Wasikar Schechter

Wasikar Schechter
Asali
Shafuka	2
Characteristics
Material (en)	Takarda
Harshe	Medieval Hebrew (en)
Description
Ɓangaren	Alkahira Geniza
Wuri
Place	Cambridge University Library (en)
Tari	Taylor-Schechter Cairo Genizah Collection (en)
Inventory number (en)	T-S Misc. 35.38

An gano Wasikar Schechter, wacce kuma ake kira da Wasikar Genizah ko Takardar Cambridge, a birnin Alkahira na Geniza ta hannun Solomon Schechter a shekarar 1912. Wasikar Khazar ce da ba a san ko ta wanene ba, wadda ta yi magana game da batutuwa da dama, ciki har da yaƙe-yaƙen farkon shekarun 940, waɗanda suka shafi Daular Byzantine, Khazar Khaganate, da Kievan Rus . Masana sun yi muhawara kan sahihancinta.

Wasikar

An fassara Wasikar Schechter a matsayin sanarwa daga wani marubucin Khazar da ba a ambaci sunansa ba zuwa ga wani babban Bayahude da ba a ambaci sunansa ba. Wasu sun yi imanin cewa Khazar Constantinopolitan ya aika wa Hasdai ibn Shaprut Wasikar Schechter bayan ƙoƙarinsa na farko da bai yi nasara ba na yin wasiƙa da sarkin Khazar Joseph (duba Wasikar Khazar ).

Wasu rubuce-rubucen tarihi na baya-bayan nan sun lura da sunayen da ke maimaita al'adun asiri na Yahudawa kuma rashin wata majiya ta tarihi da ke tabbatar da labarinsa na iya sanya shi cikin al'adar rubutu mai ban mamaki game da ƙabilun Isra'ila da suka ɓace.

An haɗa wasiƙar a cikin tarin Genizah da Schechter ya bayar ga Jami'ar Cambridge a shekarar 1898. Yawancin folio ɗin ba za a iya karantawa ba kuma rukunoni biyu ne kawai suka rage na rubutu. Wannan ya sa gano ainihin yanayin harafin, sanarwa ko tatsuniya ba shi da tabbas.

Rubutun da aka canza

Wasikar Schechter ta ƙunshi labarin musuluntar Khazar wanda ya bambanta da na Khazar Mail da Kuzari . A cikin labarin Schechter Letter, Yahudawa daga Farisa da Armeniya sun yi ƙaura zuwa Khazaria don guje wa tsanantawa, inda suka haɗu da Khazars na makiyaya, daga ƙarshe suka zama kamar kowa. Sai wani babban shugaban yaƙi ya taso (a cikin Wasikar Schechter, ana kiransa Sabriel ), wanda ya yi nasarar sanya kansa a matsayin mai mulkin Khazars. Sabriel ya fito ne daga farkon mazaunan Yahudawa, kuma matarsa Serakh ta shawo kansa ya rungumi Yahudanci, inda mutanensa suka bi shi. Abin da ke biyo baya a cikin Wasikar ya ɓace sosai sai dai kaɗan.

Labarin masarautar Khazar bai yi daidai da wani tushe na Musulmi, Yahudawa ko Byzantine ba daga lokacin da aka yi yaƙe-yaƙe na ƙaura. Hakanan ya bambanta sosai da kowace tushe da ake zargi game da rikidewar Khazar zuwa Yahudanci da kuma ambaton sunayen masu mulki. Sunayen mutanen da abin ya shafa, Sabriel shine sunan mala'ika a cikin al'adar sihiri ta Yahudawa, kasancewar Sera mutum ne na Littafi Mai Tsarki, da kuma iƙirarin zuri'ar kabilar Saminu wanda mutuwarsa aka rubuta a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki, suna nuna wa Shaul Stampfer cewa rubutun tushe ne wanda ba shi da tabbas kuma yana da tasiri sosai a cikin al'adar cikar burin Yahudawa da rubuce-rubucen asiri game da ƙabilu goma na Isra'ila da suka ɓace.

HLGW da Romanus

Sashe na gaba mai mahimmanci na Wasikar da zai tsira ya ba da labarin wani lamari na baya-bayan nan (ga marubucin) - mamaye Khazaria ta HLGW (mai yiwuwa Oleg ), yarima ( knyaz ) na Rasha, wanda Sarkin Byzantine Romanus I Lecapenus ya kafa. [1] Romanus, mai tsananta wa Yahudawa, wataƙila yana neman ya mayar da martani ga ramuwar gayya ta Khazar saboda manufofinsa. A cewar Wasikar, HLGW ya sha kashi a hannun janar na Khazar Pesakh a yankin Taman. Da yake fuskantar kisan gillar da Khazars suka yi masa, HLGW ya yarda ya kai hari kan Constantinople (hakika, irin wannan harin ya faru a 941), inda aka ci shi ya gudu zuwa FRS (wani lokacin ana kiransa da Farisa), inda ya mutu. [1] Idan Oleg hakika Helgi ne (HLGW) kuma ya shiga cikin waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe, Wasikar Genizah ta saba wa Primary Chronicle, wacce ke iƙirarin cewa Oleg ya mutu a 912, yayin da Novgorod First Chronicle ta yi iƙirarin cewa ya mutu a 922. [1]

Ma'anar rubutun

Idan aka ɗauke shi a zahiri ba a matsayin tatsuniya ta ƙabilu da suka ɓace ba, wasiƙar ta ƙalubalanci labarin gargajiya na Khazars. Da farko, sigar juyin juya halin ta nuna cewa wani ɓangare na zuriyar Yahudawa ne ga mutanen Khazar na zamanin marubucin. Ko wannan cikakken labari ne ko a'a, yana nuna cewa Khazars sun ga kansu a matsayin cikakken memba na Yahudawan duniya.

Wasikar ta bayyana cewa a farkon kwanakin bayan da Khazars suka koma addinin Yahudanci, wasu Alanawa sun riga sun yi addinin Yahudanci, har zuwa wani mataki Alania ta zo don ceton Khazaria daga maƙiyanta (layi na 52–53). Wannan ita ce kawai shaida da ke tabbatar da tarihin Benjamin na Tudela game da addinin Yahudanci a Alania.

Bugu da ƙari, idan HLGW a cikin rubutun yana nufin Oleg (Helgi), kuma ya shiga cikin waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe, Wasikar Genizah za ta yi karo da Wasikar Primary Chronicle, wadda ta yi iƙirarin cewa Oleg ya mutu a 912, yayin da Novgorod First Chronicle ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya mutu a 922. Maimakon magajinsa Igor na Kiev ya yi mulki daga 912 har zuwa kisansa a 944, kamar yadda Primary Chronicle ya yi iƙirarin, Constantine Zuckerman (1995) ya kammala da cewa Igor ya yi mulki ne kawai daga lokacin bazara na 941 zuwa hunturu na 945. A shekarun da suka gabata, masana da yawa sun yi watsi da asusun Schechter Letter; Zuckerman ya ba da shawarar cewa labarin Schechter Letter ya yi daidai da sauran majiyoyin Rus daban-daban, kuma yana nuna gwagwarmaya a cikin farkon tsarin mulkin Rus tsakanin ƙungiyoyi masu biyayya ga Oleg da Igor, gwagwarmayar da Oleg ya sha kashi a ƙarshe. Zuckerman ya gabatar da cewa dole ne a sake tantance farkon tarihin Rus bisa ga waɗannan majiyoyi. Daga cikin imanin Zuckerman da wasu waɗanda suka yi nazarin waɗannan majiyoyin akwai cewa Khazars ba su rasa Kiev ba har zuwa farkon ƙarni na 10 (maimakon 882, ranar gargajiya), cewa Igor ba ɗan Rurik ba ne amma zuriyarsa ce mai nisa, kuma Oleg bai bi Rurik nan da nan ba, a'a, akwai tsararraki da suka ɓace tsakanin fitaccen ubangidan Varangian da magajinsa da aka rubuta.

Ƙarin karatu

• Brook, Kevin Alan (2018). The Jews of Khazaria (3rd ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1538103425.
• Dunlop, Douglas M. (1954). The History of the Jewish Khazars. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
• Golb, Norman; Pritsak, Omeljan (1982). Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press. ISBN 0-8014-1221-8.
• Zuckerman, Constantine (1995). "On the Date of the Khazar's Conversion to Judaism and the Chronology of the Kings of the Rus Oleg and Igor". Revue des études byzantines. 53: 237–270. doi:10.3406/rebyz.1995.1906.
• Ostrowski, Donald (2018). "Was There a Riurikid Dynasty in Early Rus'?". Canadian-American Slavic Studies. 52 (1): 30–49. doi:10.1163/22102396-05201009.
• Stampfer, Shaul (2013). "Did the Khazars Convert to Judaism?". Jewish Social Studies (in Turanci). 19 (3): 1–72. doi:10.2979/jewisocistud.19.3.1. JSTOR 10.2979/jewisocistud.19.3.1. S2CID 161320785.