Walter Cronkite
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Walter Leland Cronkite Jr. (Nuwamba 4, 1916 - Yuli 17, 2009) ɗan jaridar watsa shirye-shiryen Amurka ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labari ga CBS Evening News [1] daga 1962 zuwa 1981. A cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, ana yawan ambaton shi a matsayin "mutumin da aka fi amincewa da shi a Amurka" bayan an ambaci shi a cikin binciken ra'ayi.[2] Cronkite ya sami girmamawa da yawa ciki har da Peabody Awards guda biyu, George Polk Award, Emmy Award, da Presidential Medal of Freedom .
Cronkite ya ba da rahoton abubuwan da suka faru da yawa daga 1937 zuwa 1981, gami da bama-bamai a yakin duniya na biyu; gwajin Nuremberg; yaƙi a Yaƙin Vietnam; satar Dawson's Field; Watergate; Rikicin Gidan Iran; da kuma kisan gillar Shugaba John F. Kennedy, mai gabatar da haƙƙin jama'a Martin Luther King Jr., da kuma mawaƙin Beatles John Lennon. An kuma san shi da cikakken ɗaukar hoto game da shirin sararin samaniya na Amurka, daga Project Mercury zuwa saukowar wata zuwa Space Shuttle. Shi ne kawai wanda ba NASA ba ne ya karɓi lambar yabo ta Ambassador of Exploration.[3] An san Cronkite da kalmar sa ta tashi, "Kuma wannan shine yadda yake", sannan ranar watsa shirye-shiryen ta biyo baya.[4]
Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Cronkite a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1916, a Saint Joseph, Missouri, [5] ɗan Helen Lena (née Fritsche) da Dokta Walter Leland Cronkite, likitan hakora. [6] [7][8]
Cronkite ya zauna a Kansas City, Missouri, har sai ya kai shekara 10, lokacin da iyalinsa suka koma Houston, Texas.[7] Ya halarci makarantar firamare a Woodrow Wilson Elementary School (yanzu Baker Montessori School), ƙaramin makarantar sakandare a Lanier Junior High School (yan yanzu Lanier Middle School) a Houston, da kuma Makarantar Sakandare ta San Jacinto High School, inda ya shirya jaridar makarantar sakandare. [9][5] Ya kasance memba na Boy Scouts . Ya halarci kwaleji a Jami'ar Texas a Austin (UT), ya shiga cikin fall term na 1933, inda ya yi aiki a kan Daily Texan kuma ya zama memba na Nu chapter na Chi Phi fraternity. Ya kuma kasance memba na reshen Houston na DeMolay, ƙungiyar 'yan uwa ta Masonic ga yara maza.[10]
Yayinda yake halartar UT, Cronkite ya sami kwarewarsa ta farko a cikin wasan kwaikwayon, ya bayyana a cikin wasa tare da ɗan'uwansa ɗalibi Eli Wallach. Ya fice a shekarar 1935, ba ya dawowa don lokacin faduwa, don mayar da hankali kan aikin jarida.
Ayyukansa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Cronkite ya bar kwaleji a cikin ƙaramin shekarunsa, a cikin fall term na 1935, bayan ya fara jerin ayyukan bayar da rahoto na jarida da ke rufe labarai da wasanni. Ya shiga watsa shirye-shirye a matsayin mai ba da sanarwar rediyo ga WKY a Oklahoma City, Oklahoma . A shekara ta 1936, ya sadu da matarsa ta gaba, Mary Elizabeth "Betsy" Maxwell, yayin da yake aiki a matsayin mai ba da sanarwar wasanni ga KCMO (AM) a Kansas City, Missouri . [11][12] Sunan watsa shirye-shiryensa shine Walter Wilcox .
Daga baya ya bayyana cewa tashoshin rediyo a lokacin ba sa son mutane su yi amfani da sunayensu na ainihi saboda tsoron ɗaukar masu sauraron su tare da su idan sun tafi. A Kansas City, ya shiga United Press International (UP) a shekarar 1937.
Tare da sunansa yanzu an kafa shi, ya sami tayin aiki daga Edward R. Murrow a CBS News don shiga ƙungiyar Murrow Boys na wakilan yaƙi, ya sauƙaƙa Bill Downs a matsayin shugaban ofishin Moscow.[13] CBS ta ba Cronkite $ 125 a kowane mako tare da "dandalin kasuwanci" wanda ya kai $ 25 (daidai le $ 566.49 a cikin 2024). Har zuwa wannan lokacin, yana samun $ 57.50 (daidai da $ 1,303 a 2024) a kowane mako a UP, amma yana da ajiya game da watsa shirye-shirye. Da farko ya yarda da tayin. Lokacin da ya sanar da shugabansa Harrison Salisbury, UP ya amsa da karin $ 17.50 (daidai da $ 396.54 a 2024) a kowane mako; Hugh Baillie ya kuma ba shi ƙarin $ 20 (daidai le $ 453.19 a 2024) kowace mako don zama. Cronkite ya yarda da tayin UP, wanda ya fusata Murrow wanda ya yi fushi da shekaru.
manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Walter Cronkite | Biography, Facts, & Views on Vietnam War". Encyclopedia Britannica (in Turanci). Retrieved April 27, 2021.
- ↑ "CBS at 75 Timeline – The 1950s". CBS. Archived from the original on May 5, 2006. Retrieved April 26, 2006.
- ↑ "Cronkite honored by NASA for space coverage". USA Today. February 26, 2006. Archived from the original on 25 July 2018. Retrieved August 2, 2012.
- ↑ "Walter Cronkite | Biography, Facts, & Views on Vietnam War". Encyclopedia Britannica (in Turanci). Retrieved April 27, 2021.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Barron, David (July 17, 2009). "News icon Walter Cronkite dies at 92". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved July 17, 2009. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Barron" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Former CBS News Anchor Walter Cronkite Dies". WorldNow and Sarkes Tarzian, Inc. KTVN Channel 2. July 17, 2009. Archived from the original on July 26, 2009. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Barnhart, Aaron (July 17, 2009). "How Missouri native became 'most trusted man in America'". McClatchy. Retrieved August 2, 2012. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "kansas" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Walter Cronkite | Biography, Facts, & Views on Vietnam War". Encyclopedia Britannica (in Turanci). Retrieved April 27, 2021.
- ↑ Meeks, Flori (May 6, 2014). "Switch to Montessori proved pivotal for Wilson school". Heights Examiner, Houston Chronicle. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
- ↑ "CBS at 75 Timeline – The 1950s". CBS. Archived from the original on May 5, 2006. Retrieved April 26, 2006.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedCBS Trusted2 - ↑ Barnhart, Aaron (July 17, 2009). "How Missouri native became 'most trusted man in America'". McClatchy. Retrieved August 2, 2012.
- ↑ "Walter Cronkite | Biography, Facts, & Views on Vietnam War". Encyclopedia Britannica (in Turanci). Retrieved April 27, 2021.