kamar sauran ɗaliban Fisk waɗanda suka dogara da rani da koyarwar lokaci-lokaci don tallafawa karatun jami'a, Du Bois ya koyar da makaranta a lokacin bazara na 1886 bayan shekara ta biyu.[7] Tafiyarsa zuwa da zama a Kudu ita ce farkon sanin Du Bois game da wariyar launin fata ta Kudu, wanda a lokacin ya ƙunshi dokokin Jim Crow, son zuciya, murkushe jefa ƙuri'a na baƙi, da lynching; na karshen ya kai kololuwa a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa.[8]
Bayan ya sami digirinsa na farko daga Jami'ar Fisk, Du Bois ya halarci Kwalejin Harvard (wanda bai karɓi kwas credits daga Fisk ba) daga 1888 zuwa 1890, ya zama ɗan Afirka na shida da aka yarda da shi a cikin tarihinsa.[9] Farfesa William James, sananne a falsafar Amurka ya rinjaye shi sosai. Du Bois ya biya hanyarsa ta shekaru uku a Harvard tare da kuɗi daga ayyukan bazara, gado, guraben karatu, da lamuni daga abokai. A cikin 1890, Harvard ya ba Du Bois digiri na biyu na digiri, cum laude. A cikin 1891, Du Bois ya sami gurbin karatu don halartar makarantar digiri na ilimin zamantakewa a Harvard.[10]
A cikin 1892, Du Bois ya sami haɗin gwiwa daga Asusun John F. Slater don Ilimin 'Yanci don halartar Jami'ar Friedrich Wilhelm don aikin digiri. Lokacin da yake dalibi a Berlin, ya yi balaguro da yawa a cikin Turai. A hankali ya kai shekaru a babban birnin kasar Jamus yayin da yake nazari da wasu fitattun masana kimiyyar zamantakewar al'ummar kasar, wadanda suka hada da Gustav von Schmoller, Adolph Wagner, da Heinrich von Treitschke. Ya kuma sadu da Max Weber wanda ya gamsu da Du Bois kuma daga baya ya buga Du Bois a matsayin misali ga masu wariyar launin fata suna zargin ƙarancin Baƙar fata. Weber ya sake saduwa da Du Bois a cikin 1904 a ziyarar da ya kai Amurka gabanin buga ɗabi'ar Furotesta da Ruhun Jari-jari.[11]
Ya rubuta game da lokacinsa a Jamus: "Na tsinci kaina a waje da duniyar Amurka, ina kallo. Tare da ni akwai fararen fata - dalibai, abokai, malamai - waɗanda suke kallon yanayin tare da ni. Ba koyaushe suke dakatawa don ɗaukar ni a matsayin abin sha'awa, ko wani abu na ɗan adam ba; Ni mutum ne kawai na ɗan gata dalibi, kuma na yi magana game da duniya, musamman lokacin da na yi magana da duniya; ya zo.” Bayan ya dawo daga Turai, Du Bois ya kammala karatunsa na digiri; a 1895, shi ne Ba'amurke ɗan Afirka na farko da ya sami digiri na uku. daga Jami'ar Harvard.[12]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ W. E. B. Du Bois Center [@duboisumass] (November 12, 2018). "Check out this little gem of an artefact. It's a letter to W. E. B. Du Bois that he has annotated with handwritten instructions on how to pronounce his name. Thanks to our friends at the Du Bois Center in Great Barrington for showing us this! #dubois150 #dewboys #livinghistory" (Tweet). Archived from the original on July 16, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2023 – via Twitter.
- ↑ Lewis, David Levering (1993). W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race 1868–1919. New York City: Henry Holt and Co. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-4668-4151-2. [Du Bois] would unfailingly insist upon the 'correct' pronunciation of his surname. 'The pronunciation of my name is Due Boyss, with the accent on the last syllable,' he would patiently explain to the uninformed.
- ↑ Lewis 2009, p. 11
- ↑ Lewis 2009, pp. 14–15
- ↑ Lewis 2009, p. 13
- ↑ Lewis, Catharine, "Fisk University", in Young, p. 81.
- ↑ Fultz, Michael (February 2021). "Determination and Persistence: Building the African American Teacher Corps through Summer and Intermittent Teaching, 1860s–1890s". History of Education Quarterly. 61 (1): 4–34. doi:10.1017/heq.2020.65.
- ↑ Lewis 2009, pp. 69–80 (degree), p. 69 (funding), p. 70 (6th admitted), p. 82 (inheritance)
- ↑ Lewis 2009, pp. 69–80 (degree), p. 69 (funding), p. 70 (6th admitted), p. 82 (inheritance)
- ↑ Bobo, Lawrence D. (2015). "Bringing Du Bois back in: American sociology and the Morris enunciation". Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race. 12 (2): 461–467. doi:10.1017/S1742058X15000235. S2CID 151045538.
- ↑ Williams, Yvonne, "Harvard", in Young, p. 99. His dissertation was The Suppression of the African Slave-trade to the United States of America, 1638–1871
- ↑ Lewis 2009, p. 126. Nina Gomer Du Bois did not play a significant role in Du Bois's activism or career (see Lewis 2009, pp. 135, 152–154,