William Crookes

William Crookes
41. President of the Royal Society (en)	; 1913 - 1915 ; ← Archibald Geikie (en) - Joseph John Thomson (mul) →
41. President of the Royal Society (en)
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Landan, 17 ga Yuni, 1832
ƙasa	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Mutuwa	Landan, 4 ga Afirilu, 1919
Makwanci	Brompton Cemetery (en)
Karatu
Makaranta	Imperial College London (mul)
Harsuna	Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a	chemist (en) , physicist (en) , psychic (en) da mai daukar hoto
Employers	University of Chester (en)
Muhimman ayyuka	Crookes tube (en) ; Crookes radiometer (en) ; discovery (en)
Kyaututtuka	gani Fellow of the Royal Society ; Copley Medal (1904) ; Royal Medal (1875) ; Elliott Cresson Medal (1912) ; Albert Medal (1899) ; Royal Society Bakerian Medal (1883, 1879, 1878) ; Davy Medal (1888) ; Knight Bachelor (1897) ;
Ayyanawa daga	gani [[Nobel Prize in Physics (en) ]] ; (1907) ; [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry (en) ]] ; (1907) ; [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry (en) ]] ; (1908) ; [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry (en) ]] ; (1909) ; [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry (en) ]] ; (1910) ; [[Nobel Prize in Physics (en) ]] ; (1910) ; [[Nobel Prize in Physics (en) ]] ; (1911) ; [[Nobel Prize in Physics (en) ]] ; (1914) ; [[Nobel Prize in Physics (en) ]] ; (1918) ;
Mamba	The Royal Society (mul) ; Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (en) ; Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei (mul) ; National Academy of Sciences (en) ; Romanian Academy (en)

Sir William Crookes (/krʊks/; 17 Yuni 1832 - 4 Afrilu 1919) masanin kimiyyar Ingilishi ne kuma masanin kimiyyar lissafi wanda ya halarci Royal College of Chemistry, ^[1] yanzu wani ɓangare na Imperial College London, kuma ya yi aiki a kan spectroscopy . Ya kasance mai gabatarwa na bututun iska, wanda ya kirkiro bututun Crookes, wanda aka yi a cikin 1875. Binciken Hasken cathode da aka samar a cikin waɗannan bututun, Crookes ya nuna cewa "al'amarin haske" wani yanayi ne na musamman na al'amarin, gudummawar tushe ga kimiyyar plasma.

An yaba masa da gano kashi na Thallium, wanda aka sanar a 1861, tare da taimakon spectroscopy. Shi ne kuma na farko da ya bayyana bakan na helium na duniya, a cikin 1865. Crookes shine wanda ya kirkiro Crookes radiometer, amma bai fahimci ainihin bayanin abin da ya gano ba. Crookes ya kuma kirkiro ruwan tabarau na 100% na ultraviolet. A wani lokaci, yana da sha'awar sihiri kuma ya zama shugaban Society for Psychical Research .

A ƙarshen rayuwarsa, an kimanta Crookes a matsayin "mai gwaji mai kyau" wanda aka sani da asalin bincikensa a cikin ilimin lissafi da ilmin sunadarai.^[2] An yaba masa saboda ƙwazo da halayensa na ilimi.^[3] Sha'awarsa, wanda ya shafi kimiyya mai tsabta da amfani, matsalolin tattalin arziki da na aiki, da bincike na tunani, ya sanya shi sanannen mutum kuma ya ba shi kudaden shiga masu yawa. Ya sami girmamawa da yawa na jama'a da na ilimi.^[3]^[4]

Tarihin rayuwa

Shekaru na farko

An haifi William Crookes a Landan a cikin 1832, babba cikin yara takwas da suka tsira (wasu takwas sun mutu da ƙuruciya) na Joseph Crookes (1792-1889), mai arziki mai sa tufafi da mai saka hannun jari na asalin arewa, da matarsa ta biyu, Mary (née Scott; 1806-1884).^[5] Mahaifin Joseph Crookes, William (1734-1814), shi ma mai sa tufafi ne, wanda kakansa, John Crookes (an haife shi a shekara ta 1660), ya kasance Magajin garin Hartlepool, County Durham a lokuta uku.

Joseph Crookes yana da 'ya'ya biyar tare da matarsa ta farko; 'ya'yan maza biyu daga wannan auren, Joseph da Alfred, sun karɓi kasuwancin gyaran tufafi, sun bar William kyauta ya zaɓi hanyar kansa. A shekara ta 1848, yana da shekaru 16, Crookes ya shiga Royal College of Chemistry (yanzu sashen ilmin sunadarai na Imperial College) don nazarin ilmin sunadaran kwayoyin halitta. Crookes ya zauna tare da iyayensa kimanin kilomita uku daga Kwalejin a titin Oxford. Shagon mahaifinsa yana da kusan rabin mil. Crookes ya biya £ 25 don karatun shekara ta farko kuma dole ne ya samar da kayan aikinsa da wasu sunadarai masu tsada. A ƙarshen shekara ta farko, Crookes ya lashe kyautar Ashburton wanda ya rufe karatun shekara ta biyu. A ƙarshen shekara ta biyu, Crookes ya zama ƙaramin mataimakin Agusta Wilhelm von Hofmann, yana yin zanga-zangar dakin gwaje-gwaje da taimakawa tare da bincike da nazarin kasuwanci. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1851, an kara Crookes zuwa babban mataimakinsa, matsayin da ya rike har zuwa shekara ta 1854. : 8–10 ^:8–10

Kodayake Crookes ya girmama Hofmann, bai raba sha'awarsa ta farko a cikin ilmin sunadarai ba. Ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban Crookes shine Reverend John Barlow, Sakataren Royal Institution, wanda ya zaɓi ya ɗauki darasi a cikin ilmin sunadarai. Ta hanyar Barlow, Crookes ya sadu da masana kimiyya kamar George Gabriel Stokes da Michael Faraday . ^[6] : 11 Irin waɗannan abokai sun ƙarfafa sha'awar Crookes a kimiyyar lissafi ^[6]: 13 wanda Hofmann ya girmama. : 12-13 A shekara ta 1851, sha'awar Crookes a cikin daukar hoto da na gani ya sa mahaifinsa ya gina masa dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin lambun a gida don bincikensa.^[6] : 8 ^:8

manazarta

↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Crookes, Sir William" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
↑ James, Frank A. J. L. (11 April 2009). "Champion of Victorian Science". Distillations. Science History Institute. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
1 2 Dyer, B.; Thorpe, T. E.; Harker, J. A.; Simmonds, C.; Perkin, F. Mollwo (1920). "Obituary notices: Sir William Crookes, O.M., 1832–1919". J. Chem. Soc., Trans. 117: 444–472. doi:10.1039/CT9201700444.
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Brock
↑ "William Crookes: Covert Resources and a Mentor, 1871–81. By the late Derek R. Guttery" (PDF).
1 2 3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Brock2

[EB1911-1] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Crookes, Sir William" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

[Distillations-2] James, Frank A. J. L. (11 April 2009). "Champion of Victorian Science". Distillations. Science History Institute. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2018.

[Obituary-3] 1 2 Dyer, B.; Thorpe, T. E.; Harker, J. A.; Simmonds, C.; Perkin, F. Mollwo (1920). "Obituary notices: Sir William Crookes, O.M., 1832–1919". J. Chem. Soc., Trans. 117: 444–472. doi:10.1039/CT9201700444.

[Brock-4] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Brock

[5] "William Crookes: Covert Resources and a Mentor, 1871–81. By the late Derek R. Guttery" (PDF).

[Brock2-6] 1 2 3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Brock2

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]