Walter Scott

Sir Walter Scott, Baronet na 1 (15 ga Agusta 1771 - 21 ga Satumba 1832), marubuci ne, mawaƙi kuma masanin tarihi ɗan ƙasar Scotland. Yawancin ayyukansa sun kasance na gargajiya na adabin Turai da na Scotland, musamman littattafan Ivanhoe (1819), Rob Roy (1817), Waverley (1814), Tsohon Mutuwa (1816), The Heart of Mid-Lothian (1818), da The Bride of Lammermoor (1819), tare da waƙoƙin labari Marmion (1808) da The Lady of the Lake (1810). Ya yi tasiri sosai ga adabin Turai da Amurka .

A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a da kuma mai gudanar da shari'a ta hanyar sana'a, ya haɗa rubutu da gyara tare da aikinsa na yau da kullun a matsayin Magatakardar Zaman Majalisa da kuma Mataimakin Sheriff na Selkirkshire . Ya shahara a cikin ƙungiyar Tory ta Edinburgh, yana aiki a Highland Society, ya daɗe yana shugaban Royal Society of Edinburgh (1820–1832), kuma mataimakin shugaban ƙungiyar Antiquaries of Scotland (1827–1829). Iliminsa na tarihi da kuma kayan aikin adabi ya ba shi damar kafa nau'in littattafai na tarihi a matsayin misali na Romanticism na Turai. Ya zama baronet na Abbotsford a Gundumar Roxburgh a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 1820; taken ya ƙare bayan mutuwar ɗansa a 1847.

Rayuwa ta farko

An haifi Walter Scott a ranar 15 ga Agusta, 1771 a wani gida mai hawa na uku a College Wynd a Old Town, Edinburgh, wani ƙaramin titi da ke kan titin Cowgate zuwa ƙofar tsohuwar Jami'ar Edinburgh . Shi ne ɗa na tara (shida ya mutu yana jariri) ga Walter Scott (1729–1799), memba na reshen kadet na Clan Scott kuma Marubuci ga Signet, da matarsa Anne Rutherford, wacce 'yar'uwar Daniel Rutherford ce kuma zuriya ce daga Clan Swinton da kuma dangin Haliburton . Zuri'arsa ta uwa ta ba Scott haƙƙin gado na binnewa a Dryburgh Abbey .

Scott, bisa ga zuriyar mahaifiyarsa Haliburton, ɗan uwan fitaccen mai haɓaka gidaje na London James Burton ne, wanda ya rage sunansa zuwa 'Burton', da kuma ɗansa, mai zane Decimus Burton . Scott ya zama memba na London Clarence Club, wanda Burtons mambobi ne.

Yarintar Scott a Sandyknowes, a inuwar Hasumiyar Smailholm, ta gabatar da shi ga tatsuniyoyi da almara na Iyakokin Scotland

Gidan dangin Scott da ke George Square, Edinburgh, tun daga kusan 1778

Yaronsa na kamuwa da cutar shan inna a shekarar 1773 ya bar Scott a gurguje, wani yanayi da zai shafi rayuwarsa da rubuce-rubucensa sosai.

Domin inganta gurguwar jikinsa, an tura shi a shekarar 1773 ya zauna a yankunan karkara na Scottish Borders, a gonar kakanninsa da ke Sandyknowe, kusa da rushewar Hasumiyar Smailholm, gidan iyali na farko. A can, innarsa Jenny Scott ta koya masa karatu, kuma ta koyi daga gare ta salon magana da kuma labarai da tatsuniyoyi da yawa waɗanda daga baya suka nuna yawancin aikinsa. A watan Janairun 1775, ya koma Edinburgh, kuma a wannan bazarar tare da innarsa Jenny ta yi jinya a wurin shakatawa a Bath da ke Somerset, kudancin Ingila, inda suka zauna a 6 South Parade . A lokacin hunturu na 1776, ya koma Sandyknowe, tare da wani yunƙurin maganin ruwa a Prestonpans a lokacin bazara mai zuwa.

A shekara ta 1778, Scott ya koma Edinburgh don neman ilimi na kashin kansa don shirya shi don makaranta. Ya haɗu da iyalinsa a sabon gidansu, ɗaya daga cikin na farko da aka gina a George Square . A watan Oktoba na 1779, ya fara a Royal High School da ke Edinburgh (a cikin High School Yards). Daga nan ya sami damar yin yawo da bincika birnin da ƙauyukan da ke kewaye. Karatunsa ya haɗa da soyayya ta jarumtaka, waƙoƙi, tarihi, da littattafan tafiye -tafiye. James Mitchell ya ba shi koyarwa ta kashin kansa a fannin lissafi da rubutu, kuma ya koyi tarihin Covenant daga gare shi.

A shekara ta 1783, iyayensa, suna ganin ya fi ƙarfinsa, suka tura shi ya zauna na tsawon watanni shida tare da goggonsa Jenny a Kelso a cikin Scottish Borders. A can, ya halarci Makarantar Grammar Kelso, inda ya haɗu da James Ballantyne da ɗan'uwansa John, waɗanda daga baya suka zama abokan hulɗarsa na kasuwanci da kuma masu buga littattafai.