Wasikar Mitanni

Wasikar Mitanni

Wasikar Mitanni kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita a tarihin tarihi don komawa ga takardar da aka rubuta a cikin Harshen Hurrian ta sarki Mitanni Tushratta, wanda ya kasance daga farkon rabin karni na 14 KZ. An gano wasikar a 1887 a Amarna. Da farko, ya kunshi layi 494, amma layi 466 ne kawai aka adana ko dai gaba ɗaya ko a cikin raguwa. Abubuwan da ke cikin wasikar sun shafi al'amuran da suka shafi auren 'yar Tushratta, Tadukhipa, ga Amenhotep III. Wasikar Mitanni tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tushe don nazarin harshen Hurrian.

Matsayin bincike

An gano takardar ne yayin tonowa a Tell el-Amarna a cikin 1887. A gefen shi, an sami tarihin Fir'auna Amenhotep III da Akhenaton, wanda ke dauke da wasikun diflomasiyya. Harafi da yawa sun samo asali ne daga Sarki Tushratta na Mitanni . An rubuta su a cikin Akkadian, wanda aka saba amfani dashi azaman harshen diflomasiyya a lokacin.[1] Wani bambanci shine takarda wanda ba a san yarensa da farko ba, don haka an fara kiransa Mitanni - daga sunan jihar da marubucin wasikar ya mallaka.[2] Kalmar Hurrian ta fara amfani da shekaru da yawa daga baya, bayan gano takardu daga Hattusa, kodayake a baya an kuma ba da shawarar a kira harshen wasikar Tushratta Subartian, wanda aka samo daga Subartu - kalmar Babila don Upper Mesopotamia, wanda mutanen Hurrian ke zaune. [3][4] An kira takardar kanta Wasikar Mitanni .

Ko da kafin ra'ayin Hurrians ya shiga tarihin tarihi, an lura da kasancewar kalmomin kasashen waje a ci^ki matani na Akkadian. Friedrich Delitzsch, a cikin jerin sunayen Akkadian, ya rubuta waɗannan kalmomin tare da su (-bir₄), yana hasashen cewa sun ƙunshi bambancin sunan ƙasar Subartu. Hugo Winckler da Ludwig Abel ne suka buga wasikar Mitanni shekaru biyu bayan gano ta. A cikin 1890, Henry Sayce ya buga sakamakon bincike kan sunayen da ba na Semitic da wadanda ba na Sumerian ba da kalmomin da aka samo a cikin matani na Akkadian a cikin wasiƙu daga Tell el-Amarna da Tunip. Ya yi zaton cewa sun yi kama da matani na rubutun dutse daga Lake Van kuma mai yiwuwa sun kasance daga wannan rukuni na harshe (daga baya an kira wannan rukuni da yarukan Hurro-Urartian).

Masana kamar su Peter Jensen, Rudolph E. Brünnow, Ludwig Messerschmidt, da Ferdinand Bork sun yi nazarin wasikar Mitanni. Peter Jensen ya lura cewa rubutun ya ƙunshi kalmomi iri ɗaya da waɗanda aka yi alama da su (-bir₄) bayanin kula daga jerin Delitzsch. Ya rubuta abubuwan da ya gano a ci^ki wani aiki daga 1891. Ludwig Messerschmidt a cikin 1899 da Henry Sayce shekara guda daga baya sun buga nazarin ɗayan takardun Akkadian daga Tunip, wanda ya kasance daga zamanin Amarna kuma yana dauke da haskakawa na ƙasashen waje. Masu binciken sun lura da kamanceceniyarsu da kalmomin da Delitzsch ya yi alama kuma sun rarraba su a matsayin na harshen Mitanni. A cikin 1906, Ferdinand Bork ya kara sunaye masu yawa ga wannan rukuni, waɗanda aka gano a cikin matani daga zamanin Tsohon da Tsakiyar Babila .

• Autography of the Mittani Letter, published by Otto Schroeder in 1915
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