White Highlands
 White Highlands | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙasa | Kenya |
White Highlands yanki ne a tsakiyar tsaunukan Kenya . A al'adance mahaifar 'yan asalin yankin tsakiyar Kenya har zuwa lokacin mulkin mallaka, lokacin da ta zama cibiyar mazaunan Turawa a Kenya 'yan mulkin mallaka, kuma tsakanin 1902 zuwa 1961 an kebe shi a hukumance don amfani da Turawa ta hanyar mulkin mallaka.
Suna
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masu binciken Turai na farko da masu gudanarwa sun yi amfani da kalmar Highlands don komawa yankin da bai gaza ƙafa 5,000 ba (1,524). m) sama da matakin teku, wanda suka yi imanin ya fi dacewa da yanayin yanayi don Turawa su zauna. [1] A lokacin da ake aiwatar da matsugunin, an fara amfani da kalmar ne ga yankunan da ba a riga an kafa ƙabilun Afirka na gida ba. [1] Kamar yadda dokar kasa ta Crown Lands ta 1902 ta ba da izinin ba da tallafin ƙasa ga Turawa kawai, tsaunukan tsaunuka sun zo ma'anar ƙasashen Turai ne kawai za su iya mallaka da sarrafawa.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bincike
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ga yawancin masu bincike da masu gudanarwa na farko, yanayin sanyi da rashin yawan al'umma a kan manyan tuddai na tsaunuka sun sanya ya zama wuri mai ban sha'awa na musamman ga mazauna Turai a yankin kudu masu zafi na Afirka. [1] A cikin 1893, mai binciken Frederick Lugard, yayin da yake neman hanyar jirgin ƙasa a Gabashin Afirka, ya lura cewa ba za a iya yin zama a Turai a yankin ba har sai an samar da tsaunuka masu sanyaya. Sir Harry Johnston ya yi tsokaci game da wannan ra'ayi wanda, bayan kammala layin dogo na Uganda, ya lura da tsaunukan tsaunuka: [1]
"A nan muna da wani yanki da ya dace da ƙasar farar fata, kuma zan iya faɗi haka, ba tare da tunanin zalinci ga kowane ƙabila na asali ba, domin ƙasar da ake magana a kai ko dai ba ta da zaune tsaye tsawon mil da mil ko kuma mafi yawan mazaunanta mafarauta ne masu yawo waɗanda ba su da matsuguni, ko kuma wanda tsayayyen mazaunin su ne ƙasashen da ke wajen yankin lafiya."
Zaure
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin 1902, Sir Charles Eliot, Kwamishinan Kare na Biritaniya, ya ƙarfafa daidaita tsaunuka don noma. Eliot, babban mai sukar gina layin dogo, ya yi imanin cewa hanya daya tilo da za a iya mayar da kudaden da aka kashe wajen gina shi ita ce ta hanyar bude tsaunuka domin noma. A ganinsa, Turawa mazauna yankin da noma ne kawai za su iya bunkasa yankin da kuma samar da kudaden da suka dace don tallafawa mulkin mallaka. [2] Ra'ayin Eliot ya sami goyon bayan wasu majagaba irin su Baron Delamere na 3 da Ewart Grogan, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa suna da manufa ta wayewa don canza ƙasar gaba ɗaya zuwa "Ƙasar Farin Mutum" na zamani. [2]
A shekara ta 1903 akwai kusan mazauna Turai 100 a tsaunuka. Yawancin mazaunan sun fito ne daga Afirka ta Kudu ciki har da Boers 280 daga Transvaal waɗanda suka zauna a tudun Uasin Gishu a cikin 1908.
A shekara ta 1914, akwai kusan mazauna Turai dubu a tsaunuka. A cikin 1914, kusan kashi ashirin cikin ɗari na hayar da aka gudanar a yankin mutane ko ƙungiyoyi 13 ne ke gudanar da su. [3] Bayar da haya ga mazauna kan farashi mai rahusa ya haifar da zazzafar hasashen ƙasar ta yadda a shekarar 1930 kusan kashi sittin da biyar na ƙasar da aka keɓe wa Turawa ba ta ƙarƙashin kowane nau'i na ayyukan noma. [3]
Waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Lokacin da Turawa suka fara matsuguni, ƴan gudun hijirar makiyaya ne suka fi zama a tsaunukan tsaunuka, kuma rashin zaman lafiya na manoma ya baiwa jami'an Biritaniya damar bayyana yankin a matsayin wanda ba kowa. A lokacin, an rarraba al'ummar Afirka tsakanin kabilu masu noma da makiyaya. Kabilun da ake noman sun kasance a wuraren da ake yawan samun ruwan sama a Nyanza da kuma gangaren da ke gindin dutsen Kenya kamar su Aberdares da Elgeyo da kuma tsaunukan Ukambani . [1]
Yankunan da suka shiga tsakani sun ƙunshi fili mai faɗi amma ba kowa, sama da ƙafa 5,000, inda ruwan sama ya fi zama rashin tabbas kuma makiyaya sun dogara ga kiwo na dabbobi. Mazaunan Turawa sun fi yawa a cikin waɗancan filayen filayen, waɗanda ƙabilar Maasai ke zama a al'adance.
A farkon karni, Masai ya lalace ta hanyar haduwar bala'o'i. Tare da annobar cutar sankarau akwai tsananin fari da kuma mamayewar fari da suka cinye ciyayi a kan filaye masu yawa, sannan guguwar ta kashe shanu da dama wanda ya janyo yunwa a tsakanin al’umma. [4]
Masai sun kulla yarjejeniyoyin da jami'an Birtaniya suka yi na mika wuya ga kasa mai yawa, kuma rage karfin da suke da shi ya sa ba za su iya kare kansu daga kabilun da ke gaba da juna ba. [4] Daga cikin murabba'in mil 12,000 na ƙasar Turawa, 7,000 sun ƙunshi tsoffin wuraren kiwo na Masai da aka yi watsi da su a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniya tsakanin 1904 zuwa 1913, kuma yawancin sassan da suka rage, kamar tudun Uasin Gishu, ba kowa. [1]
Jami'an Birtaniyya kuma sun ware filaye daga wasu kabilu, wanda Maasai suka tura zuwa gandun daji da ke gefen tsaunuka. [4] Waɗannan ƙabilun sun yi aikin noma na canzawa, wanda ya haifar da faɗuwar wurare masu yawa na ƙasar shekaru da yawa. [4] Irin wannan bala'o'i da suka addabi Maasai su ma sun haifar da barna a waɗannan ƙabilun, kuma a tsakanin 1901 zuwa 1902, yunwa ta sa Kikuyu ya yi asarar tsakanin kashi ashirin da kashi hamsin na al'ummarsu a kan iyakarsu da Maasai. [4]
Yawancin waɗanda suka tsira sun nemi mafaka a ’yan’uwansu a wasu wurare a yankinsu, amma barin ƙasarsu ya sa iyakar ta zama kamar ba ta da amfani ga jami’an Turai. [4] Kafin yunwar, Kikuyu sun kasance suna siyan fakitin filaye a kan iyaka don mallakar kowane mutum.
Kamar yadda ya faru a yankuna a Arewacin Amirka, lokacin da jami'an Birtaniya suka fara biyan Kikuyu don wannan ƙasa, Birtaniya sun fahimci kansu cewa suna samun 'yanci a karkashin dokar mulkin mallaka. [4] Kikuyu, duk da haka, sun fahimci cewa Birtaniya na haya ne kawai, kuma Kikuyu na iya dawo da amfani da shi a nan gaba, saboda ciniki na "freehold" bai dace da al'adar doka ta gida ba. [4] Rashin fahimtar juna ya taimaka wajen tayar da Mau Mau .
Ƙarshen ajiyar wuri
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ajiye na White Highlands ga Turawa ta hanyar gudanar da aikin ya ƙare ta Dokokin Kula da Ƙasa a cikin 1961. [1]
Yawan
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Da farko dai ba a bayyana yankin a fili ba, a maimakon haka ya kwanta tsakanin maki biyu kan hanyar jirgin kasa, wato Kiu da Fort Ternan, daga baya kuma daga Sultan Hamud zuwa Kibigori . Sai 1939 ne aka ayyana iyakoki a cikin Jadawali na 7 zuwa Dokar Kasa ta Crown karkashin ikon Kenya (Highlands) Order a Majalisar, 1939 . Odar ta kuma kafa hukumar Highlands mai rinjaye da Majalisar Dokoki ta zaba don ba da shawara da ba da shawarwari game da zubar da filaye a yankin.
Yau
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A yau, yankin yana tsakiyar tattalin arzikin Kenya. Shi ne yankin da ya fi yin hidima a ƙasar ta hanya da jirgin ƙasa kuma yana da birane masu bunƙasa da yawa kamar su Nairobi, Nakuru, Eldoret, Kitale, Thika, Kericho da Nyeri . Ko da yake ya mamaye kashi biyar cikin dari na yawan fadin kasar Kenya, yana samar da mafi yawan kayayyakin noma na Kenya, musamman shayi, kofi, sisal da pyrethrum . [5]
Magana
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Morgan, W. T. W. "The 'White Highlands' of Kenya." The Geographical Journal 129, no. 2 (1963): 140-55. doi:10.2307/1792632. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Morgan-1963" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedWilliam Robert Ochieng' 1992, p.113 - ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedWilliam Robert Ochieng' 1992, p.114 - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Whittlesey, Derwent. "Kenya, the Land and Mau Mau." Foreign Affairs 32, no. 1 (1953): 80-90. doi:10.2307/20031009 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Whittlesey, Derwent 1953" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedJoseph R. Oppong 2009, p.35